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1、Persuasive Speech说服性演讲1Wang JufangContents Definition of Persuasive Speech Informative vs.Persuasive Audience Adaptation Types of Persuasive Speech Monroes Motivated Sequence Tips for Successful Persuasion Assignment2Wang JufangDefinition of Persuasive Speech The kind of speech where you use reasoni
2、ng,emotional appeals or your credibility to convince the listeners to agree with you or to inspire them to action.Ways of Persuasionl reasoning,emotional appeals,credibility Purposel to influence the attitudes,beliefs,values,and acts of the audience and others Role of speakerl an advocate 3Wang Jufa
3、ngInformative vs.Persuasive In an informative speech,the speaker conveys facts and details.l to define,to explain and to clarify In a persuasive speech,the speaker tries to shape/influence the listeners ideas,beliefs,attitudes,or behavior.4Wang JufangAudience AdaptationStrongly StronglyOpposed Oppos
4、ed Moderately Moderately Opposed OpposedSlightly Slightly Opposed OpposedNeutral Neutral Slightly Slightly in Favor in FavorModerately Moderately in Favor in FavorStrongly Strongly in in Favor Favor Persuasion involves any movement by a listener from left to right.Persuasion involves any movement by
5、 a listener from left to right.Persuasive speech:MENTAL DIALOGUE with the audience5Wang JufangAudience Adaptation A speaker should adapt the content and strategy to the audience:Their position Their major objections Their questions Their favorite style of communication Tips for audience adaptation S
6、et a particular part of the whole audience as your TARGET AUDIENCE.Tailor your speech to fit the values and concerns of your target audience.6Wang JufangTypes of Persuasive Speech Persuasive speeches on questions of fact l 事实问题 Persuasive speeches on questions of value l 价值问题 Persuasive speeches on
7、questions of policyl 方法问题 7Wang Jufang1.Questions of Fact Questions of fact are questions about the truth or falsity of an assertion.l Qs of fact can be answered with certainty e.g.How far is NY to Beijing?e.g.Who is the first African American president?l Qs of fact cannot be answered with certainty
8、 e.g.Will NAU enroll English major doctors in 10 years time?e.g.Are daily megadoses of vitamins beneficial to human health?(每天大量服用维生素有益健康？）8Wang Jufang Attention！Persuasive speeches on a question of fact come about in a situation where the audience has serious doubt about the fact or a case.Informat
9、ive speeches come about in situations where the audience wants to learn about the facts.Organization by topicsl Each main point will present a reason(why agree);l Subdivide the topic logically and consistently.9Wang JufangExample(1)Specific PurposeTo persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or
10、 above on the Richter scale will hit Xian in the next ten years.Main pointsI.Xian is long overdue for a major earthquake.II.Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen soon.III.Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit Xian any day.10Wang JufangExample(2)Specific Purpose
11、l to persuade my audience that genetically engineered crops(GEC)pose serious dangers to the environment and to human health.Central Idea l GECs have the potential to create major environmental and health hazards.Main Points l I.GECs will create environmental havoc by harming beneficial insects while
12、 creating superbugs and superweeds that will be very difficult to control.l II.GECs will create health problems by introducing harmful toxins and allergens into foods without the knowledge of customers.11Wang Jufang2.Questions of Value Questions of value are questions about the worth,rightness,moral
13、ity and so forth of an idea or action.l e.g.Is it justifiable to clone human beings?l e.g.What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists?12Wang Jufang Organizationl establishing standards for the value judgmentl applying those standards to the speech topic Persuasion is based on your judgment
14、about what is right or wrong,good or bad,moral or immoral,etc.Speaker needs to justify her/his value judgment in light of a clearly defined set of standards13Wang JufangExample(1)Specific Purpose To persuade my audience that capital punishment is wrong.Main PointsI.Capital punishment violates the bi
15、blical commandment“Thou shalt not kill.”II.Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on“cruel and unusual punishment.”14Wang JufangExample(2)Specific Purpose l to persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation.Central Idea l Bicycle riding is the ideal for
16、m of land transportation because it is faster than walking or running,does not exploit animals or people,is nonpolluting,and promotes the health of the riders.Main Pointsl I.An ideal form of land transportation should meet four major standards:faster than running or walking,not exploiting animals or
17、 people,nonpolluting,and beneficial for the person who uses it.l II.Bicycle riding meets all these standards for an idea form of land transportation:faster than running or walking,not exploiting animals or people,nonpolluting,and beneficial for the person who uses it.15Wang Jufang3.Questions of Poli
18、cy Questions of policy are questions about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.l e.g.Should same-sex marriages be legalized?l e.g.Should NAU pay teachers by their research output?16Wang Jufang Speeches to gain passive agreement:l Aim:l to convince the audience that a gi
19、ven policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.l Example(Try it!)l To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standards on amusement-park rides.l To persuade my audience that the authority should prohibit net bars from opening near
