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1、考研英语阅读一难文章讲义2009版强化班Unit!Passage 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but neverthelessremarkable activity called remembering.Learning could not occur without the function popularlynamed memory.Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful
2、 performanceon the piano,to recitation of a poem,and even to reading and understanding these words.So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory,remembering being a primary requirement forreasoning.The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends onmemory.Typicall
3、y,the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlierexperiences.Practice(or review)tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten;and the adaptiveconsequences may not seem obvious.Yet
4、,dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen tobe adaptive.In this sense,the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through aprocess of natural selection in animals.Indeed,when ones memory of an emotionally painfulexperience lead to serious anxiety,forgetting may produce relie
5、f.Nevertheless,an evolutionaryinterpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process offorgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects,it is helpfulto consider what would happen if memories failed t
6、o fade.Forgetting clearly aids orientation intime,since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out,providing clues for inferringduration.Without forgetting,adaptive ability would suffer,for example,learned behaviour thatmight have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.Cases are recorded
7、of people who(byordinary standards)forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion.Thisforgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that providesadaptive flexibility specif
8、ically through forgetting.In this view,continual adjustments are madebetween learning or memory storage(input)and forgetting(output).Indeed,there is evidence thatthe rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned.Such dataoffers gross support of contemporary model
9、s of memory that assume an input-output balance.67.From the evolutionary point of vi ew,.A forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptiveB if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptiveC the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individuals
10、adaptabilityD sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68.According to the passage,if a person never f o r g e t s,.A he would survive bestBj he would have a lot of troubleC his ability to learn would be enhancedD the evolution of memory would stop69.From the last paragraph we know tha
11、t.AJ forgetfulness is a response to learning.fB the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systemC memory is a compensation for forgettingD the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70.In this article,the author tries to interpret the function ofA
12、 rememberingC adaptingB forgettingD experiencingUnit 3Passage 3In the last half of the nineteenth century capital*and labour*were enlarging and perfectingtheir rival organisations on modern lines.Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liabilitycompany with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.The
13、change met the technical requirements ofthe new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency thatso commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after theenergetic founders.It was moreover a step away from individual initiat
14、ive,towards collectivismand municipal and state-owned business.The railway companies,though still private businessmanaged for the benefit of shareholders,were very unlike old family business.At the same timethe great municipalities went into business to supply lighting,trams and other services to th
15、etaxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had importantconsequences.Such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased thenumbers and importance of shareholders as a class,an element in national life representingirresponsible wealth detac
16、hed from the land and the duties of the landowners;and almost equallydetached from the responsible management of business.All through the nineteenth century,America,Africa,India,Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital,andBritish shareholders were thus enriched by the wo
17、rlds movement towards industrialisation.Townslike Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large comfortable classes who had retiredon their incomes,and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawingdividends and occasionally attending a shareholders*meeting to dictate
18、their orders to themanagement.On the other hand shareholding meant leisure and freedom which was used bymany of the Victorians for the highest puipose of a great civilisation.The shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives,thoughts or needs of the workmenemployed by the company in which he he
19、ld shares,and his influence on the relations of capitaland labour was not good.The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relationwith the men and their demands,but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of theworkmen which the employer had often had under the more patri
20、archal system of the old familybusiness now passing away.Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmeninvolved rendered such personal relations impossible.Fortunately,however,the increasing powerand organisation of the trade unions,at least in all skilled trades,enabled the workmen t
21、o meet onequal terms the managers of the companies who employed them.The cruel discipline of the strikeand lockout taught the two parties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fairnegotiation.9.Its true of the old family firms that.(A)they were spoiled by the younger generation
22、s(B)they failed for lack of individual initiative(C)they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies(D)they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers10.The growth of limited liability companies resulted in.(A)the separation of capital from management(B)the ownership of capital by managers
23、(C)the emergence of capital and labour as two classes(D)the participation of shareholders in municipal business11.According to the passage,all of the following are true except that.(A)the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers(B)the old firm owners had a better understanding of their
24、workers(C)the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly(D)the trade unions seemed to play a positive role12.The author is most critical of.(A)family firm owners(B)landowners(C)managers(D)shareholdersUnit 4Passage 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken.After six
25、months of arguing andfinal 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australias Northern Territory became the first legalauthority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10.Almost immediately word flash
