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1、初中阅读理解特训阅读理解题在全国各地中考试题中所占比重很大，题样多，分值比重大，难度大,涉及面广，对阅读面较狭窄和阅读能力有限的初中生来说有一定的难度。不过，只要在复习时有针对性地进行训练，掌握相应题型的解题技巧，获得高分是不成问题的。阅读理解题主要测试考生的语言知识运用、逻辑思维、判断推理及捕捉信息方面的能力，涉及的内容非常广泛，包括人物传记、政治经济、天文史地、社会文化、科普小品、风土人情、幽默故事及日常生活等。(一)、阅读理解题型大致可分为以下几个类型：一、主旨题阅读理解是对整个文章的目的、意图、观点、立场、态度以及内在的逻辑关系的理解，而不是断章取义的一孔之见，所以统览全篇和问题是很有
2、必要的，这些问题会给你提供信息，或暗示文章中的一些重要细节。在统览全篇的同时要注意抓住文章的中心大意，捕捉主题句，因为一些显性的答案是可以从主题句中直接回答，而隐性的答案则是要通过对全篇的理解才能得出。主题句一般具有以下特征：1.概括全段思想。2.一 般位于段首、段尾或位于段中，它通常是用单词、短语表达的。当然，有些短语没有完整的主题句，其主题只好依据整篇文章及上下文的语境，不是某句话的表面意思。【解题技巧】解这种题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(main idea)、结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础
3、上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、科学专业知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断，从而获取文章中内隐的信息。主旨题常见的命题形式：The main idea of this text may be.(2)This passage is mainly about.(3)The authors purpose in writing this text.(4)Which of the following is the best title for the passage?(5)Whats the topic of the text?(6)The passage gives us is.典型例题：如：2
4、005年北京市中考题阅读理解C篇第二题：The second paragraph mainly tells us t h a t.A.Japanese are always healthier than AmericansB.living in the U S is not good for peoples healthC.if you eat too much fat you will have cancerD.the way we eat may cause some health problems 答案为 Do 作者表明饮食方式造成人们的健康问题，提出了主题句，此外，为阐明主题思想，在主
5、题之后以日本为例进一步解释说明此问题。这一类的段落包括三个层次，即：引题一主题解释。如果学生把握了这类题型的特点就很容易得出结论。第四题：The greatest help the passage gives us is.to introduce a food guide to the worldto provide us with knowledge of six food groupsto suggest a way of eating for a healthy lifeD.to find the main cause of some serious diseases 答案为 Co 不同
6、的饮食习惯给我们的健康生活带来了不同的影响，而不是提供各种类型食物的知识等，因此不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，选择其它的选项。二、细节题细节题主要测试学生识别阅读材料中的具体事实和细节的能力。【解题技巧】考生必须特别注意作者在陈述中谈到的是何人、何事、何处、何时、何故，要在有关此类问题的地方适当做标记(比如人物名较多就用圈画出，时间名词较多就用波浪线，地点名词较多就用方框等等)，以便在回答问题时迅速查找。通读短文，领会文章大意，理解文章结构层次及细节，特别注意：1.五个 W(who,which,when,where,what)和一个 H(how)；2.数字、日期、时间等；3.注意加强语气的
7、词。然后运用排除法排除不符合原文细节的选项，剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。典型例题：如：2005年北京市中考题阅读理解C篇 第三题：Which of the following is true according to the passage?A.More and more people have good eating habits now.B.Parents bating habits are important to their children.C.Good eating habits develop only when you are young.D.The more fruit an
8、d vegetables we eat,the longer we will live.这道题答案为 B。文中：When parents have poor eating habits,their children usuallydo,too.After all,children eat the same way as their parents.父母的饮食习惯不断地影响着孩子，因此对孩子非常重要。对于这类型的题只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节，就可以解答出来。2004年北京市中考题阅读理解B篇 第一题：The writer talks about uses of a mobile
9、 phone.three B.five C.seven D.nine根据文匚lDo you know what use a mobile phone has?Yes,you can use it to do alot of things。”之后介绍的5种用法可以判断出答案，即作者谈到5种手机的用途，因而正确答案是B。这种题型是通过句子解释和上下文提供的语境来判断。第二题：What does the writer think of todays mobile phones?A.They are small but very powerful.They are very popular and c
10、heap.C.They are every easy for us to use.D.They are big enough to send a signal.根据短文中“Todays mobile phones are small and easy to use.这一句可以看出答案,因此答案为C.三、词义题词义题主要是检测学生在具体文章中，根据上下文理解某个词或某个短语的意义的能力。这类问题主要考察学生两方面能力。根据上下文推测和判断生词、短语或句子在阅读材料中的含义，即利用我们所熟悉的词或短语和上下文中的已知部分进行逻辑上的推理，有时还需依靠常识和经验。猜词的活动是阅读中经常遇到的，阅读理
