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1、语 法专题1 名词知识网络规则变化 可数名词名词的分类 普通名词 不规则变化不可数名词：不可数名词的量名词所有格的构成名词所有格所有格的用法 名词双重所有格 名词的句法作用：作主语、宾语、定语等专有名词名词考点一 名词的分类名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。物质名词：rain,ice,sunshine不可数名词 抽象名词：love,knowledge个体名词：chair,book可数名词集体名词：people,family考点二名词的复数形式-1 -3.复合名词的复数形式有两种(1)将主体词变为复数，如：sister-in-lawsisters-in-law(嫂子)boy clas
2、smateboy classmates(2)将复合词中两个词都变为复数，此种复合词中第一个词须是man或 woman,如：man worker一men workerswoman teacher women teachers4.特殊情况（1）有些名词只有复数形式，如：clothes,shorts,pants,scissors（剪刀），goods,glasses（眼镜）（2）有些名词以s 结尾，但不是复数形式，如：news,maths,physics,politics（3）有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义，如：room（空间）一a room（房间）work（工作）一works（著
3、作）（4）不可数名词的数量表达不可数名词本身不可数，但可借助单位量词表示一定的数量，如：a piece of bread/news/paper 一片面包/一条新闻/一张纸a cup of tea/coffee 一杯茶/*杯咖啡还田J用 much,little,a little,a large amount of,some,any,no,lots of,plentyof等来修饰不可数名词，如：much money,some milk（5）数词+名词+形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式，如:He is a four-year-old boy.他是个 4 岁的男孩。（fo
4、ur-year-old 不能说成 four-years-old）a five-foot-deep hole 一个五英尺深的洞考 点 三 名 词 所 有 格-2-1.表示有生命的人或物的名词所有格形式，在此名词词尾加s,或直接加，。（1）单数名词加，S,如：Marys book（2）以s 结尾的复数名词只加 不以s 结尾的复数名词要加&如：the three girls，father这三个女孩的父亲the childrenpresents孩子们的礼物(3)表示几个人共有，仅在最后一个人的名字后加，s,表示各自所有时，需在各个名字后加&如：Mary and Janes car(她俩人共有的车)Ma
5、rys and Janes cars(她俩各自的车)(4)表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时，名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。如：the barber8=the barbers shop 理发店 to my aunts=to my aunts house 到我姑姑 家(5)有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇等无生命的名词，也可以加s 构成所有 格。如：a weeks time 一周的时间 Chinas population中国的人口two miles distance两英里的距离2.表示无生命的东西的所有格形式：名词+o f+所有者，如：the name of the zoo 动物园的名字
6、 the front wall of the classroom 教室的前墙3.双重所有格：即o f+s或 of+名词性物主代词，如：a book of my daughters我女儿的一本书 The friend of his is very kind.他的朋友非常友好。1.名词作主语名词在句中作的句子成分很多，但作主语尤为重要，应注意以下几种情况：(1)一些以s 结尾的名词。如：maths、physics news是单数或不可数名词，在句中作主 语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式；但 trousers,shoes,glasses等为复数概念，它们在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但 a(
7、this)pairof+名词复数时，其主语是a(this)pair,故谓语动词应用单数形式。如：Physics is a new subject in GradeT w o.物理在初二是一门新科目。My glasses are red.我的眼镜是红色的。Anew pair of pants is on the bed.床上有一条新短裤。(2)表示时间、金钱、距离、价格等名词后加s 作主语时，应视为一个整体，故谓语动词用单数形式。如：Twenty dollars is enough.20 美元足够 T。Three months is a short time.三个月很短。(3)family,cl
8、ass,police等作主语时，若表示整体概念，谓语动词用第三人称单数；当表示其中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Her family is moving to Liaoning next week.她家下周要搬到辽宁去。Her family are having supper n o w.她的家人正在吃晚饭。(4)the+姓氏名词复数(后加s)表示“,一 家”或“”“夫妇”，在句中作主语时，谓语动词应用复数形式。如：The Greens are Americans.格林一家是美国人。(5)neither+单数名词或neither of+复数名词，在句中作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式
9、，如：Neither answer is right.两个答案者B 不对。Neither of the boys often goes to thezoo on Sundays.星期天两个男孩都不经常去动物园。-3-(6)主语后跟with,except,together with,as well as等短语时，谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致，而不受这些短语的影响。如：Mr Li with his students isdiscussing the math problem.李老师和他的学生在讨论数学题。All the girlsexcept Mary are drawing in the cl
