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1、安全与可信security and trusted脆弱性安全 vs.结构性安全Vulnerability vs.Structure攻防两端如何在结构性安全环境中寻求空间Space in the structural environment潘柱廷(大潘)Jordan Panhttp:/mailto:1摘要Summary 脆弱性安全Vulnerability-oriented security 结构性安全Structural security 结构性安全中的脆弱性Vulnerabilities in structures 结构性威胁Structural threats2脆弱性安全Vulnerabi
2、lity-oriented security3脆弱性Vulnerabilities 弱口令 simple password 病毒 virus 操作系统漏洞 OS flaw 协议漏洞 protocol flaw 造成拒绝服务攻击的性能限制performance limitation 防火墙配置不当 bad configuration of firewalls 4面向脆弱性的安全Vulnerability-oriented security 防病毒系统 anti-virus system 漏洞扫描系统 vulnerability scanner 补丁管理系统 patch management sy
3、stem 入侵检测系统 IDS 防拒绝服务攻击系统 anti-DoS 防火墙 Firewall 多功能安全网关 UTM 5PSPC 需求驱动筐架Requirement Driven BaCaMeth需求筐架Req.BCM.来自内部From Internal来自外部From External主动引导Active体系化Systematic政策性Policy被动要求Passive问题型Problem合规性Compliance6面向脆弱性的风险管理Vulnerability-oriented risk management7国家标准中的风险管理关系图Risk management elements i
4、n Chinese standard8最精简的风险管理要素模型3-element risk management model92006 SC Awards Best anti-malware solution Best Anti-spyware Best Anti-trojan Best Anti-virus Best Anti-worm Best Content Security Solution Best Anti-spam Best Email Content Filtering Best Email Security Best IM security Best Intellectual
5、 Property Protection Best Network Security Solution Best Wireless Security Best Enterprise Firewall Best Intrusion Detection Best Intrusion Prevention Best Desktop Firewall Best Remote Access Best VPN-SSL Best VPN-Ipsec Best Endpoint Security Solution Best Web Filtering Best Encryption Best Identity
6、 Management Solution Best Password Management Best Authentication Best Single Sign-on Best Two-Factor Solution Best Unified Threat Solution Best Integrated Security Software Best Integrated Security Appliance Best Managed Security Service Best Email Managed Service Best Network Security Management B
7、est Event Management Best Computer Forensics Best Policy Management Best Security Audit Best Security Management Tool Best Vulnerability Assessment and Remediation Best Patch Management Best Vulnerability Assessment 10脆弱性安全的产业环境Vulnerability-oriented security industrial environment威胁方Threat agents厂商
8、Provider用户User11木桶原理的迷失Misleading of Cask Rule 误导 将整体结构仅仅简化为防御结构 不考虑防御纵深问题 只考虑静态的结果状态 没有成本观念 Misleading Only consider prevention structure Not consider deep prevention Only consider static state Not consider cost-effective 12结构性安全Structural security基本结构basic structure紧密结构 tight structure松散结构loose st
9、ructure13访问控制的RM 机制Reference monitor of access control 访问控制的RM 机制是非常基本的安全结构 Reference monitor of access control is a very basic security structure14RM 机制有效的结构性条件Structural conditions of valid RM mechanism 三个条件 不能被绕过 不可篡改 足够小，可以被证明 3 conditions of VRM Can not be bypass Can not be tampered Be small en
10、ough,can be proved15Randomly GeneratedSymmetric Key(seed+PRNG)AlicePublickeyPrivatekeyPrivate keyPublic keyBob密钥交换过程Key Exchange ProcessmessageX15/ow83h7ERH39DJ3HmessageX15/ow83h7ERH39DJ3H16紧密安全结构的代表可信计算Tight security structure Trusted Computing 可信的定义 Definition of trust 可信就是，一个设备的行为是按照其预期目标和指定方式执行的
