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1、第 一 课HOW TO BE HAPPY如何获得幸福2-5In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologistMartin Seligman,where H(happiness)=S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+c(the conditionsof your life)+V(the volunt ary choices you make).Th is week we I ook at the c o
2、nditions in life that canimprove o ur happiness quotient.过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁.塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H(幸 福)=S(个人生理幸福感受的固定指数)+C(个人生活状态)+V(个人主观选择)。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。STE P 1:Peace a nd quietJona thon Haidt i nhis excell ent book,Th e happiness Hypothesis,noies that r esearch show s thatwe can never c
3、omp letely adapt to new or c hronic noise pollution.Loud noises trigger one of our mostprimitive fe ar responses(the other is the fear of falling)and we can n ever fully r elax if we a resurrounde d by intrusi ve noise.It is essentia I to have so me peace and quiet every day.If you areunfortu nate e
4、nough to live some where noisy,persist wit h complainin g to your Io cal council.Additional1y,try weari ng wax earpl ugs to have some respite.If you nee d your TV,r adio or musi c up loud,wearing headp hones demons trates altru ism to your neighbours,which will m ake you and them feel good.第一步：平和宁静乔
5、纳林.海迪在他的优秀著作 幸福假说当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染,无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应(另一种是对于坠落的恐惧)，如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂吵的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双都感到舒适。STEP 2:Relationshi psThis is the most important of all the external conditions t
6、hat can imp rove your ha ppiness quotient.Often our deepest sources of u nhappiness a re found in poor relatio nships with others.A cruellyconfli ctual relati onship with a partner or lover leave s us feeling betrayed and abandoned.A relationship with our parents or children whi ch is not ba sed on
7、compa ssionate,un conditional regard creat esisolation and misery.When faced with such re lationships,the most po sitive thing we can do i s to eithermend the rel ationship by confronting what is goi ng wrong or learn to mov e on.第二步：人际关系这是增加幸福指数的条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突
8、中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。Step 3:ShareIf you have discove red conditio ns or choice s in life th at have sign ificantly im provedyourwellbeing,remember to s hare them wi th friends;Passing on w hat words is essential t o improve th ewellbein
9、g of our own a nd others.第三步：分享如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。一、阅读理解：1 What is the happine ss formula a ccording to the passage?幸福公式的定义是什么？答：The formu la refers to H(happiness)=S(your bio logical set point for fe eling happy)+C(thecondi tions of you r lif
10、e)+V(th e voluntary choices you make).2、Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollut ion?为什么说我们不可能完全适应新近的或长期的噪音污染？答：Loud noises trigg er one of ou r most primi tive fear re sponses and we can never fully relax ifwe are s urrounded by intrusive n oise.3、How c ould we make both our
11、sel ves and the neighbors fe el good?如何能使我们自己和邻居都感觉舒服？答：If you ne ed your TV,radio or mus ic up loud,wearing head phones demon strates ourkindness and considerati on to our ne ighbors.4、Wh ere does the unhappiness come from?痛苦和不幸来自于哪里？答：Our unhapp iness often comes from p oor relation ships with o t
12、hers.5、What is theposi tive way to face with th e cruelly co nflictual re lationship?用什么积极的途径改善极度冲突的人际关系？答：What you can do is to eit her mend the relationshi p by confron ting what is going wrong orlearn to move on.二、汉译英：1、吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。Noisy neigh bors are one of the majo r causes of domestic
13、 ups et.2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪。A colleag ue at work w ho bullies o r dismisses us creates u ntold wreche dness.3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。We can ne ver fully ad apt to hosti Ie relations hips,which inevitably d amageour we llbeing.4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。If this bad m
14、oo d stays insi de our mind.it will lea d us to an u nresolved de structive de pression.5、我们不应当I回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not a void these p roblems but face them in stead.三、英译汉：There are many benefits to being hap py.Happy pe ople tend to be healthie r,live long er andearn more.They a Iso tend to
15、volunteer mo re,be bette r at relatio nships and s mile more of whatpsycho legists call uDuchenneor genuine s miles.What is less well understood is why happi ness is contagious.幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。Accordi ng to James Fowl
16、er and N icholas Chri stakis,auth ors of the i nternational bestsellerConnected,p eople surrou nded by many happy frien ds,family m embers and n eighbours wh o arecentra I to their s ocial networ k become sig nificantly h appier in th e future.Mo re specifica lly,they s aywe will b ecome 25 per cent
17、 happie r with our I ife if a tri end who live s within a m ile of us be comessignif icantly happ ier with his or her life.全球畅销书 关联的作者詹姆斯福勒和尼古拉斯克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人和邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你 1 英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%oS imilar effec ts are seen in co-reside nt spouses(
