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1、Unit 4 Space ExplorationDiscovering Useful StructuresDiscovering Useful StructuresInfinitivesInfinitives非谓语非谓语动词动词 动词动词不定式不定式 to do现在分词（doing)过去分词(done)动名词动名词(doing)主动语态主动语态 被动语态被动语态 用法用法一般式一般式进行式进行式完成式完成式to do to do to be done to be doing to have done to have beendone 表示动作将要发生或者于谓语动作同时发生。表示谓语动作发生时，
2、不定式动作正在进行。表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。否定式：not to do not not not not not Functions of infinitivesFunctions of infinitivesFunctions of infinitivesFunctions of infinitivesTo live abroad is not easy.She planned to visit her parents next week.The question is how to get there.The first person to come is Mr.Brown.He wen
3、t to France to learn French.His father encouraged him to find a new job.主语宾语表语定语宾补状语一.to do 不定式作主语翻译句子：学好英语不容易。动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将动词不定式置于句末。e.g.To learn English well is not easy.=Its not easy to learn English well.不定式的逻辑主语有时用“of/for+名词或代词宾格”构成。结构：Its+adj for/of sb to do sth.of/for?Its difficult
4、_ me to work out the maths problem.forIts kind _you to help me.nice,kind,good,silly,clever,wrong,honesy修饰人easy;hard;difficult;interesting;exciting boring;修饰物或事 ofIt is no use crying over spilt milk.It is of little good staying up too late every day.但在下列句型中常用-ing形式作主语。It is/was no use/gooduseless no
5、fun/pleasurea waste of time+doing sth.二.to do 不定式作表语翻译句子：提高你英语的最佳方式是加入一个英语俱乐部。动词不定式作表语用来表示主语的身份,状态和特征等。可与系动词构成系表结构.The best way to improve your English is to join an English club.注意、不定式做表语时，如果主语里含有实义动词dodo的各种形式，那么不定式的toto要省略。The only thing I can do is in bed.我现在唯一能做的就是努力学习。我现在唯一能做的就是努力学习。Her wish is
6、 a pop singer.lieto become What I can do now is study hard.注意若主语和表语都是非谓语动词若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致。应保持形式上的一致。Seeing Seeing isis believingbelieving.To seeTo see isis to believeto believe.眼见为实。三.to do 不定式作宾语单句填空：The little boy decided _(plant)a tree in his school.宾语表示主语所做动作的承受者,一般跟在及物动词后面.e.g.We need t
7、o finish the task ahead of time.to plant接动词不定式作宾语常见的几个动词：1.需要做_ to do 2.决定做_ to do 3.想要做_ to do 4.希望做_ to do 5.开始做_ to do 6.拒绝做_ to do 7.学习做_ to do 8.更愿意做_ to do 9.做某事失败_ to do 10.假装做_ to do.考考你needdecidewanthopebeginrefuselearnpreferfailpretend【要点精讲】接to do/doing意义不同的动词：frogshmt青蛙聪明青蛙聪明forget,rememb
8、er/regret,go on,stop,cant help,mean,try。forget to do 忘记要去做某事（未做）forget doing 忘记已经做过某事（已做）remember to do 记得将要做某事（未做）remember doing 记得已经做过某事（已做）forget to do 忘记要去做去做某事（未做）forget doing 忘记已经做过做过某事（已做）remember to do 记得将要做要做某事（未做）remember doing 记得已经做过做过某事（已做）regret to do 遗憾去做遗憾去做某事（未做）regret doing 后悔做过后悔做过
9、某事（已做）go on to do 继续做另一件事做另一件事（对象变了）go on doing 继续做正在做的事做正在做的事（对象不变）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（未做）forget doing 忘记已经做过某事（已做）remember to do 记得将要做某事（未做）remember doing 记得已经做过某事（已做）stop to do 停下来去做另一件事去做另一件事（对象变了）stop doing 停止做某事停止做某事（对象不变）cant help to do 不能帮助不能帮助做某事 cant help doing 情不自禁情不自禁做某事 mean to do 打算做打
10、算做某事（未做）mean doing 意味着做意味着做某事（解释作用）try to do 努力做努力做某事（不一定成功）try doing 尝试做尝试做某事（强调尝试和行动）【即时训练】8.If you think that treating a woman well means always _(get)her permission for things,think again.9.-Look!The window is open.-Im sorry.I forgot _(close)it.10.I remembered _(lock)the door before I left the o
11、ffice,but forgot to turn off the lights.11.Susan wanted to be independent of her parents.She tried _(live)alone,but she didnt like it and moved back home.gettingto closeto lockliving注意1 1：不定式后有adj./n.adj./n.做宾补时，常把不定式to to dodo放后面，其位置用 it it 代替。think/find/feel/consider/make/regardthink/find/feel/con
12、sider/make/regard+it it+adj./n.adj./n.+to doto do Theyfinditpleasanttoworkwithhim.itto workIthinkitmyhonortobeinvitedtospeakhere.itto be invited注意2（难点拓展）不定式用在介词but,except后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.1.I have no choice but_（take)risks.2.He did nothing there except _(watch)TV for the wh
13、ole night.to takewatch四.to do 不定式作宾语补足语单句填空：The police ordered us not _(approach)the burning car.不定式作宾补，常用于以下结构：V+sb/sth+to do to approach接动词不定式作宾补常见的几个动词：1.说服_ sb to do 2.允许_ sb to do3.鼓励_ sb to do 4.期望_ sb to do5.说服_ sb to do 6.提醒_ sb to do7.使让_ sb to do 8.建议_ sb to do9.邀请_ sb to do 10.命令_ sb to d
