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1、 2018 年考研英语二试题与答案解析(完整版)跨考教育英语教研室 Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Because hum
2、ans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty,according to a recent study in Psychological Science.The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people wiill 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3.In a series of four experiments,behavioral scientists at
3、the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity.For one 5 each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment.The twist?Half of the pen
4、s would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified;another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified 7 left alone in the room,the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the s
5、tudents who knew what would 8.Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli,9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans,much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the
6、University of Chicago.Curiosity is often considered a good instinct-it can 12 new scientific advances,for instance-but sometimes such 13 can backfire.The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15,however.In a final experiment,partici
7、pants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image.These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on ones curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor.Thinking about long-term
8、 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity.Hsee says.In other words,dont read online comments.9.A.rather than B.such as C.regardless of D.owing to B.forgive 12.A.begin with B.rest on C.learn from D.lead to 13.A.withdrawal B.inquiry C.persistence C.self-evident 19.A.whether Sec
9、tion Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.40 points Text 1 It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students
10、a better future.Mr.Koziatek is part of something pioneering.He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization,but practical.When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the Un
11、ited States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike chain?As Koziatek knows,there is learning in just about everything.Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum.They can also learn geometry by assembli
12、ng a bicycle.But hes also found a kind of insidious prejudice.Working with your hand s is seen as almost a mark of inferiority.Schools in the family of vocational education“have that stereotype.that its for kids who cant make it academically,”he says.On one hand,that viewpoint is a logical product o
13、f Americas evolution.Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was.The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated.More education is the new principle.We want more for our kids,and rigitfully so.But the headlong push into bachel ors degre
14、es for all-and the subtle devaluing of anything less-misses an important point:Thats not the only thing the American economy neds.Yes,a bachelors degree opens more doors.But even now,54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs,such as construction and high-skill manufacturing.But onl
15、y 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words,at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head,frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing,one obvious solution is staring us in the face.There is a gap in working-class jobs,but t
16、he workers who need those jobs most arent equipped to do them.Koziateks Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziateks school is a wake-up call.When education becomes one-size-fits-all,it risks overlooking a nations diversiy of gifts.21.【题干】A brokan bike chain is me
17、ntioned to show students lack of_.A.mechanical memorization B.academic training C.practical ability D.pioneering spirit 22.【题干】There existsthe prejudice that vocational education is for kids who_.A.are financially disadvantaged B.are not academically successful C.have a stereotyped mind D.have no ca
18、reer motivation 23.【题干】We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates_.A.are entitled to more“ducational privileges B.are reluctant to work in manufacturing C.used to have more job opportunities D.used to have big financial concerns 24.【题干】The headlong push into bachelois degrees for all_.
19、A.helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs B.may narrow the gap in working-class jobs C.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce D.indicates the overvaluing of higher education 25.【题干】The authors attitude toward Koziateks school can be described as_.Text2 While fossil fuels-coal,oil,gas-still
20、generate roughly 85 percent of the worlds energy supply,itsclearer than ever that the future belongs to renewablesources such as wind and solar.The move to renewables is picking up momentumaround the world:They now account for more than half ofnew power sourcesgoing on line.Some growth stems from a
21、commitment bygovernments and farsighted Businssesto fundcleanerenergy sources.But increasinglythestoryisabout theplummeting prices of renewables,especially wind and solar.The cost of solarpanels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close taone-third in the past eight years.In m
22、any parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source.In Scotland,for example,wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes.While the rest of the world takes the lead,notably China and Europe,the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift.In March,
23、for the first time,wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated in the US,reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels-especially coal-as the path to economic growth.In a recent speech in Iowa,he dismissed wind power
24、as an unreliable energy source,But that message did not play well with many in Iowa,where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the states electricity generation-and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.