11、Trust is the expectation that a device will behave in a particular manner for a specific purpose.一个可信平台应当至少提供三个基本特性：保护能力、完整性测量和完整性报告A trusted platform should provide at least three basic features:protected capabilities,integrity measurement and integrity reporting.(From section 4.1,TCG Architecture
12、Overview 1.0)17TCG 的基石性原理Fundamental rule of TCG 信 任 根 就 像“公 理”一 样，是 信 任 的 基 础。在PC 系统中，常常用硬件芯片实现。Roots of trust In TCG systems roots of trust are components that must be trusted because misbehavior might not be detected.信任链则是信任传递的机制。常常采用密码技术。Chains of trust Transitive trust also known as“Inductive T
13、rust”,is a process where the Root of Trust gives a trustworthy description of a second group of functions.18一个包含TPM 的PCReference PC platform containing a TCG TPM19TCG 可信平台模块TCG Trusted Platform Module(TPM)一个可信平台常常拥有三个可信根There are commonly three Roots of Trust in a trusted platform 测量可信根 root of trus
14、t for measurement(RTM)存储可信根 root of trust for storage(RTS)报告可信根 root of trust for reporting(RTR)20证明协议和消息交换Attestation protocol and message exchange21TPM 存储可信根的体系结构TPM Root of Trust for Storage(RTS)22TPM 部件体系结构TPM component architecture23TCG 软件分层TCG software layering24可信平台的生命周期The trusted platform l
15、ifecycle25可信平台上的用户认证User authentication using trusted platforms 26可信平台上的用户认证User authentication using trusted platforms27经典的四角模型The classical four corners model28四角模型的可信平台实现Detailed TP deployment architecture29TCG 对于可信计算平台的划分8 categories of Trusted platform体系结构 体系结构Architecture ArchitectureTPM TPM移动
16、设备 移动设备Mobile Mobile客户端 客户端PC Client PC Client服务器 服务器Server Server软件包 软件包Software Stack Software Stack存储 存储Storage Storage可信网络连接 可信网络连接Trusted Network Connect Trusted Network Connect30TCG 的IWG 和TNC 的对应关系the IWG and TNC architecture31TNC 体系结构TNC architecture32TNC 体系结构下的消息流Message flow between compone
17、nts33拥有TPM 的TNC 体系结构The TNC architecture with the TPM34思科的自防御网络体系Ciscos self-defending network35思科的自防御网络体系Ciscos self-defending network36松散安全结构的代表框架和方案Loose security structure Framework 松散结构中的各个部件关联关系，常常靠人的集成来实现The connection among the components of loose structure is always integrated by human.松散结构
18、常常表现为框架Framework 技术框架Technology framework 管理体系Management system ISO27001,ISO20000,etc.3738技术功能是PDR 的衍生PDR can express technology framework39检测能力是松散技术结构的关联要素Detection make the loose structure tight 攻击者不得不面对越来越多的Attackers have to face more 入侵检测 IDS 漏洞扫描 scanner 应用审计系统 Application auditing system 日志系统
19、log system 蜜罐 honey pot 取证系统 forensic system 监控平台 monitoring platform 等等 etc.40一个信息安全管理体系的结构Structure of a ISMS(modified ISO27001)41结构性安全中的脆弱性Vulnerabilities in structures42你对刚才阐述的结构性安全有什么感觉？Whats your feeling about structural security?复杂 complex 怀疑其完备性 concern about the completion 成本 cost 蠢人永远有 stu
20、pid guys are there 43不要被“结构性安全”给忽悠了！Do not be misled by structural security 不要被“结构性安全”给忽悠了！脆弱性安全和结构性安全并不是对立的，也不是两个发展阶段；脆弱性安全也有结构，结构性安全也有脆弱性。Do not be misled by structural security Vulnerability-oriented security also has structure Structural security also has vulnerabilities44借助非技术环节来侵害技术结构Find vuln
