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1、Unit 8Teaching Objectives1.Enlarge vocabulary2.Talk about the advantages and disadvantages cloning brings to us 3.Learn to identify the writers purpose4.Learn to write a letter of thanksSectionsSection A Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning Section B Who Will Take Advantage of Human Cloning?Secti
2、on C Twins Six Years ApartSection A Legal and Moral Implications of CloningTable of Contents Background Information Warming-up Activities Text Analysis Vocabulary and Structure Vocabulary Test Writing There are different types of cloning,and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes beside
3、s producing the genetic twin of another organism.The three types of cloning technologies are:(1)recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning（基因重组克隆技术）基因重组克隆技术）,(2)reproductive cloning（再生克隆技术）再生克隆技术）,and(3)therapeutic cloning（干细胞疗法克隆技术）干细胞疗法克隆技术）.What is cloning?Dolly,the first mammal to be cloned from
4、adult DNA,was put down by lethal injection on Feb.14,2003.Prior to her death,Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis.Celebrity Sheep Dolly(1)Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age,postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that,other than h
5、er cancer and arthritis,she appeared to be quite normal.The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years Celebrity Sheep Dolly(2)prior to her creation.Dolly was a mother to six lambs,bred the old-fashioned way.Scientists have been cloning animals for many years.In 1952,the first
6、animal,a tadpole,was cloned.Before the creation of Dolly,the first mammal cloned from the cell of an adult animal,clones were created from embryonic cells.Since Dolly,researchers have cloned a number of large and small animals including sheep,goats,cows,mice,pigs,cats,rabbits,and a gaur.All these cl
7、ones were created using nuclear transfer technology（细胞核移植技术）细胞核移植技术）.What animals have been cloned?(1)Dolly Cloned monkeys First cloned mule What animals have been cloned?(2)Cloned twin goats First cloned horse First cloned cat Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient.More than 90%of
8、 cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring.More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone.In addition to low success rates,cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection,tumor growth,and other disorders.What
9、 are the risks of cloning?(1)Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor health and die early.About a third of the cloned calves born alive have died young,and many of them were abnormally large.Many cloned animals have not lived long enough to generate good data about how clones age.A
10、ppearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator of long term survival.Clones have been known to die mysteriously.What are the risks of cloning?(2)Group Discussions(1)1.As far as you know,what are the advantages and disadvantages that cloning brings to us?Some fatal diseases can
11、 be cured with the application of cloning;the rate of success in organ transplant will be greatly improved;and the infertile couples are hopeful to have their own babies,etc.However,it may bring confusion and fear to us;it will threaten human society and dignity;and those clones may feel miserable i
12、f they are treated as organ donors instead of independent human beings.Group Discussions(2)2.Should Humans be cloned?Due to the inefficiency of animal cloning and the lack of understanding about this technology,Im strongly against it.Not only do most attempts to clone mammals fail,several cloned ani
13、mals have died prematurely from infections.Moreover,we dont know how cloning could impact mental development,which is crucial for the development of healthy humans.With so many unknowns concerning reproductive cloning,the attempt to clone humans at this time is considered potentially dangerous and e