25、The question“what happens when the wind doesnt blow or the sun doesntshine?has provided a quick put-down for skeptics.But a boost in the storage apacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in par by vehicle manufacturers,who a
26、re placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles.Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now.this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While theres a long way to go,the trend lines for renewables are spiking.The pace of change in energy sources appea
27、rs to be speeding up perhaps:just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change.What Washington does-or doesnt do-to promote alternative energy may mean less and less a time of a global shift in thought.26.【题干】The word plummeting(Line 3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to _【选项】A.stabiliz
28、ing B.changing C.falling 27.【题干】According to Paragraph 3,the use of renewable energy in America _【选项】A.is progressing notably B.is as extensive as in Europe C.faces many challenges D.has proved to be impractical 28.【题干】It can be learned that in Iowa,_.【选项】A.wind is a widely used energy source B.wind
29、 energy has replaced fossil fuels C.tech giants are investing in clean energy D.there is a shortage of clean energy supply 29.【题干】Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A.Its application has boosted battery storage.B.It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C.I
30、ts continuous supply is becoming a reality.D.Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy _.【选项】A.will bring the US closer to other countries B.will accelerate global environmental change C.is not really encouraged by the US g
31、overnment D.is not competitive enough with regard to its cost 30.【题干】It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy _.【选项】A.will bring the US closer to other countries B.will accelerate global environmental change C.is not really encouraged by the US government D.is not competitive
32、 enough with regard to its cost Text 3 The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn,but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the WhatsApp messaging service,
33、which doesnt have any physical product at all.What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities,but it broke the promise almost a
34、s soon as the deal went through.Even without knowing what was in the messages,the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be.What political journalist,what party whip,would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Mays enemies are cu
35、rrently plotting?It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops ft owns,but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power.But it is clumsy.For one thing,it is very slow compared to th
36、e pace of change within the digital economy.By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace,to be replaced by new abuses of power.But there is a deeper conceptual problem,too.Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to c
37、onsumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services dont pay for them.The users of their services are not their customers.That would be the people who buy advertising from them and Facebook and Google,the two virtual giants,dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other
38、media and entertainment companies.The product theyre selling is data,and we,the users,convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce whe 31.【题干】According to Paragraph1，Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its 。【选项
39、】Adigialproducts Buserinformation Cphysical assets Dquality service 32.【题干】Linking phone numbers to Faccbook identities may 【选项】A.worsen political disputes B.mess up customer records C.pose a risk to Facebook users D.mislead the European commission 33.【题干】According to the author，competition law 【选项】
40、A.should serve the new market powers B.may worsen the economic imbalancens C.should not provide just one legal solution D.cannot keep pace with the changing market 34.【题干】Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook nsers Because 【选项】A.they are no defined as customers B.they
41、are not financially reliable C.these rvices aregenerally digital D.the services are paid for by advertisers 35.【题干】The ants analogy is used to llustrate 【选项】A.a win-win business model between digital giants B.a typical competition pattem among digital giants C.the benefits provided for digital giant
42、s customers D.the relationship between digital giants and their users Text4 To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy,Cal Newport,author of Deep Work:Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World,recommends building a habit of“deep work”-the ability to fucus without distraction.There a
43、re a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work-be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task;developing a daily ritual;or taking a“journalistic”approach to seizing momen ts of deep work when you can throughout the day.Whichever approach,the key is to determine your length of focus
44、 time and stick to it.Newport also recommends“deep scheduling”to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“At any given point,I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.Once on the calendar,I protect this time like I would a doctors appointment or important meet
45、ing,”he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritise your day-in particular how we craft our to-do lists.Tim Harford,author of Messy:The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives,points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two gr
46、oups:some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities;others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail,day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it come to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the deta
47、iled daily plans demotivated students.Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective,while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy,we also need to embrace downtime,or as Newpo
48、rt suggests,“be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation,an indulgence or a vice;it is as indispensable to the brain as vitamin D is to the body.idleness is,paradoxically,necessary to getting any work done,”he argues.Srini Pillay,an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School,believes
49、this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate.When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on a task,they tend to be more efficient.“What people dont realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus
50、 and unfocus circuits in their brain，”says Pillay.36.【题干】The key to mastering the art of deep work is to_【选项】A.seize every minute to work B.list you immediate tasks C.make specific daily plans D.Keep to your focus time 37.【题干】The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that【选项】A.students are