21、erabilities from non-technology partsRandomly GeneratedSymmetric Key(seed+PRNG)AlicePublickeyPrivatekeyPrivate keyPublic keyBob45借助非技术环节来侵害技术结构Find vulnerabilities from non-technology partsRandomly GeneratedSymmetric Key(seed+PRNG)AlicePublickeyPrivatekeyPrivate keyPublic keyBobPrivate keyPublic key
22、Carl线路的透明插入，可以完成对于加密通信的嗅探攻击46借助非技术环节来侵害技术结构Find vulnerabilities from non-technology partsRandomly GeneratedSymmetric Key(seed+PRNG)AlicePublickeyPrivatekeyPrivate keyPublic keyBobPrivate keyPublic keyCarl47结构性安全的局限性Limitation of structural security 结构是在环境中的、有边界的environment and boundary48在生命周期中寻找弱点 F
23、ind vulnerabilities along the lifecycle 厂家的生产环节常常会埋有后门back doors embedded during manufacturing 没有一个系统是完美的No perfect system 49在结构的时序中寻找突破Find vulnerabilities through time sequence 以文档保密系统为例Sample:Document protection system 文档的生成环节最可能存在漏洞Vulnerabilities during creating documentation50结构性安全的局限性Limitati
24、on of structural security 结构是在环境中的、有边界的environment and boundary 在不同阶段、不同人手中保持安全很困难different phases and organizations51在人性中寻找弱点Find vulnerabilities from human behavior 社交工程攻击Social Engineering 隐私保护Privacy protection 自由倾向Anti-DRM 懒惰Lazy 52结构性安全的局限性Limitation of structural security 结构是在环境中的、有边界的environ
25、ment and boundary 在不同阶段、不同人手中保持安全很困难different phases and organizations 人把科学变成了艺术Human transform science to art53结构本身可能就有问题Find vulnerabilities from structure itself54 对于AR/PEP/PDP 的伪装，可能打破整个结构every role may be spoofed 所有看似漂亮的结构，其性能和可用性问题可能会非常严重，会轻易被拒绝服务攻击击垮Most beautiful structures have performance
26、and availability problems and may be easy to be kick down by DoS.那么多传统攻击方式，可能有的还有效Some traditional attacks are still effective结构本身可能就有问题Find vulnerabilities from structure itself55结构性安全还要继续博弈We are still in the game 怎么博弈？How to Play the game?你了解对方的结构吗？Do you know the structure of all players?你了解对方了解
27、多少自己的结构吗？Do you know“how much have the other player known about your structure”?56结构性威胁Structural threats知识、资源和原则Knowledge,Resources and Principles57知识Knowledge 寻求对于系统更深层次技术结构的研究Who know lower?寻求对于系统宏观结构的了解Who know the macro-structure better?寻求对于具体对象的全面了解How many details do you know?58资源Resources 从分
28、布式拒绝服务攻击到僵尸网络，掌握具有结构和组织的攻击体Botnet is a sample of structural software organization for attacking 在时序上组成结构，非常有利于攻击Time sequence spreading is a good thinking of structural attack 59结构的一些关键字Key words of structure Business Distribution Hierarchy Time sequence Life-cycle Management Organization Regular Pr
29、ocess Control Value 业务 分布式 层次 时序 生命周期 管理 组织 制度 过程控制 价值60流程化的结构思路Process-oriented structureprocess processinput input output outputProcess owner Process owneroperator operatorInfra-Infra-structure structureKnowledge Knowledgebase baseLOG LOGArchive ArchiveProcess Processimproving improvingMonitor Mon
30、itor61原则Principles 安全没有百分之百 No 100%Security 安全相对性的三个原则 3 security relativity rule 生存原则 survival rule 风险原则 Risk rule 保镖原则 bodyguard rule自身完备性要求Perfective requirement62总结 Conclusion 脆弱性安全Vulnerability-oriented security 结构性安全Structural security 结构性安全中的脆弱性Vulnerabilities in structures 结构性威胁Structural threats63总结：一个可以持续研究下去的课题Conclusion:A good problem to keep approaching脆弱性防御V.O.defend结构性防御Structuraldefend脆弱性攻击V.O.attack结构性攻击Structuralattack脆弱性和结构性 Vulnerability-oriented vs.structural攻击和防守 defend vs.attack64谢谢Thanks大潘 Jordan Pan65