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1、第一部分:词法中考考点一、名词一、名词的复数:1.名词变复数的规则形式1).一般情况下直接加 s book-books cup-cups2).以辅音字母+y结尾的,先变y 为 i 再加es.city-cities family-families3).以 s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es.bus-buses wish-wishes watch-wathes4).以。结尾的多数加S 初中阶段只有三个单词加es.tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes hero-heroes5).以 f、f e 结尾的,先把f、fe变 v 再加es.leaf leaves self-selves
2、 shelf shelves life lives thiefthieves2.少数名词的复数形式是不规则的。man men woman-women child children foot-feet tooth teeth mouse-mice3,单数和复数形式相同。deer-deer fish-fish sheep sheep Chinese-一 Chinese Japanese 一 Japanese4,某国人的复数。1).中、日不变。Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese2).英、法变。Englishman Englishmen Frenchman French
3、men3).其余 s 加后面。American-Americans German Germans Australian一 Australians二、不可数名词:L不可数名词:1).不能直接用数字表数量 2).不能直接加a 或 an 3).没有复数形式4).可用 some、an y、lots of、plenty o f、much 修饰 5).可 用“量词短语”表示2.不可数名词的数量的表示方法:a/数 字+量 词+#+不可数名词a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk三、名词的所有格:L飞所有格。1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时
4、,这时只在最后一个名词后加“包”This is(Mary and Lily)bedroom.2).1).用 and连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时,这时分别在每个名词后加These are(Tom and Jack)school bags.3).以 s 结尾的名词,变所有格时在s 后加,不以s 结尾的复数名词,仍 加“飞”Teachers*Day Childrens Day4).表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加飞代表全称。at the doctors at the Bobs5).由 some、any no、every 与 one、body 结合的复合不定代词 somethi
5、ng、anything 等和 else 连用时,所有格应加在else的后面。This i s(s omebody else)pencil.6).表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加飞来构成所有格。an hours ride two weeks time Chinas capital2.of所有格:l).o f用来表示无生命的名词所有格。the map of China the door of the room2).双重所有格:o f+名词所有格 o f+名词性的物住代词He is a friend of my(b r o t h e r).Is she a daughter
6、of(you)?四、名词作句子成分:1.名词作主语1).表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Two h o u r s(b e)enough for us to get there.2).量词短语“数字+量词+of+”作主语时,谓语动词应与量词保持一致。A pair of s h o e s(b e)under the bed.Two pieces of p a p e r(b e)on the desk.3).名词+介 词(with、except、along with.)+名词作主语时,谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。The teacher with the s t u d e n
7、 t s(b e)planting trees on the hill.4).短语“neither.nor.、either.or.not only.but also.”连接主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则。Neither he nor I(be)a Frenchman.2.名词作定语:1).名词作定语时,一般用单数形式。There is a shoe factory near the school.2).名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式。(sport)The sports meeting will be held next week.3).man woman作定语表示性别时,man、woman随后
8、面的名词单复数而变。one man teacher two women teachers中考考点二:冠词的用法考查重点冠词的考查重点包括不定冠词a 和 an的用法,定冠词the的用法和零冠词的用法等。一.a和a n的区别不定冠词有a 和 an两种形式,a 用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前,an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。例如:a boy,a university,a European country;an hour,an honor,an island,an elephant,an umbrella,an honestman,a useful book不看字母看读音,不见原因(元音)
9、别施恩(n)二.不定冠词的用法1.泛指某一类人、事或物;相当于a n y,这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法。A horst is an animal2.泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。A girl is waiting for you.3.表 示 数 量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。1 have a computer.4.表 示“每一”,相 当 于every.I go to school five days a week.我一周上五天课。5,用在序数词前,表示“又 一”,“再一”。I have three books.I want to buy a fourth one.6
10、,用在某些固定词组中:a lot(of),after a while,a few,a little,at a time,have a swim,have a cold,in a hurry,for a long time,have a goodtime,have a look三.定冠词的用法1,特指翦些)人或某(些)物,这是定冠词的基本用法。The book on the desk is mine2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。Open the window,please.3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。I have a car.The car is red.4.指世界上独一无二的事物。Whic