14、thically irresponsible.Comprehension of the Text(1)1.How did the world react to the first successfully cloned sheep?The world was amazed by the news at first,then worried about and puzzled over a long list of wild possibilities.Comprehension of the Text(2)2.What are the two broad categories human cl
15、oning situations often fall into?One of the situations is that parents want to clone a child who can serve either as a transplant donor or as a substitute for the original.The second is that adults want to clone themselves for a variety of reasons.Comprehension of the Text(3)3.According to the autho
16、r,why are twins more alike than clones?Because clones are only physically identical while twins share the same environment within the mother and are usually raised in the same family.Comprehension of the Text(4)4.Biologically speaking,what is the only possible major difference between a clone and th
17、e original?The only possible major difference is bearing children,as scientists are not sure if Dolly will be able to have lambs.Comprehension of the Text(5)5.Why do some parents want to save their fatally ill child through cloning?6.Could cloned animals be used as organ donors?Because cloning would
18、 increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent.If technology was improved,this could be realized.Comprehension of the Text(6)7.How did Judith Martin suggest referring to ones DNA donors?8.What is the gravest concern about human cloning for society?It might be proper t
19、o refer to them as “Most honored sir or madam”.The creation of a new and disrespected social class:the clones.Main idea of the text When a world with human clones was suddenly within reach,peoples reactions to it were strong and varied.They puzzled over a number of questions about the legal and mora
20、l implications that had arisen from cloning.Text Analysis(1)Text Analysis(2)Main Ideas of Each PartPart I(Para.1)Part II(Paras.2-3)Part III(Paras.4-18)Part IV(Paras.19)With the success of cloning an adult mammal,the world was suddenly brought into the reality of human cloning.This part is about the
21、worlds strong and immediate responses in the wake of Wilmuts announcement.This part offers complete or partial answers,from the up-to-date knowledge,to the six questions on the legal and moral implications of cloning.This part is intended to reaffirm the authors opinion that,although the list of que
22、stions could go on,people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning.implicationprohibitmountresembleminorfataldeliberateclassify word that/of succeed in doing draft guidelines for fall into in theory be identical to/with in terms of be concerned about be comparable/sim
23、ilar toWords and ExpressionsStructures1.Typical patterns for advancing ones arguments2.Typical patterns for comparison and contrast3.Typical patterns for showing sb.s reactions to sth.implication n.1.sth.that is suggested or sth.that is not openly stated 含义，暗示含义，暗示 He smiled,but the implication was
24、that he didnt believe me.他微微一笑他微微一笑,但这一笑暗示着他不相信我的话。但这一笑暗示着他不相信我的话。2.involving or being involved,esp.in a crime 牵连，卷入牵连，卷入 The implication of the general manager in the criminal case further complicated the whole situation.总经理卷入这件刑事诉讼案使整个形势进一步复杂化了。总经理卷入这件刑事诉讼案使整个形势进一步复杂化了。prohibit vt.fobid,esp.by law
25、 or rule;prevent;make impossible 禁止，使不可能，阻止禁止，使不可能，阻止 Smoking is strictly prohibited in the process of handling explosive materials.在处理易爆物时在处理易爆物时,严格禁止吸烟。严格禁止吸烟。The loudness of the music prohibits serious conversation in most nightclubs.大多数夜总会里音乐声很响，没法进行严肃的谈话。大多数夜总会里音乐声很响，没法进行严肃的谈话。mount vi./vt.(1)v
26、i.increase gradually esp.in a way that makes a situation worse 增加，上升增加，上升Four days after the accident,the death toll continued to mount.事故发生的四天之后，死亡人数在继续上升。事故发生的四天之后，死亡人数在继续上升。I really feel sorry for the old lady when I find she can mount the stairs only with difficulty.当我发现这位老妇人上楼梯十分艰难时感到十分难过。当我发现这
27、位老妇人上楼梯十分艰难时感到十分难过。vt.1.go up or on to 登上登上mount vi./vt.(2)vt.2.prepare and produce,organize 准备并进准备并进 行，组织行，组织The united opponent parties are getting ready to mount a powerful attack on the government.联合起来的反对党正准备向政府发动有力的联合起来的反对党正准备向政府发动有力的攻势。攻势。resemble vt.look or be like;be similar,esp.in appearanc