14、o.考考你persuadeallowencourageexpectpersuaderemindaskadviseinviteorder注意、不带to的不定式作宾补三三使使 let makehave 二听二听 listen to hear一感一感:feel四四看看 watch see observe noticeI heard them sing a pop song.The teacher made me answer the question.We watched them play football.如果上述结构变为被动语态,不定式就由原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语,此时动词(let,ha
15、ve无被动语态无被动语态)后原来不带不带to的不定式要加加to。He was seen to go upstairs.He was made to do his work.五.to do 不定式作状语1.动词不定式作目的状语。动词不定式作目的状语。To make himself heard，he raised his voice.为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（作目的状语）为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（作目的状语）He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。（作目的状语）他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。（作目的状语）She had n
16、o option but to quit her job in order to take care of her child.为了照顾孩子，她别无选择，只好辞职。为了照顾孩子，她别无选择，只好辞职。1.动词不定式作目的状语。动词不定式作目的状语。【注意】【注意】为了强调，我们可以在不定式前加上为了强调，我们可以在不定式前加上in order或或so as。如：。如：She got up earlier the next day so as to catch the first bus.第二天她起得更早了，为的是赶上第一班车。第二天她起得更早了，为的是赶上第一班车。In order to ca
17、tch the train，she hurried through her work.为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。2作结果状语The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people加利福尼亚号来得太晚，没能挽救更多的人。The boy is old enough to take care of himself这个男孩够大了，能照顾他自己了。He hurried to the agency only to find the manager had left他匆忙赶到代理处，却发现经理已经离开了。S
18、he is(so)proud as to look down upon others她太骄傲了，看不起别人。常与常与only,enough 或或too连用连用,用于用于“too.to”；“enough to.”；“only to do”以及以及 so/such.as to.句型中。句型中。【注意】【注意】too+adj.+to do sth.结构除表示否定意义外，还可以表示结结构除表示否定意义外，还可以表示结果有肯定意思。这时果有肯定意思。这时too后面常常跟表示心情、态度或倾向性方面的后面常常跟表示心情、态度或倾向性方面的形容词，主要有形容词，主要有anxious，eager，easy，gl
19、ad，happy，pleased，ready，willing等，此时等，此时too的意思是的意思是“十分十分;非常非常;很很”等。如：等。如：They were too anxious to leave.（=very anxious to leave）他们急于要离开。他们急于要离开。He is too glad to go there.（=very glad to go there）他非常高兴去那儿。他非常高兴去那儿。【点津】【点津】动词不定式与不定式与动词-ing形式作形式作结果状果状语的的区区别：(1)动词不定式作不定式作结果状果状语强调的是一种的是一种意想不到的意想不到的结果果。Anxi
20、ously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only to find it didn t fit她焦急地从包裹中取出裙子她焦急地从包裹中取出裙子，然后然后试穿了一下穿了一下，结果果发现它不合身。它不合身。(2)动词-ing形式作形式作结果状果状语强调的是一种的是一种顺承的、必然造成的承的、必然造成的结果果。He failed his exam,making his father angry他考他考试不及格不及格，使他父使他父亲很生气。很生气。4独立的动词不定式多用作插入语，表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。To ma
21、ke matters worse,e-dictionaries mean more pollution than paper dictionaries更糟糕的是，电子词典比传统纸质词典污染更严重。to be frankto be honestto tell you the truth3单句语法填空_(learn)more about Chinese culture,Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective courseWe travel on Day 2 to northern France _(visit)the W
22、orld War battlefieldsWhen the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad _(find)them aliveWould you be so kind as_(spare)some time to come and join us?To learnto visitto findto spare3.动词不定式作原因状语。动词不定式作原因状语。(1)常用语常用语“主语主语(人人)+系动词系动词+形容词形容词(过去分词过去分词)+to do”结构中。结构中。形容词或过去分词作表语时，后接不定式作原因状语，用以说
23、明产形容词或过去分词作表语时，后接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用于这类结构中的形容词和生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用于这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有过去分词有sorry,surprised,disappointed,excited,glad,happy,anxious,delighted,pleased,foolish等。等。We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍然保持着最初的样子。令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍然保持着最初的样子。
24、3.动词不定式作原因状语。动词不定式作原因状语。(2)常用于常用于“主语主语(物物)+系动词系动词+形容词形容词+to do”结构中。结构中。这类形容词有：这类形容词有：easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,comfortable,heavy,good,important,impossible,dangerous等，表示等，表示主语特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在动宾关系，常用主动主语特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在动宾关系，常用主动形式表示被动含义。形式表示被动含义。The morning air is so good to breath t
25、hat he gets up early every day.早上的空气呼吸器来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。早上的空气呼吸器来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。4.动词不定式作条件状语。动词不定式作条件状语。How can you catch the train to start so late？要是这么晚动身，你怎么能赶得上火车呢？（表示条件）要是这么晚动身，你怎么能赶得上火车呢？（表示条件）He must be a fool to say so.他那么说可能是个傻瓜。他那么说可能是个傻瓜。You will do well to speak more carefully.要是说得详细的话，你会