11、解题目中的作为干扰项出现的错误选项，一般多是学生比较熟悉、想当然的词典意义，或者适应学生习惯的汉语思维方式；而正确的含义往往不只是词典上的，而是要通过上下文内容的提示才能确定的。【解题技巧】遇到这类试题，可从以下三方面入手：1.通过上下文的种种提示来准确猜出这个词的含义。2.一个单词可以通过前缀、后缀、合成等形式派生出来很多单词，因此可以根据构词法辨认其中的词根的含义，就可以判断出其派生、转化或复合词的其他词义。3.如果遇到非常熟悉的词汇，一定要尽量撇开其基本含义，注意其引申的意义。4.注意一些过渡词语,如that is,this is,in other words等，它们直接引出T同义解释；
12、5.注意连接词及被猜测的词前后的因果，让步，递进，转折，列举及承上启下等各种连接上下文的特殊功能。6.注意同义词、近义词、反义词、同位语、定语从句，相似或相反的结构等。7.对于句中首字母或全部是大写的单词，应该猜出可能是专有名词(人名、地名、组织等)，因此拼读有时是最合适的方法。典型例题：如：2005年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读理解C篇 第一题：The underlined word enhance can be replaced by.impress B.improve C.provide D.produce由上句improve 一词可猜出enhance也是 提高 之意。又如：2003北京市西
13、城区中考试卷阅读理解D篇 第二题：(Flattened wheat“means.broken wheat B.lying wheat C.harvested wheat D.growing wheat此题是依据该短语前面的句子：Some of his wheat was lying on the ground.此外，还有明确的信息:The wheat in the circles lies on the ground but is never broken;由止匕我们推测出“Flattened wheat”是 lying wheat 而不是 broken wheato四、推断题这种题目有一定难
14、度，往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的态度、观点、意图、语气等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理，这些题目一般都是深层意义的题目，他们没有明示，大多数属于模糊性的，甚至是模棱两可。解答这类题时，要求同学予以高度重视注意从话题出发，充分运用自己的逻辑思维能力，从文章的内在含义和字里行间中，从作者的态度和取向中获取信息，做出正确的判断。【解题技巧】1、吃透文章的表层意思，是推理的前提和基础；推理的根据来自于上下文；3、不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；4、在提问中常用的词有 suggest,mean,infer(推断)
15、,from the fact,indicate(暗示)conclusion,probably,likely,reason,because,according to等。推断题常有的命题形式：It can be known from the text that.?(2)From the text we know that.?(3)The story implies that.?(4)The paragraph following the passage will most probably be.?（5）The writer suggests that.?典型例题：如：2005年北京市海淀区中考试
16、题阅读理解C篇 第三题：It can be learned from the last paragraph（段落）t h a t.A.you are supposed to follow your parents5 wordsB.students should not listen to music before examsC.you have some good reasons to exercise to musicD.music might help you to get higher grades in tests根据文中：A study showed students who lis
17、tened to Mozart went on to score highermarks in an intelligence test.这一个信息得知，科学家研究发现，凡是听莫扎特音乐的同学在智力测试中不断获得更高的分数。因而答案为D.2004年北京市中考题阅读理解B篇 第三题：What does the writer write the article（文章）for?To give us some common knowledge of the mobile phone.B.To introduce how the mobile phone works and what use it ha
18、s.C.To tell uswhat short forms of words mean in written messages.D.To show us in what waythe mobile phone is expected to develop.文章谈到手机的特点、发展情况、用途等，由此推断：作者的写作目的是让读者了解一些手机的知识、因而答案是A。有些同学选择了 B,的确文中提到了手机是怎么工作的和他的用途，但这只是其中的两个方面，判断的依据应是整篇文章及上下文的语境，而且这些同学也没有完全理解作者的意图，而导致失误，如果细致、全面、综合本文就不难推断出正确答案。五、观点态度题观点
19、态度题主要考查学生通过掌握主题思想和具体事实，对作者的观点和态度做出合理推断的能力。【解题技巧】主要抓作者议论、抒情的段落，通常是最后一段，再结合前面做题得到的信息，来分析、推理。（二）答题步骤1.先看问题，再读文章。带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，特别要注意首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题，摘取有用的材料。2.细读全文，认真分析与问题有关的词汇、句子或段落，特别留心一些关键信息词。总之我们要根据不同体裁、不同类型的阅读文章，采用不同的答题技巧，仔细斟酌核对答案。如果时间允许，再将原文读一遍；用全文的主题思想统率各思考题，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，目的在于对所做答案进一步审查，推出未解答的题，以
20、便减少失误。2005年北京市中考题阅读理解C篇Sometimes people are not clear about what kind of food is healthy,and what kind offood may do harm to our health.The U SDA has prepared a food guide to help peoplelearn about which kind of food is the healthiest to eat.The food guide describes sixmain food groups:meat(like fis
21、h and chicken),dairy(like milk and cheese),grains(like bread and rice),fruit and vegetables.The last group is fats and sweets.TheU SDA also suggests how much of each food group is healthy to eat daily.Though thisguide was prepared by the U S government,it is very useful for people all over theworld.
