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1、非谓语动词（一）非谓语动词（一）动词不定式动词不定式 动词不定式动词不定式、分词、分词(现在分词，过去分词现在分词，过去分词)和和动名词动名词统称为统称为非谓语动词非谓语动词。现代英语将现在。现代英语将现在分分词词和和动名词动名词合为一大类叫作合为一大类叫作v+ing形式。形式。动词不定式、过去分词及动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中形式在句中均均不能作谓语不能作谓语用，所以叫做用，所以叫做非谓语动词非谓语动词。1、动词动词不定式不定式的形式的形式变变化：化：动词动词不定式有下列不定式有下列时态时态和和语态语态的形式的形式变变化。化。语态语态式式一般式一般式完成式完成式进进行式行式完成
2、完成进进行式行式主主 动动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被被 动动to be builtto have been buildGrammar-Infinitive1.He seems to know everything in the world.2.I wish to go to the moon.3.The bridge is said to be built next year.4.He seems to be looking for something over there.5.He seems to h
3、ave been to Egypt.He has some photos with pyramids behind himself.6.The book is reported to have been translated in several foreign languages.My job is to drive them to the power station every day.(目的目的)Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.(目的目的)We are to set up anot
4、her middle school for the peasants children.(将来将来)（1）一般式一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的：动词不定式一般式所表示的动动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生同时发生，但在，但在多数情况下，是在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作谓语动词所表示的动作之后之后发生，表发生，表将要发生将要发生或或目的目的.如：如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后）（其后）They often watch us play table tennis.（同（同时）时）I came he
5、re to see you.(2）完成式：完成式：动词不定式完成式动词不定式完成式所表示的动作所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前之前，如：，如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：）进行式：动词不定式进行式所动词不定式进行式所表示的动表示的动作正在作正在进行进行中，中，而且而且与谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生同时发生，如：，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.加不定式加不定式:1.动词动词want,
6、plan,expect,intend,hope,wish,decide,seem,promise,pretend,agree,afford,offer,fail,demand,refuse,manage,happen,beg2.first,last,second,only She was the first(person)to come.3.名词名词 decision,wish,chance,promise,plan,time,attempt,effort,right,ability,patience 如果句中的谓语动词为如果句中的谓语动词为see,hear,watch,notice,make
7、,look at,feel,listen to,observe,have,make,let等，作宾语等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将补足语的动词不定式须将to省去省去，如：，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.but/except/besides/than 除除之外之外+不定式的用法不定式的用法1.她只有哭泣她只有哭泣.She could do nothing_.but cry2.我别无选择我别无选择,只有走只有走.I have no choice but_.to go3.父母回家之前父母回家之前,汤姆只有等待汤姆只有等待.Tom did n
8、othing except _before his parents came home.wait4.我我只能只能说抱歉说抱歉.I cant help but_.say sorry5.由于没有公共汽车由于没有公共汽车,他他只能只能步行回家步行回家.There being no buses,he cant but_.walk home6.他他只能只能接受提议接受提议.He cant choose but_.accept the offer不得不不得不1.There is a lot of work_(do).2.There are a number of problems _(deal)with.
9、3.I have a lot of work _(do).4.The phenomenon is not easy _(explain).5.The classroom is too small _(hold)two hundred students.6.I am _(blame)since Ive forgotten(tell)them the exact place where we are together.to do/to be doneto deal withto doto explainto holdto blameeasy/difficult/hard/amusing/impos
10、sible/nice/pleasant作某些形容词的宾语作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有的形容词一般有glad,sorry,afraid,pleased,determined,willing,eager,anxious,ready,sure等，如：等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如之前如有疑问词时有疑问词时，就可，就可作介词的宾语作介词的宾语，如：，如：Can you give us some advice on
11、what to do next?to be honest to tell(you)the truth to make things worsegenerally speaking strictly/honestly/frankly speakingconsidering 考虑到考虑到,鉴于鉴于judging from/by 根据根据,判断判断with/without+sth+She sat still in the chair,with her eyes closed.She went out of the room,without a word spoken.With all his chi
12、ldren working outside,he felt lonely at home.非非谓语动词（二）（二）动词-ing形式形式动词动词 语态语态形式形式及物及物动词动词make不及物不及物动动词词go主主动语态动语态被被动语态动语态主主动语态动语态一般式一般式makingbeing madegoing完成式完成式having madehaving been madehaving gone -ing一般式一般式的基本用法的基本用法 -ing一般式所表示的一般式所表示的动作是一个正在动作是一个正在进行进行中中或或表表主动主动，而且这个动作也是和句中谓语所，而且这个动作也是和句中谓语所表示的
13、动作表示的动作同时同时发生发生或或现阶段的现阶段的状态状态。它一般。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：在句中作定语或状语用。如：The girl living with me is my relative.主动语态主动语态-ing完成式完成式的基本用法。主动的基本用法。主动语态语态-ing完成式所完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answe
14、red the letter,she went on to read an English novel.被动语态被动语态-ing一般式一般式的基本用法。被动语的基本用法。被动语态态-ing一般式所表示的一般式所表示的动作是一个正在动作是一个正在进行中进行中的的被动被动动作动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作语所表示的动作同时发生同时发生的。它一般在句中作的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.被动语态被动语态-ing完成完成式的基本用法。被动语式的基本用法。被动
15、语态态-ing完成式所表示的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作表示的动作之前之前，在句中一般作状语用，在句中一般作状语用,而且而且表表被动被动。如：。如：Having been shown the lab,we were taken to see the library.Verbs only followed by-ingenjoy,appreciate,dislike,avoid,consider,admit,escape,finish,imagine,mind,miss,stand/bear ,practise,risk,keep,delay,(经得起，耐得住
16、）经得起，耐得住）allow,advise,permit,forbid,suggest ,abandon,quit,understand(离开离开,抛弃抛弃)（停止（停止,中止，放弃）中止，放弃）Phrases followed by-ingfeel like,give up,be worth,burst out,thanks for,think of/about,set about,Its no use/good/point,be busy(in),be interested in,be good at,put offhave trouble/difficulty(in),look forw
17、ard to,pay attention to,be/get used to,get down to,lead to succeed in,be successful in be tired of,be fond of,be proud of,be afraid of,devoteto,preferto insist on,keep on,object toprevent/keep/stopfromVerbs followed by ing and to docontinue,begin,start,like,love,prefer,hate,remember,forget,regret,me
18、an,try,stop,go on,cant helprequire,want,need（需要）（需要）The ed form used as attributive a fallen tree fallen leaves/houses the risen sun boiled water the faded curtain a retired worker a developed country an escaped prisoner不及物动词不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的过去分词作定语只表示动作已完成已完成 an abandoned ship flooded fields a re
19、scued woman respected soldiers frightened children the polluted air a newly-built bridge a painted wall people trapped in the flood 及物动词及物动词的过去分词作定语表示动作的过去分词作定语表示动作已完成已完成和和被动被动 前置定语前置定语:1.He likes to read books written by Lu Xun.2.2.This is a fan made of feathers.3.3.There is something unheard of.4.