28、e to(sb./sth.)像，类似像，类似 She resembles her mother in the way she moves her hands when she talks.她说话时打手势的动作像她妈妈。她说话时打手势的动作像她妈妈。We have produced a cloth made of pineapple fiber,closely resembling cotton but stronger.我们生产出了一块由菠萝纤维制成的衣料，很像棉布我们生产出了一块由菠萝纤维制成的衣料，很像棉布但质地更结实。但质地更结实。minor a./n.a.smaller or less
29、er in degree,size,numbers or importance when compared with others 较小的，较小的，较少的；低级的，次要的较少的；低级的，次要的 The important thing is to finish it quickly;cost is only a relatively minor consideration.重要的是尽快完成，相对而言，费用是次要考虑的事。重要的是尽快完成，相对而言，费用是次要考虑的事。n.a person who is below the age at which he or she becomes an adu
30、lt legally 未成年人未成年人 In Britain you are a minor until you are eighteen.在英国，你不满十八岁就是未成年人。在英国，你不满十八岁就是未成年人。fatal a.a.very serious and having an important bad effect in the future or(of illness,accidents,etc.)causing death 决定命运的，致命的决定命运的，致命的 Global warming is fatal to the world and therefore scientists
31、in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.全球变暖对于世界的影响是灾难性的，全球变暖对于世界的影响是灾难性的，因此科学家们不断呼吁我们要警惕日益严重的全球变暖的危险。因此科学家们不断呼吁我们要警惕日益严重的全球变暖的危险。It is fatal to drive after drinking alcohol and exceed the speed limit.Such driving habits can lead to fatal accidents.酒酒后后驾驾车车
32、和和超超速速驾驾驶驶会会带带来来严严重重后后果果。这这些些驾驾驶驶恶恶习习会会导导致致致致命的车祸。命的车祸。deliberate a./vi./vt.(1)a.1.planned 故意的，蓄意的故意的，蓄意的 He is the very witness who testifies under oath that the fire which had broken out in the company was deliberate.他就是那个证人，他发誓证明公司发生的火灾是有人蓄意放的。他就是那个证人，他发誓证明公司发生的火灾是有人蓄意放的。2.moving,acting,or thinki
33、ng slowly and usu.carefully 谨慎的，慎重的谨慎的，慎重的 When confronted with such a delicate situation,you are supposed to take deliberate actions.面临如此微妙的局面，你应该采取谨慎的行动。面临如此微妙的局面，你应该采取谨慎的行动。deliberate a./vi./vt.(2)vt./vi.think or talk seriously and carefully about 认真考虑，研讨认真考虑，研讨The senate has been deliberating th
34、e question for three days.三天来参议院一直在仔细斟酌这个问题。三天来参议院一直在仔细斟酌这个问题。They met to deliberate on possible solutions to the problem.他们开会仔细研讨解决问题的办法。他们开会仔细研讨解决问题的办法。classify vt.divide things into groups according to type 分类，归类分类，归类 The books in the library are classified by/according to subject.图书馆里的书籍是按题材分类的。
35、图书馆里的书籍是按题材分类的。Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment?你你认认为为她她的的小小说说属属于于“严严肃肃文文学学”类类，还还是是“纯娱乐纯娱乐”类？类？word that/of 关于关于的消的消息息关于食品价格即将大幅上涨的消息在街关于食品价格即将大幅上涨的消息在街上传得很快。上传得很快。Word that there would be great increase in food prices has beenspread fast on the streets.su
36、cceed in doing sth.成功地做了某事成功地做了某事如果他们成功地达成了停火协议，联合如果他们成功地达成了停火协议，联合国将派驻维和部队。国将派驻维和部队。If they succeed in establishing a cease-fire,the UN will send in peace-keeping forces.draft guidelines for 为为起起草指导方针草指导方针 她正忙着为下月的她正忙着为下月的演讲比赛起草演讲演讲比赛起草演讲稿。稿。She was busy drafting her speech for next months speech c
37、ontest.fall into 可分成；属于可分成；属于 物以类聚，人物以类聚，人以群分。以群分。Things of a kind come together;people of a mind fall into a group.in theory 在理论上在理论上 你的计划理论上听你的计划理论上听起来不错，但我不起来不错，但我不知道实际上是否行知道实际上是否行得通。得通。Your plan sounds fine in theory,but I dont know if it will work in practice.be identical to/with 与与一模一模一样；就等于一样
38、；就等于 他的意见似乎和我的一样，这真的是我他的意见似乎和我的一样，这真的是我没有料想到的。没有料想到的。It seems that his opinion is identical to mine,which is really out of my expectation.in terms of 从从方面（来说）；方面（来说）；根据；按照根据；按照 令我大为吃惊的令我大为吃惊的是，现在他考虑是，现在他考虑任何事情都从金任何事情都从金钱的角度出发。钱的角度出发。To my great surprise,he thinks of everything in terms of money now.
39、be concerned about/over 担心，担忧担心，担忧 作为成年人，我们应该关注非洲儿童的作为成年人，我们应该关注非洲儿童的健康成长问题。健康成长问题。As adults,we should be deeply concerned about the healthy growth of the children in Africa.be comparable/similar to 可与可与相比；类似于相比；类似于 在一些人眼里，爱情就像是个迷宫，充在一些人眼里，爱情就像是个迷宫，充满了诱惑和陷阱。满了诱惑和陷阱。In the eyes of some people,love is
40、 comparable to a maze,full of lures and traps.1.Typical patterns for advancing ones arguments 原句原句:If cloned animals could be used as organ donors,we wouldnt have to worry about cloning twins for transplants.(L.48)如果把克隆的动物用作如果把克隆的动物用作器官捐赠，器官捐赠，那我们就不那我们就不必考虑必考虑为器官移植而克隆双胞胎了。为器官移植而克隆双胞胎了。句型提炼句型提炼If sb.