26、做得很好的。要是说得详细的话，你会做得很好的。六.to do 不定式作定语动词不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，动词不定式和它所修饰的词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系、主谓关系、动状关系或同位关系。动词不定式通常要放在这些被修饰词的后面。常指_ 的动作。1.I have no desire to write.2.The Smiths were the first to arrive.3.There was nothing to be done.4.I have a lot to say.5.I have no idea where to go.6.The conference to take place
27、in Shanghai next week is of great importance.尚未发生尚未发生只能用动词不定式做定语的情况只能用动词不定式做定语的情况1.当修饰的名词是当修饰的名词是抽象名词 ability,ambition,attempt,chance,courage,desire,decision,effort,way,failure,moment,promise,right,time,wish （一些表示企图、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意义的名词）（一些表示企图、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意义的名词）Janis Adkins has the ability and desire
28、to do useful work詹尼斯阿德金斯有能力和愿望去做有用的工作。Thanks to your encouragement,I finally got the courage to face the challenge多亏了你的鼓励，我最终有了迎接挑战的勇气。This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers这对饭店和商店这样的生意很有用，因为它提供了新的吸引顾客的方法。只能用动词不定式做定语的情况2.当修饰的
29、名词前有当修饰的名词前有the only,the next,the best,the first,the last,以及由以及由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常常用不定式作定语。常常用不定式作定语。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games她是第一位在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。只能用动词不定式做定语的情况例：1.Do you have anything to say?2.There is nothing to worry about.3.I want to get someth
30、ing to drink.3.当修饰的词为something,nothing,anything等不定代词时。4.当定语表示未来的还没做的动作时。例：The letter to be written is to my father.The matter to be discussed is important.注意：一、不定式作后置定语时，与它所修饰的词有三种关系:1）不定式与所修饰的词是主谓关系.He is the only person to know the truth.She is always the first(person)to come and the last to leave
31、.2）不定式与所修饰的词是动宾关系.We have something to discuss.（the person knows the truth.主谓关系）（discuss something.动宾关系）（the person comes and leaves.主谓关系）I have a meeting （attend）.不定式作后置定语，与被修饰词是动宾关系，且不定式和句子的主语是主谓关系，则不定式用主动表被动。I have a lot of clothes （wash）.I have a lot of clothes （wash）by my mother.*不定式to do 作定语，如
32、果句子主语是人，并且是to do 动作的发出者，用主动形式。（自己洗）（妈妈洗）1）to attend the meeting 动宾关系2）I attend 主谓关系to attendto washto be washed 注意：二、如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，其后要加相应的介词。The little has a toy to play .He has a house to live .3)不定式与所修饰的词是同位关系,解释说明所修饰词的内容，常见的这类词有plan,effort,ability,chance,decision,way,ambition.I must keep the pr
33、omise to pay within a month.He has an ambition to become a world champion.inwithplay with sb/sthlive in the house(promise与pay within a month是同位关系)(ambition与become a world champion是同位关系)2单句语法填空In many homes in the UK,the first person _(wake)up has to make tea for the familyThe airport _(complete)next
34、 year will help promote tourism in this areaThe best way _(improve)your English is to join an English clubCarol was happy that she had the chance _(experience)the life in the cityThese courses offer us opportunities_(improve)our abilities to appreciate artto waketo be completedto improveto experienc
35、eto improve七.to do 不定式疑问词+不定式 动词不定式动词不定式可以和可以和疑问词疑问词构成短语。构成短语。如如：We dont know how to use the machine.While seeting a schedule,we should deal with problem of where_(arrange)our accommodation.to arrange不定式与疑问词不定式与疑问词who,which,when,how,whatwho,which,when,how,what等连用，在句中起名词等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。作用，可
36、充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt know what to say.他不知道说什么。他不知道说什么。(宾语宾语)How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个如何解决这个问题很重要。问题很重要。(主语主语)My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。我的问题是什么时候开始。(表表语语)注意：注意：在与在与whywhy连用时，只用于连用时，只用于whywhy或或why notwhy not开头的简短疑问句中，后开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带面紧跟的动词不定式不带toto。Why not
37、 have a rest?八、不定式的省略1.不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要省略该动词。-Would you like to go with me?-Id like to.2.不定式是to be/to have done 结构,be/have 不可省。-Would you like to be a teacher?-Id like to be.e.g.I made him do his work.He was made to do his work(by me).3.help 后面的“to”可省去e.g.They often help the grandma(to)carry water.
