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1、语言和语言学习的理论第1页，本讲稿共20页What is language?uLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communications.(胡壮麟，刘润清,1988)u语言是人类特有的一种符号系统，当它作用于人与人语言是人类特有的一种符号系统，当它作用于人与人的关系的时候，它是表达相互反应的中介；当它作用的关系的时候，它是表达相互反应的中介；当它作用于人和客观世界的关系的时候，它是认知事物的工具；于人和客观世界的关系的时候，它是认知事物的工具；当它作用于文化的时，它是文化信息的载体和容器。当它作用于
2、文化的时，它是文化信息的载体和容器。许国璋论语言许国璋论语言，外语教学与研究出版社，外语教学与研究出版社，19911991年，年，p.1p.1）第2页，本讲稿共20页n把语言视为符号系统 n把语言视为交际工具n把语言视为一套生理机制n把语言视为思维工具和文化载体第3页，本讲稿共20页Three different views of languagenStructural viewnFunctional viewnInteractional view第4页，本讲稿共20页The structural view The structural view sees language as a ling
3、uistic system.(结构主义语言学创始人费尔迪南德索绪尔)The system of language=the system of sounds+the system of words+the system of grammar 第5页，本讲稿共20页System ofLanguage3 sub-systemsSoundsWordsGrammarThe structural view 第6页，本讲稿共20页Target of language learning in structural viewo the mastery of elements of this systemoStr
4、uctural view&stimulus-response the audiolingual approach(the“listen-and-repeat”drilling activities).第7页，本讲稿共20页The functional view(The functional-notional view)The functional view sees language as a linguistic system and as a means for doing things.第8页，本讲稿共20页o功能主义学派大师韩礼德教授认为:语言是社会交往的工具，语言系统是人们在长期交往
5、中为了实现各种不同的语义功能而逐渐形成的.第9页，本讲稿共20页Functions of languagee.g.ooffering,osuggestion,oadvising,oapologizing,oetc.第10页，本讲稿共20页The Interactional ViewThe interactional view sees language as a communicative tool(to build up and maintain relations between people).第11页，本讲稿共20页Two things are needed for communica
6、tion:oRules of language form(grammar&vocabulary)oRules of language use in a context(Is it appropriate to use this language item in this context?)第12页，本讲稿共20页Views on language learning The Condition-oriented theories concern the nature of the human and physical context in which language learning take
7、s place.The Process-oriented theories concern how the mind processes new information.第13页，本讲稿共20页uThe Behaviourist theory(Condition-oriented)uthe Cognitive theoryuConstructivist theory(The Process-oriented)uSocio-Constructivist theory第14页，本讲稿共20页The Behaviourist theoryYou can train an animal to do a
8、nything(within reason)if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages,stimulus,response,and reinforcement.(Harmer.1983:30)oSkinner:Language is also a form of behaviour.oMistakes were immediately corrected.第15页，本讲稿共20页Chomsky:nLanguage is not a form of behaviour.It is an intricate(comp
9、licated)rule-based system.(Language is rule-governed.)nThere are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced.(Language is generative.)The Cognitive Theory第16页，本讲稿共20页The impact of Chomskys theory on language tea
10、chingOne influential idea is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules.第17页，本讲稿共20页Constructivist TheoryoLearning is a process in which the learner constructs based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows.oTeaching sh
11、ould be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities.oTeachers should design environments.第18页，本讲稿共20页Socio-Constructivist theorynIt emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of“Zone of Proximal Development”and scaffolding.nLearning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners.第19页，本讲稿共20页第20页，本讲稿共20页