41、/sth.could be/do sth.,we wouldnt have to worry about(doing)sth.else.假如假如某人某人/某物可能是某物可能是/做某事，我们不必担做某事，我们不必担心心 应用应用：如果每个人都能够认识到自然资源并非取如果每个人都能够认识到自然资源并非取之尽，那我们就不必再担心之尽，那我们就不必再担心人们对资源的盲目开人们对资源的盲目开发了。发了。If everyone could realize natural resources are not inexhaustible,we wouldnt have to worry about any b
42、lind exploitation of them.2.Typical patterns for comparison and contrast(1)原句原句:Like the Theory of Relativity,the splitting of the atom,and the first space flight,Dollys appearance has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists,politicians,and philosophers.(L.11)就像相对论就像相对论就像相对论就像相对论、原
43、子裂变和第一次太空飞行一原子裂变和第一次太空飞行一原子裂变和第一次太空飞行一原子裂变和第一次太空飞行一样，样，样，样，多莉的出现给多莉的出现给多莉的出现给多莉的出现给科学家、政治家和哲学家科学家、政治家和哲学家科学家、政治家和哲学家科学家、政治家和哲学家们们们们提出了提出了提出了提出了一长串难以解答的问题。一长串难以解答的问题。一长串难以解答的问题。一长串难以解答的问题。Like sth.else,the appearance/arrival/birth/invention of sth.new generates/produces/makes 像某些事像某些事/物一样，某事物一样，某事/物的
44、出现物的出现/诞生诞生/发明产生发明产生/带来了带来了句型提炼句型提炼应用：就像历史上的任何一场战争一样，伊应用：就像历史上的任何一场战争一样，伊拉克战争给世界带来了一长串的战拉克战争给世界带来了一长串的战 后难题。后难题。Like any other wars in history,the Iraq war has generated a long list of difficult postwar problems for the world3.Typical patterns for showing sb.s reactions to sth.原句原句:In the wake of Wi
45、lmuts announcement,governments hurried to draft guidelines for the unknown,a future filled with incredible possibilities.(L.6)就在就在就在就在威尔莫特宣告成功威尔莫特宣告成功威尔莫特宣告成功威尔莫特宣告成功之后之后之后之后，为了一个未知世界，一为了一个未知世界，一为了一个未知世界，一为了一个未知世界，一个充满各种不可思议的可能性的未来，个充满各种不可思议的可能性的未来，个充满各种不可思议的可能性的未来，个充满各种不可思议的可能性的未来，各国政府立即各国政府立即各国政府立
46、即各国政府立即起草指导方针。起草指导方针。起草指导方针。起草指导方针。句型提炼句型提炼In the wake of sth.,sb.hurries/begins to 在某事之后，某人急着在某事之后，某人急着/开始开始 应用：应用：那次失败以后，他急着寻找机会重那次失败以后，他急着寻找机会重新证明自己。新证明自己。In the wake of that failure,he hurried to look for chances of reproving himself.Vocabulary Test Directions:For each sentence there are four ch
47、oices marked A),B),C)and D).Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1.To understand the _ of a situation,we have to know something about the kind of situation.A.passages B.relations C.implications D.findings C.implications2.The tension _ as the guest of honor was about to announce the
48、 winner.A.climbed B.raised C.descended D.mounted 3.I suspect this is _ attempt to discredit their critics.A.an intentional B.a deliberate C.a purposeful D.a considered 4.Salaries for _ positions seem to be higher than for permanent ones.A.legal B.optional C.voluntary D.temporaryD.mountedD.mountedB.a
49、 deliberateB.a deliberateD.temporaryD.temporary5.Research universities have to keep up with the latest computer and scientific hardware _ price.A.on account of B.regardless of C.in addition to D.not to mention6.The ships generator broke down,and the pumps had to be operated _ instead of mechanically
50、.A.manually B.artificially C.automatically D.synthetically7.First published in 1927,the charts remain an _ source for researches.A.identical B.indispensable C.intelligent D.inevitable B.regardless ofB.regardless ofA.manuallyA.manuallyB.indispensableB.indispensable8.Harry _ his pants at the seams(接缝)