10、assroom,除了玛丽以外所有的女生都在教室里画画。（7）兼有双重身份的人作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式。A writer andworker often gives us a talk on Sundays.一位工人作家经常在星期天给我们做报告。（8）主语和谓语的就近一致。就近一致即指谓语的人称和数与靠近它的那个主语保持一致。有下面几种情况：在there b e 句型中或以here开头的句子中，谓语动词be应与后面的名词保持一致，当后面的名词不止一个时，be应和其最靠近的名词的人称和数保持一致。如：There are twenty-two boys and twentygirls in o
11、ur class.我们班有 22 名男生和 20 名女生。There is a car and two jeepsbehind the house.房子后有一辆小汽车和两辆吉普车。Here are two oranges andsome m ilk.这里有两个橘子和一些牛奶。either or.（或者,”，或者,）；neither nor（既不,也不,）；或者,）；not only.but also（不但,”，而且,）等平等结构，连接并列主语时谓语动词的人称和数应和与之靠近的一个主语保持致。如：Either you or he has to go shopping this afternoon
12、.今天下午或者是你或者是他必须去购物。Neither he nor we are students now.他和我们现在都不是学生了。both.and 连接两个主语时，谓语用复数形式。如：Both he and shedo well in English.他和她者B 擅长英语。2.名词作定语（1）名词作定语，一般用单数形式。如：girl students（女学生）p叩er flowers（纸花）（2）名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。如：sports meeting（运动会）一、单项选择（3 1 分）1 .（2010安徽）一Could you tell me something about t
13、he boy who helped you just now?一Sorry,I know nothing about him.We are.A.friendsB.neighbors C.classmates D.strangers 2.（2010 可 1 匕）1 dont think lookingafter children is just work.A.woman B.womans C.womenD.womens 3.（2010 武汉）一Why are you still waiting in line?Ive missed my.A.place B.order C.turn D.time
14、 4.（2010.晋江）Lily hasa silk.Listen,she is singing in the next room!How nice!A.lookB.noise C.voice-4-5.（2010咸宁）一I hear you have to run for half an hour every day.一Right.It isone of the in my school.A.choices B.plans C.hobbiesD.rules6.（2010娄底）Ifs said that you have moved into a new house.Yeah,and wenee
15、d to buy some in the mall nearby.A.food B.furnitureC.hamburger 7.（2010*York on business.A.Alice and Lilys B.Alices and Lilys C.Alices and Lily8.（2010,宜宾）When I was a student,I liked to sit in the front of the classroom sothat I couldsee the words more clearly on the.A.blackboard B.deskC.dictionary D
16、.postcard9.（2010.重庆）Something is wrong with my.I cant see anything aroundme.A.nose B.ears C.eyes D.mouth10.（2010,义乌）一The land in the southwest of China is in great need of.Yes,it hasn rained for a long time there.A.milk B.tea C.coffeeD.water 11.（2010鸡西）Which is the mascot of Shanghai Exposition（世界博览
17、会）？A.B.C.12,（2010广安）一How far is your home from school?Its about twowalk.A.hours B.hours C.hours13.（2010,沈阳）Im not sure about the meaning of the word.Youd better look it upin aA.letter B.dictionary C.postcard D.notice 14.（2010.沈I）Whose computer doesnt work?,I think.A C.JohnD.Johns.John has B.John doe
18、s 15.（2010.襄樊）一Whats your job,Henry?一Im a.I work late.Tm very busy when people go out to dinners.A.waiter B.reporter C.teacher D.nurse16.（2009 中考变式题）You can get much about the world expo on theInternet.A.map B.picture C.ticket D.information17.（2009 中考变式题）Lets get some about tourism on the Internet.A
19、.information B.message C.invention18.（2009 中考变式题）一Oh,my God!We have missed the last bus.What shall wedo?一Im afraid we have no but to take a taxi.A.choiceB.decision C.reason D.information 19.（2009 中考变式题）一Goodmorning,madam.Can I help you?一Sure,Fd like for cooking vegetables.A.two cups of tea B.three p
20、ieces of breadC.one bowl of dumplings D.five kilos of oil-5-20.（2009 中考变式题）一I hear you have to get up early every morning.Right.Its one of the in my family.A.plans B.ordersC.rules D.suggestions21.（2009 中考变式题）一Two died in the accident._terribleit is!A.policemen;How B.policeman;What C.police;WhatD.pol