22、As a result of years of study,we know that too much animal fat is bad for our health.For example,Americans eat a lot of meat and only a small amount of grains,fruit andvegetables.Because of the way they eat,they have a high rate of cancer and heartdisease.In Japan,people eat large amounts of grains
23、and very little meat.TheJapanese also have a very low rate of cancer and heart disease.The Japanese livelonger than anyone else in the world.However,when Japanese people move to the U S,the rate of heart disease and cancer goes up as their eating habit changes.And ashamburgers,ice creams and other h
24、igh-fat foods become popular in Japan,the rate ofheart disease and cancer is going up there as well.People are also eating more meatand dairy food in other countries,in which the disease rate is going up along with thechange of the way people eat.Doctors everywhere suggest people eat more grains,fru
25、it and vegetables and less meat and dairy food.Eating healthily is important for children as well as their parents.When parents havepoor eating habits,their children usually do,too.After all,children eat in the sameway as their parents.When parents eat healthy food,the children will learn to enjoy i
26、t,too.Then they will develop good eating habits.Doctors suggest parents give theirchildren healthier food such as fruit,vegetables and juice.Everyone wants to live a long,healthy life.We know that the food we eat affects us indifferent ways.For example,doctors believe that fruit and vegetables can r
27、eallyprotect people from many different diseases.On the other hand,animal fat can causediseases.We can change our eating habits now and enjoy many years of healthyliving.2.Which of the following is true according to the passage?A.More and more people have good eating habits now.B.Parents bating habi
28、ts are important to their children.C.Good eating habits develop only when you are young.D.The more fruit and vegetables we eat,the longer we will live.3.The second paragraph mainly tells us that.A.Japanese are always healthier than AmericansB.living in the U S is not good for peoples healthC.if you
29、eat too much fat you will have cancerD.the way we eat may cause some health problems2004年北京市中考题阅读理解B篇A mobile phone is in fact a small radio.A radio sends a persons voice over a longway to another radio.A voice that is sent by radio is called a signal.A radio signaltravels very quickly.Only a few ye
30、ars ago,mobile phones were very large.They needed large batteries.They had to be powerful to send their signal to faraway places.This was because mostcities had only one antenna tower for mobile phones.Todays mobile phones are small and easy to use.Now most cities have a lot ofantenna towers,not jus
31、t one.This means that each mobile phone doesnt have to sendits signal far away,so they dont need to be so powerful.Mobile phones today usesmall batteries.A large city,where lots of mobile phones are used,can have hundredsof towers.Do you know what use a mobile phone has?Yes,you can use it to do a lo
32、t of things.Call your friends and family from almost anywhere.Call the police immediately if there is an accident in thestreet.1.The writer talks about uses of a mobile phone.A.three B.five C.seven D.nine2.What does the writer think of todays mobile phones?A.They are small but very powerful.B.they a
33、re very popular and cheap.C.They are very easy fbr us to use.D.They are big enough to send a signal.2005年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读理解C篇If music makes you smarter and exercise helps you to think,surely exercising tomusic can turn you into an intelligent person.A team of scientists from Ohio State U niversity did e
34、xperiments on 33 volunteerswho were getting better from heart disease following operation.They found thatpeople who exercised while listening to Italian musician Antonio Vivaldis The FourSeasons“did much better on language ability tests than without music.“Facts suggest that exercise improves the le
35、arning ability of people with heartdisease/9 said the psychologist Charles Emery,who led the study,And listening tomusic is thought to enhance understanding.We just wanted to put the two resultstogether,he added.The volunteers said they felt better emotionally and physically after working out withor
