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1、ArthrologyXuegang LuoDepartment of Anatomy&NeurobiologyXiangya School of Medicine,CSUP PI.General DescriptionArchimedes said:Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth.RF1.Classification of Levers in Movement1.First class 2.Second class 3.Third class Atlantooccipital Elbow AnkleArticulation（
2、joints）Synarthrosis（immovable articulation）直接连接（不动关节）直接连接（不动关节）Diarthrosis（movable articulation）间接连接（可动关节）间接连接（可动关节）Fibrous joints纤维连结纤维连结Cartilaginous joints软骨连结软骨连结Osseous joints骨性连结骨性连结Synovial joints滑膜关节滑膜关节2.Classification of the Joint骨连结（关节）骨连结（关节）1.Fibrous JointsBones held closely together by
3、 fibrous connective tissueII.SynarthrosisInterosseous membrane of leg2.Cartilaginous JointsBones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilageIntervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Epiphyseal plate3.Osseous jointsBones tightly connected by bony tissueFibrous JointsCartilaginous JointsOsseous
4、 jointsIII.Synovial JointsSynovial cavity separates articulating bonesFreely moveable(diarthrosis)1.Essential Structure:1.1 Articular SurfaceArticular Cartilagereduces frictionabsorbs shockMale/FemaleArea differenceSurrounds joint Two layers:Fibrous membraneSynovial membrane1.3 Articular CavityMagde
5、burg HemispheresSurrounded by synovial membrane and articular cartilagePotential spaceSynovial fluid filledNegative to the atmosphere pressureExample of Synovial JointIntracapsular ligamentswithin capsule2.1 LigamentsExtracapsular ligamentsoutside joint capsuleAttached around edges to capsuleMake th
6、e articular surfaces fitting with each otherDiminish the shock of the joint Prolapsed discAnnulus fibrosusNucleus pulposus Root of spinal nerveSpinal cord2.3 Synovial BursaBetween skin/bone or tendon/bone or ligament/boneFluid-filled saclike extensions of the joint cavityReduce friction between movi
7、ng structuresSaclike structures3.The movement of synovial jointsFlexion(屈屈):decreasing the joint angle Extension(伸伸):increasing the angle Abduction(展展):away from median plane of the body Adduction(收收):close to median plane of the bodyRotation(旋转旋转):turn the anterior surface to or from the midlineCir
8、cumduction(环转环转):Combination of flexion,extension,adduction and abduction3.1 Flexion&ExtensionDorsiflexion(Extension)Plantarflexion(Flexion)3.2 Abduction,Adduction3.3 RotationPronation (旋前旋前)Supination(旋后旋后)3.4 CircumductionCombination of flexion,extension,adduction and abductionOccurs at ball and s
9、ocket,saddle and condyloid jointsThe movements of three axis jointsFrontal AxisSagittal Axis3.5 Summary4.1.1 Hinge JointConvex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of 2nd boneMovements producedflexionextensionExamplesKnee,elbow,ankle joints4.1.2 Pivot JointRounded surface of bone articulate
10、s with ring formed by 2nd bone&ligamentIt allows only rotation around longitudinal axisExamplesProximal radioulnar jointAtlanto-axial joint4.2.1 Condyloid or Ellipsoidal JointOval-shaped projection fits into oval depressionBiaxial=flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possibleExampleswrist and metacarpoph
11、alangeal joints for digits 2 to 54.2.2 Saddle JointThe articular surfaces are saddled-shaped;Biaxial movementsExample Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb4.3.1 Ball and Socket JointBall fitting into a cuplike depressionMultiaxialflexion/extensionabduction/adductionrotationExamplesshoulder jointhip joi
12、nt4.3.2 Planar JointBone surfaces are flat or slightly curvedSide to side movement onlyrotation prevented by ligamentsExamplesintercarpal or intertarsal jointssternoclavicular jointvertebrocostal jointsIV.Shoulder JointHead of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapulaBall and socketAll types of movement
13、1.CompositionArticular capsule from glenoid cavity to anatomical neckGlenoid labrum deepens socketMany bursa nearby the joint(subacromial)2.Structures3.LigamentsAssociated ligaments and muscles strengthen joint capsuleTransverse humeral ligament holds biceps tendon in placeIV.Hip JointHead of femur
14、and acetabulum of hip boneBall and socket type of jointAll types of movement possible1.CompositionAcetabular labrumLigament of the head of the femurArticular capsule2.Structures3.LigamentsDense,strong capsule reinforced by ligamentsiliofemoral ligamentpubofemoral ligamentischiofemoral ligamentOne of strongest structures in the bodyTab.1:Comparison of the Structures between Hip and Shoulder Joints JointSDCapsuleLig.Hip Small dense strong 3 A limited bigger StabilityShoulder large loose weak 3 A unlimited smallerMov.Range