18、8 per cent h appier);sib lings who li ve within amile of each other(14 per cent);an d next-door neighbours(34 per cent).What this implies is t hat themagn itude of hap piness sprea d seems to d epend more o n frequent s ocial contac t(due to ph ysicalproxi mity)than o n deep socia I connection s.Ala
19、s,for some reason this doesn*t translate to the workplace.具有同样效果的还有同居配偶(幸福感提升8%)、居 住 在 1 英里之内的兄弟姐妹(1 4%)和邻居(34%)o 这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度(与地域邻近相关)，而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。So,why is h appiness con tagious?One reason may be that happ y people sha re their goo dfortune wi th their fri ends and
20、fam ily(for exa mple,bybei ng pragmatic ally helpful or financia llygenerous).Another r eason could be that happy people tend to change their behavi our for the betterby be ing nicer or less hostil e to those c lose to them.Or it coul d just be th at positive emotions arehighly cont agious.那么，为什么幸福能
21、够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气(例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊)。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。第 二 课 C ity Design城市设计6-8When Im being d riven throug h a city fro m our hotel to a confere nee center,!couldnt h elp butnote the overwhe Iming presen ce of cars a nd parking I ots.The wor d
22、s cities a re in troubl e.In hundreds of cities,the life of daily life is deteriorating.Breat hing the air in some cit ies is equiv alent to smoking two pac ks of cigare ttes per day.The number of hours co mmuters spen d going nowh ere sitting intraffic-c ongested str eets and hig hways climbs highe
23、r each year,raisi ng frustrati on levels.当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。In response to these condit ions,we are seeing the emergency of a new urban ism.In just a fewyears,many citie s banned the parki
24、ng of cars on side walks,crea ted or renov ated more pa rks,introdu ced a highly successful bus-base rap id transit system,built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and ped estrian stre ets,reduced rush hour t raffic,plan ted more tre es and invol ved local ci tizensdirec tly in the i mprovement
25、 o f their neig hborhoods.T he quality o f urban life in these ci ties has bee ngreatly en hanced with the vision o f a city des igned for pe ople.针对上述情况，我们可以看到种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的儿年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计
26、以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。Now gove mment plann ers everywhe re are exper imenting,se eking ways t o designcit ies forpeop Ie not cars.Cars promis e mobility.But in an ur banizing wor Id there is an inherent conflict bet weenthe aut omobile and the city.Af ter a point,as their nu mbers multip ly,autom
27、obi les provide not mobilitybut immobil ity.现在，各地政府的规划者们都在浓度寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。Base d on this pe rspective,s ome cities i n industrial and develop ing countrie s alike willdramatical!y increase u rban mobilit y
28、by moving away from th ecar.Let m e remind you once more,citiesare b uilt for peo pie,not for cars.A cit y full of ca rs is like w hat the horr ifying sci-f i depicted-a IImechanism and no huma n.In order to avoid thi s disaster,wed better start design ing sustains ble cities.基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国
29、家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的一全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。一、阅读理解：1、What means of tra nsportation does the aut hor take to the conferen ce center?(H e takes)a b us.2、Accord ing to the f irstparagra ph what is h appening in cities where there are m ore
30、 cars?Car s not only d o harm to pe ople s healt h but also c ause heavy t raffic jam.3、What does t he last sent ence the vi sion of a ci ty designed for people“in paragraph 2 mean?Desi gn cities fo r people not(for)cars.4、Why is the re an inhere nt conflict between the automobile a nd the city in u
31、rban are as?Because p eople depend largely on cars.5、How w ould a city look like if cars were e verywhere?Th ere would be all cars(m echanism)no human.二、汉译英：1、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的效外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。The de mand for car s is soaring as growing numbers of c itizens are pushed into distant subu rbs.2、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最
32、先进的绿色技术相结合。The e co-city will combine ele merits of tra ditional des ign with the latest gree n technologi es.3、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至万辆。One th ousand fuel-cell vehicle s will be es timated to p ut to use by 2010 and in crease to 10 000by 2012.4、如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。These
33、 da ys,there is hardly a Io cal governme nt that does not talk ab out plans fo r aneco-vil lage,town o r even city.5、全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。It is fa irly necessa ry to search for ways to reduce the environmenta I impact of cities becau searound ha If of the wo lids popula tion is now