38、4.see,hear,watch,feel,notice,look at等表示感觉和let,make,have等表示使役的动词后面，不定式作宾语时要省“to”（注：被动语态不省to）5.不定式用在介词but,except后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.(1).She could do nothing but cry.(2).I have no choice but to go.【要点精讲】下列句型常省略to：may as well do sth 最好还是做 had better do 最好做某事do nothing but do sth
39、别无选择只好做某事 cant help but do sth.禁不住做某事Why not do sth?何不做某事？prefer to dorather than do sth,宁愿做而不愿做would rather dothan do宁愿做而不愿做【即时训练】42.Rather than _(ride)on a crowded bus,he always prefers_(ride)a bicycle.43.-I usually go there by train.-Why not _(try,go)by boat for a change?44.I lost my keys in the
40、office so I could do nothing but to wait for my mother.改错ride to ridetry going去掉to注意：不定式的主动形式表被动意义1.用于 be+性质adj.+to do结构中，这一结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。用于此结构的形容词有：easy,difficult,important,nice,pleasant,hard,dangerous,comfortable 等；且不定式和句子的主语是动宾关系The song is hard （sing）.The question is easy （understand）.Our m
41、onitor is easy （get）along with.The problem is very difficult （solve）.to get to solve to understandto sing(sing the song)(understand the question)(get along with the our monitor)(solve the problem)2.be to blame/letExercises 2:rewrite the sentences using“in order to/so as to+do”.Change the italicized(
42、斜体斜体)parts accordingly.Textbook P42 2.(2)(4)(5)(6)2.In space,astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use.In space,astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle it for later use.4.Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity,
43、so they need to exercise every day,which will help them stay healthy.Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity,so they need to exercise every day to/in order to/so as to stay healthy.5.Astronauts have to use tapes to stick everything down while working in spa
44、ce because everything would float off otherwise.Astronauts have to use tapes to stick everything down while working in space to/in order to/so as to keep everything from floating off.6.During a spacewalk,astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control.During a spacewa
45、lk,astronauts have to move slowly to/in order to/so as to keep their bodies under control.3.Complete the passage with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal_(achieve).One of the problems is that the trip would ta
46、ke a very long time.For example,_(use)current technology,it would take over two years _(get)to the closest planet,Mars,and back.Although light is the fastest thing_(know)in the universe,it could take more than four years to reach the nearest star system.Will scientists figure out a way _(store)suffi
47、cient food and water for the long journey?Is it possible to travel faster than light?No one knows the answers yet.However,space scientists never give up.They are experimenting with growing crops in space so as _(help)astronauts get enough food on longer journeys through space.to achieveusingto getkn
48、ownto storeto help1.The airport _(complete)next year will help promote tourism in this area.2.We are having a meeting in half an hour.The decision _(make)at the meeting will influence the future of our company.3.Volunteering gives you a chance _(change)lives,including your own.4.The students are loo
49、king forward to having an opportunity _(explore)society of real-life experience.5.I have a lot of books _(read).to be completedto be madeto change to exploreto readExercise 6.The play _(produce)next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.7.The ability _(express)an idea is as important as the
50、 idea itself.8.Its important for the figures _(update)regularly.9.Birds singing is a warning to other birds _(stay)away.10.Its standard practice for a company like this one _(employ)a security officer.to be producedto expressto stayto be updated to employ11._(make)it easier to get in touch with us,y