21、icemans;How 22.（2009 中考变式题）Connie took off her.Shewanted to feel the grass with her feet.A.shoes and socks B.shirt and pantsC cap and gloves D.sweater and j acket23.（2011 中考预测题）一Do you know the woman over there?一Yes.Shes aunt.A.Lily and Lucy B.Lilys and LucysC.Lilys and Lucy D.Lily and Lucys24.（2011
22、 中考预测题）After playing football for more than half an hour,took rest.A.a few minuted B.a few minutes9C.a little minuted D.a little minutes925.（2011 中考预测题）一Where are the?一They are playing basketball on the playground.A.man teachers;the B.men teachers;theC.man teachers;/D.men teachers;/26.（2011 中考预测题）Be
23、tty has a b e a u t i f u l.She can sing very well.A.voice B.look C.sound D.smell27.（2011 中考预测题）一Oh,there isnt enough fbr us on the bus.No hurry.Lefs wait fbr the next one.A.floor B.ground C.room D.place28.（2011 中考预测题）一What do you have for Paul?I think he should study harder than before.A.news B.adv
24、ice C.help D.information29.（2011 中考预测题）一Well,you look so happy!一Because I got a good.A.work B.news C.job30.（2011 中考预测题）1 saw many eating grass on the hill.A.horse B.cow C.rabbit D.sheep31.（2011 中考预测题）Its hot.Lefs have s ome.A.wine B.porridgeC.ice cream D.strawberries-6-the students专题2 冠词单数可数 上文提到过的人
25、或事物名词前一特被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物定要用指 说话双方所默认的人或事物th e 冠词 世上独一无二的事物指类别 泛指单一，每一，任一事物a n 指类别 复数可数 名 词，不可数名词前泛指的人或事物 零冠词 指类别考点一 定冠词的用 上文提到的人或事物the 被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物特指 说话双方所默认的人或事物定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源，有“那（这）个 的意思、，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1.特指双方都明白的人或物。Take the medicine.把药吃了。2.上文提到过的人或事。He bought a house.Fve
26、 been to the house.他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。3.指世上独一无二的事物或用于对两个人或事物比较时起特指作用的比较级前。He is the taller of thetwo boys.两个男孩中他较高点。the fox（狐狸），the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth4.与单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar“美元”；或与形容词或分词连用变示一类人，如：the rich“富人”；the living“生者”。5.用在序数词和形容词最高级及形容词 only,very,same 等前面。Where do you live?I live
27、on the secondfloor.你住在哪？我住在二层。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。6.与复数名词连用，指整个群体。They are the teachers of thisschool.（指全体教师）他们是这个学校的全体老师。They are teachers of thisschooL（指部分教师）他们是这个学校的老师。7.表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前。She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8.用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。th
28、ePeoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 9.用在表示西洋乐器的名词之前，但中国乐器前不加the。play the piano弹钢琴1 0.用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人 或 夫妇二人the Greens格林一家人（或格林夫妇）11.用在惯用语中。in the morning/aftemoon/evening,in the end,by theway,at the age of,at the moment等。1 2.用于方向名词或表示江河、山脉、海峡等专有地理名称前。in the southeast of,at the
29、 back of,the Red Sea 1 3.用在逢十的复数名词前，表示年代，也指人的大约岁数。The young girl is in thetwenties.这个年轻的女孩大约二十几岁。The war broke out in the fbrties.这场战争发生在40年代。-7-考 点二不定 冠 词 的 用1.不定冠词用来表示“一”这个数量，其意思和“one”差不多。一What can Idofor you,madam?要点什么，女士？一I want an orange skirt for my daughter.我想为我女儿买条橘黄色的裙子。一2.泛指人或事物的某一类，尤其是作表语
