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1、学习必备 精品知识点 被动语态 一、主动语态与被动语态的概念：语态-说明主语和谓语之间的关系 英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态：表示主语是动作的执行者 被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者(常常没在有必要指出动作的执行者情况下使用)例：They speak English.（主动语态）主 谓 宾 English is spoken by them.（被动语态）主语 谓语 介词短语 注：及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词必须带有介词才可以有被动语态。例：We listen to the teacher carefully in class.主 谓 宾 The teacher is listened to
2、by us carefully in class.主语 谓语 介词短语 e laughed at him.He was laughed at by us.二、被动语态的结构与应用情况：基本结构：肯定句式：be+done(及物动词的过去分词)如果是不及物动词+相应的介词或副词 否定句式：be+not+done 疑问句式：be 动词（情态动词）放句首 被动语态中的 be 为助动词，无意义。be 可能是 am,is,are 也可能是 was,were 或原形 be。注：被动语态的时态是由 be 的时态决定的，be 是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be 后面的过去分词不变。Eg:、he song is
3、liked by young people.(肯定句)、he song isnt liked by young people （否定句）、Is the song liked by young people?（一般疑问句）、Who is the song liked by?=By whom is the song liked?（特殊疑问句）各种时态的构成（动词以 do 为例）：时 态 动词的被动形式 例句 一般现在时 am/is/are done He is asked to do this.一般过去时 was/were done The story was told by her mother
4、.一般将来时 will/shall be done The problem will be discussed tomorrow.Is/are going to 过去将来时 should/would be done He said the trees would be planted soon.Was/were are going to 现在进行时 am/is/are being done The novel is being written.过去进行时 was/were being done At that time the desk was being made.现在完成时 has/hav
5、e been done The house has been built.过去完成时 had been done They said that their work had been finished.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+done Your homework must be handed in today.其它几种特殊句型：It is said that.It is well known that.It is reported that 学习必备 精品知识点 例：History is made by the people.(一般现在时)The cars were made
6、in Tianjin in 1995.(一般过去时)The tree will be cut down next year.(一般将来时)The room must be kept clean.（含有情态动词的被动语态）The door is being opened.（现在进行时）The film has been seen by me.（现在完成时）注：不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词 be 的变化上,同时助动词 be 还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。（三）应用情况 行为的执行者不明确或不必说出来。Eg:A stranger was killed last night.用于强调动作
7、的承受者而不是执行者。Eg:The story is told everywhere in the city.三、主动语态改被动语态的方法：方法分为三步：把原主动句中的宾语改成主语（如果是人称代词同时应把宾格改为主格）谓语动词改为被动形式 be done(时态不变，人称和数必须和新主语一致)把原主动句的主语，如果需要的话放在介词 by 后面，以指明做事的人或物，如果没有必要则省去（by 短语 是代词，要用宾格形式）例：1）The man killed a tiger.A tiger was killed by the man.(改的过程中要注意时态和语态两个方面)2）They are repa
8、iring the machine.The machine is being repaired by them.3)The workers have done the job.The job has been done by the workers.四、特殊句型的被动语态：含有使役动词（make/let/have）或感官动词（hear,see,listen to,look at,find,watch,feel,notice,observe 等）的句子，在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带 to 的动词不定式，但是在改成被动语态时，则一定要把省去的 to 再加上去，另外 help 这一个词在主动语态中后
9、面的动词不定式可以带 to,也可不带 to,但在被动语态中也必须把 to 加上去。例：Mother often makes me do some housework.I am often made to do some housework by mother.We saw him run into the classroom.He was seen to run into the classroom by us.teach,give,pass,show,buy,tell 等动词常常带有两个宾语（双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语），改为被动语态时，两个宾语可以选其中任一个作主语。如果直接宾语被提前作主