20、schools17Wang Jufang Speeches to gain immediate action:l Aim:l to get the audience to do sth in support of the policy.l Specific recommendations should be made for action.l Example(Try it!)l To persuade my audience to donate money for a student who is critically ill.l To persuade my audience to star
21、t a regular exercise program.l To persuade my audience to take part in more public speaking activities.18Wang JufangMonroes Motivated Sequence An organizational pattern for planning and presenting persuasive speeches that involves five steps(门罗五步法)l Attentionl Need:make the audience feel a need for
22、change by stating the problem clearly with support materials.l Satisfaction:satisfy the need by providing a solutionl Visualization:visualize the benefits of your planl Action:call for action19Wang JufangStep 1:Attention A persuasive speech should begin by getting the audiences attention The attenti
23、on step addresses core concerns of the audience,making the speech highly relevant to them20Wang JufangStep 2:Need The need step isolates and describes the issue to be addressed in the persuasive speech If you can show the audience that they have an important need that must be satisfied,they have a r
24、eason to listen to your propositions21Wang JufangStep 3:Satisfaction The satisfaction step identifies the solution This step offers the audience a proposal to reinforce or change their attitudes,beliefs,and values regarding the need at hand 22Wang JufangStep 4:Visualization The purpose of the visual
25、ization step is to carry the audience beyond accepting the feasibility of your proposal to seeing how it will actually benefit them The visualization step invokes needs of self-esteem and self-actualization23Wang JufangStep 5:Action The action step involves making a direct request of the audience to
26、 act according to their acceptance of the message24Wang JufangTips for Successful Persuasion 1.Increasing credibility/ethosl Explain your credibility e.g.Ive been shopping books on both dangdang and joyo many times,so let me tell you which one is better.e.g.My information comes from the work of Dr.H
27、ong Zhaoguang,the most well-known cardiovascular expert in China.l Show common ground with your audience.e.g.Im for/against the independent enrollment,and I know a lot of you are not with me.I ask only that you hear me out and see if my arguments have any merit whatsoever.Though we may disagree on t
28、his subject,you and I have at least one thing in common:We want to make our university enrollment system a fair one.25Wang Jufang 2.Providing evidencel Choose evidence from reliable,reputable sources.l Provide a variety of evidence.e.g.According to an interview conducted by me with 20 students,60%of
29、 the people are against the independent enrollment.Tips for Successful Persuasion26Wang Jufang 3.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)l 1)Hasty generalizationl A conclusion reached on the basis of insufficient evidence.It is often includes words like always,never,all and none.e.g.
30、China is the only country in the world where students have to study very hard for one exam that will decide their future the college entrance exam.Tips for Successful Persuasion27Wang Jufang 3.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)l 2)Red herring l A argument distracts listeners fr
31、om the real issue and leads them toward an irrelevant issue.转移注意力的事/话题 e.g.Yes,the current university enrollment system has problems,but so does our medical care system,and housing system.Why dont we reform them?Tips for Successful Persuasion28Wang Jufang 3.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(lo
32、gical fallacy)l 3)Attack on a personl criticizing an opponent rather than the opponents argument e.g.It is known that Edgar Allen Poe was an alcoholic.His stories are nothing but the fantasies of a drunken mind.Tips for Successful Persuasion29Wang Jufang 3.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(log
33、ical fallacy)l 4)False cause,post hocl assumes that because A occurs before B,A causes B.e.g.The crime rate has increased since the governor took office;Im certainly not going to vote for him again.Tips for Successful Persuasion30Wang Jufang 3.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)
34、l 5)Building on an unproven assumption(begging the question)e.g.Since distance learning with a computer is more effective than traditional classroom education,all of you should take your college courses on your home computers.l 6)False analogy e.g.He will make a wonderful president.Just look at the
35、control he exerts over his own children.Tips for Successful Persuasion31Wang Jufang 3.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)l 7)Either-or reasoning e.g.Either we halt the world s population growth,or we face widespread starvation.l 8)Straw manl The Straw Man fallacy is committed wh
36、en a person simply ignores a persons actual position and substitutes a distorted,exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position.e.g.Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program.I disagree entirely.I cant understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that.Tip
37、s for Successful Persuasion32Wang JufangAssignment Choose one of the topic and give a five-minute persuasive speech.l Should students be allowed to get married in college?l All individuals planning to have children should take child development and rearing courses.l Is it good to receive college edu
38、cation at home?l Is intercultural marriage a good idea?l Is it good for college student to take part in beauty pageants?33Wang JufangScoring of Each Others Speech Meet assignment Topic challenging Specific purpose well chosen Message adapted to the audience Speech completed within the time limits Held interest of audience34Wang JufangThank you 35Wang Jufang演讲完毕，谢谢观看！