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38、LL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN ETEXTS*Ver.04.29.93*END*A History of Science, Volume 3, by Henry Smith WilliamsScanned by Charles Keller with OmniPage Professional OCR softwareAHISTORY OF SCIENCEBYHENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, M.D., LL.D.ASSISTED BYEDWARD H. WILLIAMS, M.D.IN FIVE VOLUMESVOLUME III.MODERN DEVELO
39、PMENT OF THEPHYSICAL SCIENCESCONTENTSBOOK IIICHAPTER I. THE SUCCESSORS OF NEWTON IN ASTRONOMYThe work of Johannes Hevelius-Halley and Hevelius-Halleysobservation of the transit of Mercury, and his methodof determining the parallax of the planets-Halleys observationof meteors-His inability to explain
40、 these bodies-The importantwork of James Bradley-Lacailles measurement of the arc of themeridian-The determination of the question as to the exact shapeof the earth-DAlembert and his influence upon science- Delambres History of Astronomy-The astronomical work of Euler.CHAPTER II. THE PROGRESS OF MOD
41、ERN ASTRONOMYThe work of William Herschel-His discovery of Uranus-Hisdiscovery that the stars are suns-His conceptionof the universe-His deduction that gravitation has causedthe grouping of the heavenly bodies-The nebula, hypothesis,-Immanuel Kants conception of the formation of theworld-Defects in
42、Kants conception-Laplaces final solution ofthe problem-His explanation in detail-Change in the mentalattitude of the world since Bruno-Asteroids andsatellites-Discoveries of Olbers1-The mathematical calculationsof Adams and Leverrier-The discovery of the inner ring ofSaturn-Clerk Maxwells paper on t
43、he stability of Saturnsrings-Helmholtzs conception of the action of tidalfriction-Professor G. H. Darwins estimate of the consequencesof tidal action-Comets and meteors-Bredichins cometarytheory-The final solution of the structure of comets-Newcombsestimate of the amount of cometary dust swept up da
44、ily bythe earth-The fixed stars-John Herschels studiesof double stars-Fraunhofers perfection of the refractingtelescope-Bessels measurement of the parallax of astar,-Hendersons measurements-Kirchhoff and Bunsensperfection of the spectroscope-Wonderful revelationsof the spectroscope-Lord Kelvins esti
45、mate of the time thatwill be required for the earth to become completely cooled-Alvan Clarks discovery of the companion star of Sirius-The advent of the photographic film in astronomy-Dr.Hugginss studies of nebulae-Sir Norman Lockyers cosmogonicguess,-Crolls pre-nebular theory.CHAPTER III. THE NEW S
46、CIENCE OF PALEONTOLOGYWilliam Smith and fossil shells-His discovery that fossilrocks are arranged in regular systems-Smiths inquiriestaken up by Cuvier-His Ossements Fossiles containing thefirst description of hairy elephant-His contention that fossilsrepresent extinct species only-Dr. Bucklands studiesof English fossil-beds-Charles Lyell combats catastrophism,-Elaboration of his ideas with reference to the rotation ofspecies-The establishment of the doctrine