11、h is bigger,the sun or the earth?5.用在序数词,形容词最高级前。The first lesson is the easiest one in this book.6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the Great Wall 长城,the United States 美国7.用在某些形容词前,表示某一类人。the poor 穷人,the blind 盲人8用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全冢Z”或“夫妻俩”。the Greens格林一家或格林夫妻俩9.用在方位词前。on the left 在左边,in the middle of 在中间10.用在乐器名称前。She
12、 plays the piano every day.IL用在表示海洋,河流,山脉,群岛及国家和党派等名词前。the Black Sea 黑海,the Yangzi River 长江12.用在某些固定词组中:all the same 仍然;all the time 一直;at the moment 此 刻;at the same time 同时U by the way 顺 便 说;do theshopping/washing 买东西/洗衣服;in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上;in the open air 在户外,在野外四.零冠词的用法1.棋
13、类,球类,一日三餐名词前不用任何冠词Play chess play football have supper特例:当 football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:1 can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where s the football?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并 非“球类运动”)2.季节,月份,星期,节假日名词前不用任何冠词.In July in summer on Monday on TeachersJ Day3.人名,地名,国家名前不加冠词Beijing is the capital of China4.学科,语言,称呼,语职务名
14、词前不用冠词Math is hard to learn5.复数名词表示类别时不加冠词They are workers I like eating apples6.名词前已有物主代词(my,your,his,h e r 等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)不定代词(some,any第及所有格限制时,不用冠词my book(iE):my the book(误)7在表特定的公园,街道,车站,桥,学校等之前。No.25 Middle School五.用与不用冠词的差异in hospital 住院/in the hospital 在医院里in front of在(外部的)前面/i
15、n the front o f在(内部的)前面at table进餐/at the table住桌子旁by sea乘船/by the sea在海边go to school(church)上学(做礼拜)/go to the school(church)到学校(教堂)去two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)next year 明年/the next year 第二年a teacher and writer 一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer 一位教师和一位作家(两个人)中考专题三:代词-人称代词:单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第
16、一人称ImeweU S第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称it/she/heit/her/himtheythem1 .主格作主语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语.He t e a c h e s(we)Chinese.2.三种人称代词并列时,顺序为:单数:二,三,一(You,she and I)复数:一,二,三(we,you and they)注:若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.)She and I have been to Beijing.Who broke the window?I and Mike.注:i t 还有一些特别的用法。1)用作形式主语,常 用 于
17、“Its+adj+todosth”句型中.2)用在句型:It seems that 中.3)用在句型:*Ifs ones turn to do sth”中.4)用在句型:Its time to do sth/for sth”中.5)用在句型:“Its+adj+that从句”中.6)用作形式宾语,用来代替动词不定式.make/think/feel/find+it+adj(名词)+to do sth.二.物主代词.1.形容词性的物主代词作定语放在名词前,不能单独使用。第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性myouryouryourits/his/hertheir名词性mineou
18、rsyoursyoursits/his/herstheirs2.名词性的物主代词,后面不能加名词。名词性的物主代词常与。f 连用。Our classroom is as big a s(t h e y).This is a friend o f(my).注:1)名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词.(名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+名词)2)形容词性的物主代词与ow n连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词.My own house=a house of my own三.反身代词单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称hi
19、mself/herself/itselfthemselves记忆小窍门:反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加self.其余都要物主加self,复数ves来把f 替.反身代词的常用搭配:enjoy oneself hurt oneself teach oneself=learn.by oneslf all by oneselfhelp oneself to.look after oneself leave sb by oneself lose oneself insay to oneself for oneself dress oneself improve oneself see oneself i
20、n the mirror四.指示代词1.近指:this these 远指:that those2.用法:Dthat those常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复.T hat代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词.Those代替复数名词.The weather in Guangdong is hotter than in Qinghai.The books in that shop are cheaper than in this shop.A.this B.that C.one D.those2)this,that可代替句子或句子的一个部分,that代替前面提到的句子而this代替下面提到的句子.