10、语，那么间接宾语（一般是人）前要加相应的介词 to/for。例：he gave me a pen.=She gave a pen to me.I was given a pen by her.A pen was given to me by her.My father bought me a new bike.=My father bought a new bike for me.I was bought a new bike by my father.A new bike was bought for me by my father.由不及物动词（vi）+介词/副词宾语的句子改成被动语态时，
11、介词或副词不能丢掉。(前面已举过两例)常见的这类短语动词有:take care of,look after,take off,look at,send for,look up等。例：e should speak to old people politely.Old people should be spoken to politely(by us).He took away the box.The box was taken away by him.用例主动语态主谓宾被动语态主语谓语介词短语注及物动词有被动语态相应的介词或副词否定句式疑问句式动词情态动词放句首被动语态中的句各种时态的构成动词以
12、为例例句时态动词的被动形式一般现在时一般学习必备 精品知识点 含有宾语补足语的句子改为变动语态。（宾补放在原来位置不变）例：We call him Xiao Ma.主 谓 宾 宾补 e is called Xiao Ma by us.He found the book very interesting.The book was found very intere sting by him.(5)主动表示被动 Want,need,require 表“需要”时有两种被动语态形式。The room requires cleaning.requires to be cleaned.Worth doin
13、g 表示被动。The book is well worth reading.五、没有被动语态的动词 1.表示状态或特征的及物动词 如:sell,study,grow,begin,read,cost,fit,have,suit等没有被动形式，2.不及物动词或动词短语 如:appear,die,disappear,end(vi.结束),fail,last,lie,remain,sit,spread（传播）,stand,come true,fall asleep,rise,.result from(缘于)，belong to,consist of happen=take place,break ou
14、t(爆发)，break down(坏了)3.大多数系动词：be,feel(摸起来)，sound(听起来)，look(看起来)，smell(闻起来)taste（尝起来）,prove(证明)，turn,become,remain,stay等词无被动语态，它们的主动形式表示被动意义。例：The skirt feels very soft.这件裙子摸起来很柔软。Many changes have happened in our hometown.The film lasted for 3 hours.The book sells well.The kind of cloth cleans/washes
15、 easily.被动语态考点归纳 主动语态改为被动语态时，被动语态应和主动语态的时态保持一致。We speak English.（改为被动语态）English _ _ by us.分析 此句主动语态为一般现在时态，被动语态也应用一般现在时态，因此，答案应是 is spoken。注意被动语态的谓语结构：一般现在时是：am/is/are+p.p；一般过去时是：was/were+p.p；现在完成时是：have/has/been+p.p；现在进行时是：am/is/are/+being+p.p；含有情态动词的是：情态动词be+p.p。（注：p.p 过去分词）。We must take good care
16、 of our eyes.（改为被动语态）Our eyes must _ _ good care of.分析此句中含有情态动词 must，那么，我们根据“情态动词be+p.p.”的公式可知，答案应是be taken。3.注意句中主谓语的一致关系。Tea _（grow）in southeast of China and India.分析此句中主语 tea 是不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词应用单数形式。而此句说明的又是一自然现象，因此就应用一般现在时态。所以，答案应是 is grown。4.注意复合宾语的变化 They couldnt make the cow go.（改为被动语态）分析the co
17、w go 在句中作 make 的复合宾语。一般情况下，变为被动语态后，宾语补足语的结构形式、所处位置原封不动地保存下来，但 make/have/let/see/watch/hear 等后原可省的 to要还原回来。显然，此句中，the cow go 中省去的 to 应还原回来，因此答案应是 The cow couldnt be made to go.5.注意双宾语的变化。Mr Smith showed the students two pictures yesterday.（改为被动语态）Two pictures _ _ _ the students by Mr Smith.用例主动语态主谓宾被
18、动语态主语谓语介词短语注及物动词有被动语态相应的介词或副词否定句式疑问句式动词情态动词放句首被动语态中的句各种时态的构成动词以为例例句时态动词的被动形式一般现在时一般学习必备 精品知识点 分析变为被动语态时，双宾语中的任何一个皆可变为主语，一般变直接宾语，但间接宾语前必须加上介词 to 或 for。此句中显然是把直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，那么，间接宾语前须加上介词 to，所以答案应是 were shown to。6.注意短语动词中的“小词”。The old men and the children _ in our country.A.must take good care B.must be taken good care C.must be taken good care of D.must take good care of 分析短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，应当做一个词来看待，变成被动语态后，“小词”不能丢弃。因此，此题答案应是 C。用例主动语态主谓宾被动语态主语谓语介词短语注及物动词有被动语态相应的介词或副词否定句式疑问句式动词情态动词放句首被动语态中的句各种时态的构成动词以为例例句时态动词的被动形式一般现在时一般