20、4.Suddenly there appeared a young girl dressed in white.后后 置置 定定 语语6、-ing形式的复合结构形式的复合结构。在。在-ing前加前加物主代物主代词词或或名词所有格名词所有格即构成即构成-ing的的复合结构复合结构。其中的物。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health.但在但在口语口语中，这种
21、结构如作中，这种结构如作宾语用宾语用，其中的物主代，其中的物主代词常用词常用人称代词的宾格人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peters(Peter)going there first.独立主格结构独立主格结构:The meeting being over,they went home.My homework having been done,I listened to the music.Winter having come,its getting colder and colder.Mother b
22、eing ill in bed,she couldnt go to work.It being too late,we had to go by taxi.7、-ing形式与动词不定式形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式形式。表示一。表示一个个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：，如：Our job is making steel.She likes playing the piano,but she does
23、nt want to play it today.主动主动/被动式被动式 to do/do(一般式一般式)与主动词与主动词同时同时发生或发生在主动词发生或发生在主动词之后之后 to be done(一般式一般式)与主动词同时发生或发生在主动词之后。与主动词同时发生或发生在主动词之后。to be doing(进行式进行式)与主动词与主动词同时同时发生，动作在发生，动作在进行进行。to have done(完成式完成式)发生在主动词发生在主动词之前之前。to have been done(完成式完成式)发生在主动词之前。发生在主动词之前。1.我期待着不久收到你的来信。我期待着不久收到你的来信。I
24、expect to hear from you soon.2.他似乎懂点法语。他似乎懂点法语。He seems to know a little French.3.那男孩当老师看看他的时候，他假装正在专心那男孩当老师看看他的时候，他假装正在专心听课。听课。The boy pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher looked at him.4.当我去见她时，她碰巧出去了。当我去见她时，她碰巧出去了。She happened to have gone out when I went to see her.9、-ing形式与动词不
25、定式形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语在作宾语补足语时的区别。时的区别。（1）不定式不定式作宾补时，其动作作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后动词所表示的动作之后，如：，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.（2）在）在see,watch,hear,feel等之等之后，如果用后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进正在进行行中，而用中，而用不带不带to的不定式的不定式作宾补时，不定式所作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是表示的动作是一个动作的过程一个动作的过程，如：，如：I hear her singi
26、ng in the room.我听见她正在我听见她正在屋里唱歌。屋里唱歌。I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱我听见她在屋里唱过歌。过歌。5.他似乎看过这部小说。他似乎看过这部小说。He seems to have read the novel.6.明天要开的会是关于如何阻止污染。明天要开的会是关于如何阻止污染。The meeting to be held tomorrow is about how to stop the pollution.7.我们必须学会面对困难时该怎么做。我们必须学会面对困难时该怎么做。We must learn what to do
27、 in face of difficulties.8.问题是是否要告诉他这个坏消息。问题是是否要告诉他这个坏消息。The problem is whether to tell him the bad news.9.没什么可做的事情。没什么可做的事情。There is nothing to do.或或:There is nothing to be done.10.那座被洪水冲毁的大桥得在明年夏天完工。那座被洪水冲毁的大桥得在明年夏天完工。The bridge washed away by the flood has to be finished next summer.11.那个试验据说已进行了
28、三年那个试验据说已进行了三年.The test is said to have been going on for three years.（1）作主语：）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.（2）作表语：）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day.(目的目的)Our plan
29、 is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.(目的目的)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children.(将来将来)（4）作宾语补足语）作宾语补足语，如：，如：Tell the children not to play on the street.如果句中的谓语动词为如果句中的谓语动词为see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let等，作宾语补足语的动等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将词不定式须将to省去省去，如
30、：，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：将该动词不定式后置，如：I dont think it right to do it that way.8、-ing形式与动词不定式形式与动词不定式在句中作定语在句中作定语的区别。的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其形式作定语用时，其动作一般与动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而，而动词动词不定式不定式作
31、定语时，其作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后动词所表示的动作之后。如：。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.I have three letters to write.10、-ing形式与动词不定式形式与动词不定式在句中作状语在句中作状语的区别。的区别。-ing形式形式在句作状语表示在句作状语表示时间、原因、时间、原因、方式或伴随情况方式或伴随情况，而，而动词不定式动词不定式一般式在句中一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语目的或结果状语，如：，如：Not receiving his letter,I wrote to him again.I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.