21、He had a bad cold,that is why he didnt come.3)在电话用语中,th is代替自己,而 th at代替对方.This is Tom speaking.Who is that?五.不定代词的区别.Lone与 i t 的区别O ne代替同类事物中的一种.而it代替上文中出现的某事物.This book is a good one.May I borrow it?2.some与 a n y 的区别一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于否定,疑问句,条件句中.但在表建议的疑问句中,仍 用 som e代 any.常用于 could/would/May 开头或
22、 what about/how about.的句中。May I have some water?He asked me for some paper,but I didnt have any.3.many与 much的区别Many+可数名词的复数 Much+不可数名词 都相当于a lot of+复数名词/不可数名词注:a lo to f不能用于否定句中.否定句中用many/much.4,a few/few/a little/little 的区别The storyis easy toread.thereare _表否定(儿乎没有)表肯定(有一点/儿个)修饰可数名词fewa few修饰不可数名词l
23、ittlea littlenew words in it.Hurry up!There is time left.5.each/every 的区别each表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个.而every表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个.There are trees and frowers on side of the street.student has read a story.注:each可以与o f 连用,each o f 作主语时,谓语动词用单数.而every不能与o f 连用.只能放在名词前作定语.Each of u s(s t u d y )hard.6,no o n e与
24、 none的区别no o n e表示没有人,不能与o f 连 用.而 none of+复数名词/代词,作主语时,谓语常用单数。.The boys were all tired,but of them stopped to have a rest.7.both/neither/either/all/none/any 的区别都都不任何一个两者之间bothneithereither三者或三者以上allnoneanyTheremanyonsideof the river.A.both B.any C.either D.all注:1).both的否定词是neither,all的否定词是none.2).b
25、oth o f 作主语时,谓语动词用复数.neither of作主语时,谓语动词用单数.Neither of the a n s w e r s(b e)right.Both of my parents_(be)workers.3).词组A)both.an d 连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数.同义词组:not only.but also.反义词组:neither.nor.Not only you but also she likes watching T V.=y o u she like watching TV.=You like watchingTV,she.B)either.or.或者.
26、或者.,neither.nor.既不.也不.连接两个主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则.Neither you nor he(be )right.One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park.=Lily Lucy going to the park.eith er也可用于否定句中的“也”D)neither也可表示“也 不 句 型:neither.s b 某人也不怎么样.If you dont go there,I.(我也不去)4)how many/how much 的回答:用 none 回答.W ho的回答:用no o n e 回答.W hat的回答:用noth
27、ing回答.How many students are there in the classroom?.Who can answer the question?.A.None B.No one C.Nothing8.other/the other/others/the others 的区别(空)后面没有名词(空)后面有名词有数量限制(特指)the othersthe other没有数量限制(泛指)othersother注:1)one.theother.表示 两 者 之间的一个 另一个.2)some.others.表示一些.一些.3)another表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个.只能修饰可数
28、名词的单数.但 another+数字+复数名词=数字+more+复数名词 表 示“另外几个Would you like apple?I have two brothers,one is a teacher,is a worker.Some are cleaning the classroom,are sweeping the window.There are 20 teachers in our school.Eight of them are men teachers,and are women teacherseveryone每个,人人,大家不与o f 连用every one每个人、物可与
29、o f 连用Every one of us has seen the film.Everyone should do their best.10.复合不定代词.someanynoevery注:1.复合不 定 代 词作主语时,谓 语 动 词用单数.2.形容thingsomethinganythingnothingeverythingonesomeoneanyoneno oneeveryonebodysomebodyanybodynobodyeverybody词修饰不定代词时,形容词放在不定代词之后.3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时,动词不定式放在不定代词之后.4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中,1)指
30、人的不定代词,其反义疑问句中的主语用h e 或 they.2)指物的不定代词,其反义疑问句中的主语用it.5.any,anything,anyone,anyboby也可用于肯定句中,表 示“任何./任何物/任何人”E v e ry th in g(b e g in )to grow in spring,?Is there(一些有趣的事)in todays newpaper?I want s o m e t h i n g(e a t).中考专题四:数词基数词:表示人或事物数量多少的词.序数词:表示人或事物的顺序的词.基数词.1.基数词的读法.1)1 12:one two three four