30、时要用a+单数名词，而不用the+单数名 词。The dog is an honest animal to human beings.狗是对人类忠诚的动物。3.用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词前，有“每一 之义，相当于every。How much is the meat?肉多少钱？一Ifs eight yuan a kilo.8 块钱每公斤。4.泛指某人或某物。A boy is looking at you.一个男孩在看你。5.用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一份，一场”等。Would you like a drink?你想喝杯饮料吗？There will be a heavy rai
31、n tomorrow.明天将会有大雨。6.用于可视为一体的两个名词前。a knife and fork 一副刀叉7.用于某些习语中,如：a little/few/bit,in a hurry,catch a cold,have a goodtime,have a rest=rest,after a while,in a word 8.用于固定结构后，如：quite/half/rather/many/such+a(an)+名 词Hes quite a famous artist.他是个很有名的艺术家。Many a man would welcome such an opportunity,许多人
32、会很高兴有这样一个机会。考 点 三 零冠词的用1.在专有名词前不加冠词，如国名、省名、城市名、街名、公园名等。Sanya is in Hainan Province.三亚在海南省。We live in China,我们住在中国。2.一日三餐、球类运动和学科前不加冠词。He went to school without breakfastthis morning.早上他没吃早饭就去上学了。They like playing football after school.他们喜欢放学后踢足球。I like English very much.我非常喜欢英语。3.表示节日、季节、星期、月份的名词前不加
33、冠词，但若特指某年的某月、某季节，则需要在月份、季节前加the。Today is Friday/July 14th.今天是星期五/7 月 14 日。It is summer now.现在是夏天。Yesterday was March 8th,Womens Day.昨天是3 月 8 日妇女节。4.表示称呼或头衔的名词前，不加冠词。This is Professor Wang,这是王教授。He is captain of the team.他是 队长。5.在有物主代词、不定代词、指示代词等作定语的名词前，不用冠词。His birthday is September 8th.他的生日是 9 月 8
34、日。How much are these shoes?这些鞋多少钱？-8-6.不可数名词前一般不用冠词。Which does he like better,fish or chicken?他更喜欢哪一个，鱼还是鸡？7.泛指的复数名词前不用冠词。Animals live in the forest.动物生活在树林里。8.与 by连用的交通工具前不用冠词，但与take或介词连用时，名词前要加冠词 o They often go to school by bus.他们通常做公共汽车去上学。take a bus,in a boat,on the bike9.在某些固定的词组或习语中，不用冠词。face
35、 to face,watch TV,step by step,at first/last,in trouble/danger,on/in time,go to school/work,at noon/night 特别提醒：1.不定冠词a/an的区别a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用在以元音音素开头的单词前，判断一个单词是元音开头还是辅音开头，要根据其读音，而不是根据首字母。如：an honest boy,a useful bookThere is anT in the word“five”.在“five”中有字母我们可以这样来记忆：不见元音不加a n,不看字母看发音。(1)在 26个字母中
36、，前面用an的字母有：a,e,f,h,i,1,m,n,o,r,s,x,其他用(2)以u 开头的单词，要注意区别。如：an umbrella,an unusual story,an unhappy boy,a university,a useful book2.有定冠词与无定冠词的区别go to school 上学 是学生 at school 在上学(1)(5)go to the school到学校去 不一定是 学 生 at the school在 学 校 里 a。go to bed就寝，上床睡觉(2)go to the bed向床边走去，走到床前不一定是去睡觉 in class在上课(6)in
37、 the class在班级里 in future今后(7)in the future 将来 in hospital 因病住院(3)in the hospital 在医院里 不一定是病人 at table吃饭(4)at the table在桌子旁边 next year明年(9)the next year 第二年 by sea 乘船(10)by the sea 在海边 in bed睡、病、躺 在床上(11)in the bed 某物 在床上 on earth究竟(12)on theearth 在地球上 in front of 在 外部的 前面(8)in the front of3.序数词前面用定冠
38、词与不定冠词的区别“the+序数词”表示“第几,”J；“a+序数词 表示 又一,再一“。如：The cake is delicious,蛋糕很好吃，我想再吃一块。4.a number of与the number o f的辨析a number o f 意思是“许多”，相当于a lot of；the number of意 思 是 的 数 目，”，的数量”,当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如：A number of students like playing computer games.许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。The number of the students is about 1,500 i
39、n our school.我们学校学生的人数大约是1 500o 5.在句型“动词+人+介词+the+人体部位”中要用th e,而不用物主代词。如：take sb.by the hand抓住某人的手hit sb.on thehead打某人的头pat sb.on the shoulder拍某人的肩hit sb.in the face打某人的脸6.当名词被其他词修饰时，不定冠词a 或 an的位置应注意：(1)当名词被such,half,what,many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。如：He left in such a hurrythat he forgot to close the door.