26、ed on theInternet and was picked up,half a world away,by John Hofsess,executive director of the Right toDie Society of Canada.He sent it on via the groups on-line service,Death NET.Says Hofsess:We posted bulletins all day long,because of course this isnt just something that happened inAustralia.Its
27、world history.The full import may take a while to sink in.The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has leftphysicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.Some havebreathed sighs of relief,others,including churches,right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical
28、Association,bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turnback.In Australia 一 where an aging population,life-extending technology and changingcommunity attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making asimilar law to deal with e
29、uthanasia.In the US and Canada,where the right-to-die movement isgathering strength,observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law,and adult patient can request death-probably by adeadly injection or pill-to put an end to suffering.The patient must be di
30、agnosed as terminallyill by two doctors.After a cooling off*period of seven days,the patient can sign a certificate ofrequest.After 48 hours the wish for death can be met.For Lloyd Nickson,a 54-year-old Darwinresident suffering from lung cancer,the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on
31、 withliving without the haunting fear of his suffering:a terrifying death from his breathing condition.Fm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view,but what I was afraid of was how Id go,because Fve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,n hesays.1
32、.From the second paragraph we learn that.AJ the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countriesfB physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasiaC changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD it takes time to realize the significance of the laws p
33、assage2.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,he meansfA observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasiaB similar bills are likely to be passed in the US,Canada and other countriesCJ observers are waiting to see the result of
34、the game of dominoesD the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop3.When Lloyd Nickson dies,he will.A face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasiafB experience the suffering of a lung cancer patientC have an intense fear of terrible sufferingID undergo a cooling o
35、ff period of seven days4.The authors attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of.A opposition B suspicion C approval D indifferenceUnit5Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.Think of Gallileos17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Cath
36、olic Church or poet William Blakes harshremarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.The schism between science and thehumanities has,if anything,deepened in this century.Until recently,the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore itscritics 一 but no longer.As
37、 funding for science has declined,scientists have attackedantiscience1 in several books,notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R.Gross,a biologist at theUniversity of Virginia,and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University;and TheDemon-Haunted World,by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defender
38、s of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as The Flight fromScience and Reason,1 held in New York City in 1995,and Science in the Age of(Mis)information,which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people.Gross and Levitt find fau
39、ltprimarily with sociologists,philosophers and other academics who have questioned sciencesobjectivity.Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts,creationism and otherphenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag ha
40、s been attached to manyother groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocksof smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto,published in1995,scorns
41、science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.But surely that does notmean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience,as anessay in US News&World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists,inevitably,respond to such critics.The true enem
42、ies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those whoquestion the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and otherconsequences of industrial growth.Indeed,some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger o
43、f becoming meaningless.nThe term antiscience can lump together too many,quite different things/1 notes HarvardUniversity philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science,They have incommon only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as moreenligh
44、tened.19.The word schism(Line 3,Paragraph 1)in the context probably me ans.A confrontation B dissatisfactionC separation D contempt10.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to.A discuss the cause of the decline of sciences powerfB show the authors symphathy with scientistsC explain the way in which science
45、develops(DJ exemplify the division of science and the humanities11.Which of the following is true according to the passage?A Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.B Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.CJ The more enlightened tend to tag others as antiscienc
46、e.D Tagging environmentalists as antiscience is justifiable12.The author*attitude toward the issue of science vs.antiscience is.A impartial B subjective C biased D puzzlingUnit 6Passage 5Science,in practice,depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparednessof the minds of the m
47、en who watch the experiments.Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discoveredgravity through the fall of an apple.Apples had been falling in many places for centuries andthousands of people had seen them fall.But Newton for years had been curious about the cause ofthe orbital motion of the moon and planets.Wh
48、at kept them in place?Why didnt they fall out ofthe sky?The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered thequestion he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens,the moon and theplanets.How many men would have considered the possibility of a
49、n apple falling up into the tree?Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything.He was just wondering.His mind wasready for the unpredictable.Unpredicability is part of the essential nature of research.If you donthave unpredictable things,you dont have research.Scientists tend to forget th
50、is when writing theircut and dried reports for the technical journals,but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists,particularly younger ones,you might gather the impression thatthey find the scientific method1 a substitute for imaginative thought.Fve attended researchconfe