31、five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve2)13一19:词 尾 力 口teen:thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen3)20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90:逢十词尾加-ty:twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety4)21-9 9:在十位与个位之间加连字符构成.21-twenty-one 9 9-ninety-nine5)101999:先说几百,再加and,再加末尾两位数或个位数.101
32、one hundred and one 238-two hundred and thirty-eight6)1000以上的数:先将数字从右往左数,每三位数用一个逗号隔开,从右往左第一个逗号表示“千”读thousand第二个逗号表示“百万”读 m illio n第三个逗号表示“十亿”读 billion18,657,421-eighteen million,six hundred and fifty-seven thousand Jour hundred and twenty-one.二.序数词基数词变序数词口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾要加th.一二三,特殊记,词尾分别tdd(first secon
33、d third)八去t,九去e,v e要用f 替.ty 变作t ie,再加t h 莫忘记.若遇几十几,只变个位就可以.三.数词的应用.1.表编号.结构:名词(首字母要大写)+基 数 词=the+序 数 词+名词Lesson One=the firs t lesson注:有些编号,一般仅用第一种表达法。Room 101 101 号房间2.序数词前一般加定冠词t h e 但序数词前与不定冠词a/a n 连用时,表 示“又一,再一”You ve done it three times.W hy not try _fourth time?A.a B.an C.the D./3.数词前加every,表示
34、每/每隔.every ten days=every ninth day 每十天(每隔九天)注:every+基 数 词+复数名词=every+(序数词T)+单数名词4.基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄1)表示年代:in the+年份的复数 在几世纪几十年代.在十九世纪七十年代.2)表年龄:in one s+整十的复数 表示在某人几十岁时在他四十岁时:.5.hundred/thousand/m illion/b illio n1).若 hundred/thousand/m illion/b illio n 前有基数词时,其后不加s,也不加of.若没有时,既加s 也要带of.Every year v
35、isitors come to China.There are two students in our school.A.thousand B.thousands C.thousands of D.thousand of2).若其前有a few many、several修饰时,通常用复数,后接of.3).若名词前有the修饰时,用单数,后接ofTwo _ the students in our school are from the countryside.A.hundred B.hundred of C.hundreds of D.hundreds6.儿个半的表达法:基 数 词+and+a
36、half+名词复数=基 数 词+名词(单数/复数)+and+a halftwo and a half hours=two hours and a half7.时刻表达法:1)整点:基 数 词+oclock2)几点几分:A).直接读法:先读小时,后读分钟3:25 three twenty-fiveB).间接读法:a)W30分钟.分钟+past+小时3:25-twenty-five past threeb)30分 钟.(60-分 钟)+to+(小时数+1)3:55-five to fourc)30 分 钟=half 15 分钟二a quarter 45 分钟二 three quarters3:30
37、-half past three 3:15-a quarter past three3:45-a quarter to four8.日期表达法:结构:1).月 日,年(日 用 序 数 词,年用基数词)注:年份的读法:先读前两位数,再读后两位数.读日时要加the.1900 nineteen hundred 1807-eight and seven(eight o seven)2008-two thousand eight2007 年 3 月 21 Fl-March the twenty-first,two thousand and seven.2).日 月 年 (the+序数词+of+月,年)2
38、007 年 3 月 21 日-the twenty-first of March,two thousand and seven.9.分数词的表达法:1).结构:a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词.b).当分子大于1时,分母加复数.3/4-three fourths(three-fourths)2).注意:a).分数词的几种特殊形式.1/3one third=a third1/4one fourth=a quarter1/2one second=a half3/4-three fourths=three quartersb).分数词作主语时;谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定.Two fifths
39、 of the milk(be)drunk by Tom.One third of the students(be)girls.中考专题五:介词一介词 at/in/on.1.表示时间:1).表示某一具体时间点,某一时刻/年龄at six oclock at noon at that timeat the moment at the age of at night2)in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期(某人儿十岁时)in the morning/aftemoon/eveningin spring/in 2007/in Marchin the twenty-f
40、irst centuryin his fifties3)o n 表示星期儿/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚匕表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时.On Monday on New Years Dayon Sunday morning on a rainy nighton the evening of April 1st,20072表地点:Dat 一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置at the station at the cinema2)i n 表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里.in China in the classroom3)o n 指在某物体的表面上.on the