40、他离开得如此匆忙以至于忘了关门。It took mehalf an hour to write the letter.写那封信花了我半个小时。(但在美国，半个小时也可以说成a half houro)What an interesting book it is!这是多么有趣的一本书啊！Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.许多人到大城市去打工了。(2)当名词前面的形容词前有so,how,too等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词后。如：She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the
41、 station.她是如此好的一个女孩，她把那位盲人带到了车站。How nice a film this is!这是多么好看的一部电影啊！（3）当名词前面有形容词和quite,rather或 very B 寸，不定冠词置于quite或 rather 之后，very 之前。如：quite a good book,rather a useful tool,a veryinteresting story 1.（2010广安）一Do you know Meimei?Yes,she is from auniversity and she is honest girl.A.a B.an C./2.（201
42、0,自贡）一What would you like for breakfast,Mr.Green?一Twopieces of bread and cup of tea,please.A.a;the B./;a C./;the 3.（2010晋江）There are sixty minutes in hour.A.a B.anC.the 4.（2010,衢州）Many people think that 2012 is one of mostsuccessful films.A.a B.an C.the D./5.（2010,鸡西）If youwork hard,youll ge t A in
43、the exam.A.a B.an C.the6.（2010泰安）一Whats most useful invention in the 20th century?computer,I think.A.the;A B.a;A C.the;TheD./;The-10-7.（2010龙岩）一Is there clock in your room?一Yes,there is.A.aB.an C.the 8.（2010,定西）They often take walk after dinner.A.a B./C.the D.an 9.（2010荷泽）一May I have a lookat book t
44、onight?一Of course,you can.I have old one at home.A.the;a B.a;theC.the;an D.the;the10.（2010长沙）My sister can play violin very well.A.the B.a C./11.（2010淮安）Look!There is map of China on the wall.A.a B.an C.the D./扬州）一Look!Whafs that moving high up in sky?12.（2010-It must be plane.A.a;the B.the;/C.the;a
45、 D./;a 13.（2010.南京）There is local shop for people to buy daily things in the small village.A.a B.an C.the D./14.（2010铜仁）一Have you found address that you wanted?Yes.IfsMr W.A.a B.an C.the D./15.（2010.潍坊）Avatar（阿凡达）is such wonderful science fiction movie that I want tosee it second time.A.a;a B.a;theC
46、./;the D./;a16.（2010,河南）一Shall we pay visit to Expo 2010,Shanghai?一No,rd rather stay at home and play football.A a;theB.the；a C./;the D.a;/17.（2009 中考变式题）Jack likes playingsoccer,but he doesnt like playing piano.A./;/B.the;/C.the;the D./;the18.（2009 中考变式题）L o o k!ma n over there is Li Les father.A.A
47、n B.A C.The19.（2009 中考变式题）The doctor advises me to eat apple a day.A.aB.an C.the D./20.（2009 中考变式题）一Do you know the story ofGoldilaks and the Three Bears?Yes,I do.Its interesting story.A.aB.an C.the D./21.（2009 中考变式题）一Do you play pianoin your free time?No,I like sports.I often play soccer with my fr
48、iends.A./;the B.the;/C.the;the D.a;a 22.（2009中考变式题）Theres 800-metre-long road behind hospital.A.an;an B.a;a C.an;the D.a;the-11-23.（2009 中考变式题）1 hope we can fly to moon one day.A.a B.an C.the D./24.（2009 中考变式题）Its not good idea to drive for four hours without_ break.A.a;a B.the;the C.a;the D.the;a 2
49、5.（2009中考变式题）一How about charity show?一I should say it wassuccess.A.the;a B.the;/C.a;a D.a;/26.（2009 中考变式题）After school we usually play basketball for half anhour on playground.A.the;the B./;/C./;the D.the;/27.（2009 中考变式题）一What should I buy for Tomsbirthday?How about camera?He loves taking photos?A.a
50、 B.an C.the D./28.（2009 中考变式题）一How was dinner at Mikes house?一It was great.Mikes mum is wonderful cook.A.a;the B.the;a C.the;the D.a;an 29.（2009 中考变式题）There is umbrella near the window.A.the B.anC.a 30.（2009 中考变式题）一How do you go to work?I usually take_bus.A.the;a B./;aC.a;a D.the;/31.（2009 中考变式题）We