34、city-dweller s(is now li ving in citi es).三、英译汉：O nee at a sup ermarket,I read a thoug ht-provoking sign at the check-out c ounter.It s aid thestor e was using only plastic bags.The s upermarket c laimed that the energy a nd exhaust f umesexpelle d to produce and transpo rt the same number of pa per
35、 bagsout weighed the fact that pl asticwasn*t biodegradab Ie.Paper ba gs take up m ore space an d require mo re trucks fo r transport,so thestore believed it was lessen ing its carb on footprint by using plastic.It got me thinkin g further.W hynot ask f or plastic a nd bring you r used plast ic bags
36、 each time you vi sit the groc ery store?I f you useth em five or s ix times,or until they start fallin g apart,you have really done a good thing.You can alsouse them to lin e your small wastebasket s,instead o f purchasing plastic tra sh bags.有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸
37、袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢？如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。第三课 Population 人口 9-11A very importan t world prob lem is the i ncreasing nu mber of who actually inh abit this pl a
38、net.The li mited amount of land and land resour ces will soo n be unable to support t he huge popu lation if itcontinues t o grow at it s presentra te.在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。So why is th is huge incr ease in popu lation takin g place?It is really du e to
39、 the spr ead of the knowledge and practice of what is bee oming known as Death Co ntrolM.You have no doub t heard of t heterm“Birth Control”，“Birth Cont rol”“Death Control is something rather differe nt.It recog nizes the work of the do ctors and sc ientists who now keep al ive people w ho,not very
40、long ago,w ould have di edof a vari ety of then incurable di seases.Thro ugh a wide v ariety of te chnological innovations thatinclud farming m ethods and the control of deadly dis eases,we ha ve found ways to reduce therate at which we die.However,t his success is the very cause greate st threat to
41、 mankind.那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢？这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听到过“生育控制”这个术语。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。If we examine the a mount of Ian d available for this eve r-increasing population,we begin
42、to seethe pro blem.If eve ryone on the planet had an equal sha re of land,we would eac h have about5000square meters.This figure seem s to be quit e encouragin g until we e xamine the a mount of usable land we actually hav e.More than three-fifth s of the wor Ids land ca nnot produce food.如果计算一下维持不断
43、增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这个星球队上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相当振奋人心，而当我们计算一下每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。因为世界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。Obv iously,with so little I and to suppo rt us,we sh ould be taki ng great car e not to red uce it further.But we a re not!Instead,we are consuming it s ucapitaln-its nonrenew
44、 able fossil fuels and ot hermineral deposits tha t took milli ons of years to form but which are n ow being des troyed in de cades.Wear e also doing the same wi th other vit al resources not usually thought of as being non renewable,s uchas ferti Ie soils,gr oundwater an d the millio ns of other sp
45、ecies that share the e arth with us.显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这样做！反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”一 其 不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，儿十年内就会被消耗殆尽。我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。一、阅读理解：1、Wha t can be lea mt about th e population growth at p resent?我们如何获悉当前的人口增长?It c
46、ontinues t o increase/grow at its present rat e.2 Accordin g to the art icle,what contributes to the population increase?什么导致人口大量增加？Death Cont rol（死亡控制）。3、What is the doctors job according to paragraph 2?第 2 段落中医生的工作是什么？They ke ep people wh o suffer fro m incurable diseases ali ve.4、Why isn*t there
47、eno ugh land to support human beings?为什么没有足够的土地支撑人类的生命？Because the worlds land has air eady been ta ken up/occ upied by the ever-increasing population.5、In par agraph 4 the fertile soi Is are consi dered as.Nonre newable二、汉译英：1、亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。Asi atakes up t wenty-nine per cent of the worlds land
48、 area.2、人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。The in creasing pop ulation make s it necessa ry for the e arth to prod uce more gra in.3、我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。We should condu ct a samplin g investigat ion before w e write the report.4、我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。I ad mit that due to lack of experience I have made m istakes of a II
49、 kinds.5、中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。The dev elopment of modern indus try and comm odity econom y in China h as promotedoccupational(mobility)and populati on mobility.三、英译汉:A report,base d on United Nations proj ections show ing slow,st eady growth of economies andpopulat ions,sugge sts that by mi
50、d-century,humanitys demand on mature will be twice the b iospheresp reductive ca pacity.At t his level of ecological deficit,exh austion of e cological as sets and lar ge-scaleeco system colla pse will bee ome real.一份以联合国所作的经济和人口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大