41、desk注意:写街道时,若有门牌号用at,否则用o n/in 都可.He lives at 270 DongChangan Street.二.介词in/on/t o表方位:l.i n 表示A 地在B 地范围之内.(包含关系)Tanwan is the southeast of China.2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系)Hubei is the north of Hunan.3.to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系)Japan is the east of China.三.between/among 在.之间 between:指两者之间.在.之间.2.among:用于三者或三者以上
42、人或物之间.在之中.You sit him and me.The song is popular the students.0.after/in 在.之后1.afterl)after+时间段.表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后,用于过去时.2)after 作介词.after doing sth2,加+一段时间.表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后,用于将来时.He came back two days.He will go home_finishing his homework.He will come back_ two days.五.w ith/in/by 表 示“用.”Lw i
43、th表 示“用”一般指有形的工具/手 段/人体器官.He cut the apple into halves a knife.注:w ith表伴随,“带有,含有“He came in a big smile on his face.2.in表示用某种语言,方式,途径.或书写 1 绘画所用的材料.也可表交通方式.Can you say it English?He wrote a letter blue ink.3.by表示乘坐交通工具,表示方式,方法I study for a test working with a group.He makes a living selling newspape
44、rs.注意:同义词组l).by phone=on the phone2).by car=in a car3).in pen=with a pen=with pens六.across/through/over/by 经过1.across指横穿,穿过.表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.2.through指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.3.over表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触.4.by表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.Can you swim the river?the elephant is so big that it cant go the gate.I dont think
45、anyone can jump_the fence.I walked the bank of China yesterday.七.in front of/in the front ofLinthe front o f 表示在.内部的前面2.in front o f 表示在.外面的前面There is a desk in front of our classroom.There is a big tree in front of our classroom.八.其它介词的用法:l.a t的其它用法.1).表 示“从事或正在做某事”,其后加的名词往往不加冠词.She is at work now=
46、She is working now.2)at表 示“价格或速度”The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour.2.in的其它用法:l)in表 示“在方面”词组:do well in=be good atbe weak in2)in表 示“穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服.词组:be in+衣 服=be wearing+衣服3)in作副词,在家=at home3.like的用法:1).像/和一样.常与系动词连用.词组:look like sound like2).与 w hat连用,“是什么样子,怎样What is he like?He is kind.4.off的
47、用法:1).从下来,脱离某物体.词组:fall off2).“休假”通常放在时间名词之后.词组:have+时间+offHe hasnt had a night off for two hours.5.except/besidesl).except除了.之外,都.不包括在范围之内.nothing but.除了.之外,什么也没有.2).besdies除了之外,还有.包括在范围之内.We all went swimming Lucy.There is a letter in the box.We study Japanese and French English.6.with/withoutl).w
48、ith具有,含 有 反义词:without没有词组:with the help of=with ones help=because of=thanks towithout ones help2).with out 的用法:A).without+sb./sth.没有某人或某物B).without+doing sth.He left here w ith o u t(s a y)“Goodbye、。usC).without sth 常与i f 引导的否定的条件句.If there is no water,we cant live.=We cant live.7.on the tree Un the
49、 treeon the tree表 示“树上本身长的东西”在树上.而in the tree表 示“外界的物体进入树中”人或物在树上.There are some apples the tree.There is a boy the tree.8.since/for注:since/fo r用于现在完成时.l).since:a).since+时间点b).现在完成时+since+-般过去时c).since+一段时间+ago.2)for:for+一段时间=since+一段时间+ago9.be made+介词的区别:be made o f 由制成(看得见原材料)be made from由制成(看不见原材
50、料)be made in+地点 由哪儿生产be made by s b.由某人制造10,表示“数量的介闻,about,round around over1).about,round around 表 示“大约.”2).over 表 示“超过”=more than.lldnside/outsideInside在.里 面-反义词:outside在.外面12.i n the wall/on the wallin the w all表 示“门窗在墙上 on the w all表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”九.不用介词的情况:1).当时间状为:tonight,today,yesterday,tomorro