36、 without the music.But their improvement on the test doubled after listening tomusic during exercise.Scientists have proved that music can be good for health,education and well-being.It helps reduce stress,sadness and nervousness;encouragesrelaxation or sleep;wakes up the body and improves memory an
37、d thoughts.In medical fields,music is used widely for patients who have had head hurts beforeand after operation.cuThe Four Seasons was used because of its moderate tempo（舒缓的节拍）and positive results in earlier research.Exercise seems to cause positivechanges in the nervous system（神经系统）and these chang
38、es may have a direct resulton learning ability,Emery said.Scientists have been studying the results of music on understanding since the early1950s.By 2000,psychologists were using Mozarts music,especially his violin pieces,to help children with speech disorders.Mozart was chosen because his music is
39、 notoverexciting and has clear structures.A study showed students who listened to Mozartwent on to score higher marks in an intelligence test.With important exams drawingnear,your parents will not probably allow you to listen to music.But perhaps nowyou have good reasons to argue with them.l.The und
40、erlined word enhance can be replaced by.A.impress B.improve C.provide D.produce2.The text mainly tells us t hat.A.music and exercise lead to relaxation or sleepB.33 volunteers work on music in medical fieldsC.exercising to music makes people healthy and brightD.scientists give suggestions on choosin
41、g music to exercise to3.1 t can be learned from the last paragraph t hat.A.you are supposed to follow your parents wordsB.students should not listen to music before examsC.you have some good reasons to exercise to musicD.music might help you to get higher grades in tests4.Which of the following stat
42、ements is true?A.Exercise seems to cause negative changes without music.B.Exercise reminds people with head hurts of what theyve learned.C.Scientists often use Mozart5s music,for it is not too exciting.D.The Four Seasons is used to help children with speech disorders.2003北京市西城区中考试卷阅读理解D篇In the summe
43、r of 1978 an English man named Steven was driving his tractor througha field of wheat when he discovered something strange.Some of his wheat was lyingon the ground.The flattened wheat formed(形成)a circle about six meters across.Around this circle were four smaller circles of flattened wheat.Three yea
44、rs later a farmer who lived nearby discovered almost the same circles inone of his fields.These circles were largernearly 15 meters across.That same year,another English farmer discovered three circles of flattened wheat on his land一onelarge circle between two small circles.During the following year
45、s,farmers in Englandfound circles in their fields more and more often.The circles are called“crop circles“because they usually appear in fields of wheator corn.The wheat in the circles lies on the ground but is never broken;it keeps ongrowing,and the farmers can later harvest it.Farmers always disco
46、ver the crop circlesin the morning,so the circles probably form at night.They appear only in the monthsfrom May to September.What causes the crop circles?At first,people thought that some kids were making them as a joke,or thatfarmers were making them to attract tourists.(In fact,in 1991,two men sai
47、d theymade the circles themselves,but many scientists dont believe them.)People tried tocopy them:They tried to make circles exactly like the ones the farmers had found.They couldnt do it.They couldnt enter a field of wheat without leaving tracks,andthey couldn,t flatten the wheat without breaking i
48、t.Several times people reported seeing stranger objects near the fields where cropcircles later appeared.Many people believe that these crop circles are the messagessent by living things from outer space（夕 卜 层 空 间）or the marks left by their spaceships.Scientists who have studied the crop circles try
49、 to find out what causes them.Inthe summer of 1990 some scientists spent three weeks in the part of England wheremany circles have appeared.They had all the latest high-tech equipment（最新高科技设备）.The equipment-worth 1.8 million dollarsgot nothing.But one night,as thescientists were watching a field,cro
50、p circles formed in the field behind them,whichwere quite different from the others.The scientists had neither seen nor heardanything.When Steven discovered the crop circles on his land in 1978,he said,“Itwas just like something that had landed in the field from the air and gone back upagain.I dont