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1、(一)名词概述名词用来表示人或事物的名称。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词，普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词有单复数形式，不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。在考试命题中，主要是考察可数、不可数名词的区分，以及量词修饰的使用。考试的题型主要是选择题和词性转换。另外，名词的所有格也是重要的考查部分，主要是区分，S和 o f的用法。(二)基础知识梳理1.名词复数形式的构成1)规则变化(1)般名词后面加 s。如：month-months,bird-birdso(2)以 s,ss,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词,后面加 es。如:bus-buses,boss-bosses,box-bo
2、xes,match-matches,brush-brushes o(3)以 o 结尾的名词，有的加 e s,如：patato-patatoes,mango-mangoes,tomato-tomatoes；有 的 力 口 s,如：radio-radios,zoo-zoos,piano-pianoso(4)以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 再加es。如：factory-factories,city-citieso 以元音字母加y 结尾的名词,直接加s,如:toy-toys,day-dayso(5)以 f 或 5 结尾的名词,变 f 或佗为 v 再加 es。如:knife-knives,w
3、olf-wolves(例外：roof-roofs,chiefchiefs)，scarf-scarfs scarves o2)不规则变化(1)改元音字母，构成复数。如：man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,fisherman-fishermen,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice(例 夕 卜：German-Germans,walkman-walkmans,human-humans)。(2)单复数形式样。如：sheep-sheep,Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese,deer-deer,fish-fisho(3)词尾变化。如：chil
4、d-childreno(4)只有复数形式,无单数形式的名词。如;clothes,trousers,glasses,shoeso(5)以 man和 woman构成的复合名词变复数时,要采用双复数形式。如：man tourist-men tourists,woman teacher-women teachers o2.名词的数量表达可数名词：用数词直接修饰，如：one book,three watches,200 years；与量词连用，量词与所修饰名词都要用复数形式，11：three pairs of shoes,hundreds of years；与模糊数量词连用，如：a few relati
5、ves,some people,many boys,a lot of/lots of computers，a large number of students。不可数名词：与量词连用，量词有复数形式，而不可数名词不能有复数形式。如：two loaves of bread,a bottle of water；与模糊量词连用，如：some work,a little milk,much advice/time/money,a lot of/lots of news,a large amount of information o模糊数量词修饰可数名词，有如下几个:many,a few,few,a l
6、arge number ofo模糊数量词修饰不可数名词,有如下几个:much,a little,little,huge amounts of,a great deal ofo模糊数量词既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词，有如下几个：some,any,a lot of,lots of,plenty of,enougho3.名词所有格1)表示有生命的名词所有格(1)单数名词加，s,如：Peters bag。(2)词尾有s 或 e s的 复 数 名 词 加 如：the teachers*officeo(3)不以s 或 es结尾的复数名词后仍加s”,如:Childrens Dayo(4)表示时间、
7、距离，如：todayfs newspaper,two hours*walko2)表示无生命的名词所有格,用o件名词所有格,$1 1 ：the front gate of the City Hall,a map of Chinao3）表示有生命的名词所有格，也可用ofl 名 词所有格,如：a friend of mine,a book of jane*s,a friendof Marys sisters。【注意】Peter and Marys desk表示“彼得和玛丽合用的桌子”Peters and Marys desks表示“彼得和玛丽各自的桌子”名词语法经典例题1.Tomorrow Im g
8、oing to my.I t s a.A aunt.five minutes*walk B aunts five minutes walkC aunt.five minutes walk D aunts.five minutes*walk2.A computer is one of the greatest in this century.A inventors B inventions C invitations D invention3.We havent homework to do today.A many B a lot of C few D much4.Mr.Black is a
9、teacher full o f.Y e s t e r d a y he told us his in the U.S.A experience.experience B experiences.experiencesC experience.experiences D experiences.experience5.Three hours enough for a boy to read books.A is.ten-year-old B are.ten-year-oldC is.ten-years-old D are.ten-years-old6.that pair of new exp
10、ensive?A Is.shoe B Are.shoeC Is.shoesD Are.shoes7.Linda,Ive bought ma ny.Now lets make the birthday cake.A fresh eggs B chocolate milkC frozen food D rice dumplings8.The two are my.A womans doctors.girls friends B women doctors.girls friendsC woman doctors.girl friends D women doctors.girl friends9.
11、Mr.Lin often gives us by e-mail.A some good informationC good informations10.These are houses.A Wang and my uncleC the Wangs and my uncleB some good informationsD a good informationB the Wang*s and my uncle*sD the Wangs*and my uncles11.People waste water every day.A a large number ofB a huge amount
12、ofC many D quite a lot12.They tended（照顾）_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,and buried（埋葬）_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.A wounded.deadB the wounded.deadC the wounded.the deadD wounded.the dead13.We are.They areA Chinese.GermenB Chinese.GennanC Chinese.GermanyD Chinese.Gennans14.Did you have a lot oflast weekend?A funny B funnies C f
13、un15.Which is wrong?_D funsA How many cartons of milk are there on the tables?B How much carton of milk is there on the table?C How many cartons are there on the table?D How much milk is there on the table?答案及解析1【解析】答案是D。在表达五分钟的路程时用名词所有格，虽然时间属于无生命但表达时间、距离、国家所有格时就用s 或 S，形式，又因为五分钟的表达为five minutes是复数，它
14、的所有格只要后面加，就可以了，那么排除B,C 答案，根据题意“我要去舅妈家”而不是“去舅妈”，因此又排除A。2【解析】答案是B。上面四个选项中，A 是发明家，C 是请帖，从句意看不对。由于句中有。neof.结构，可以判断出空格中要填名词的复数形式，这样就否定了 D。因此，本题答案为B。3【解析】答案是D。much修饰不可数名词，many和 fbw修饰可数名词，a lot o f即可修饰不可数名词也可修饰可数名词。homework是不可数名词，因此答案A、C 不对，又因为本句是否定句，而 a lot of只能用在肯定句中，故正确答案为D。4【解析】答案是C。experience有两个中文意思，“
15、经验”和“经历”。当表达经验时，是不可数名词，表达经历时，是可数名词。根据题意，布莱克先生是一个教学经验丰富的老师，因此此处应选experience。而后面表达他告诉我们他在美国的一些经历，是可数名词，故应选experiences。5【解析】答案是A。表达一个10岁男孩可以是a boy of ten或 a ten-year-old boy。在 C、D 答案中year后面多加了 s,故都不对。容易混淆的是three hours作主语时的单复数，我们知道3 小时是表示时间的概念，不管是几小时都作不可数名词，因此本题选A。6【解析】答案是C。鞋子是表示复数性的名词，一双鞋的表达为a pair of
16、shoes,这样可以排除答案A、B o 又因为数量表达为一双，故谓语动词用单数is而不是are。7【解析】答案是A。many修饰可数名词，而 B、C 中的milk和 fbod是不可数名词，都可排除。根据题意“我们要去做生日蛋糕”，因此需要买的东西应该是新鲜的鸡蛋而不是饺子，故选A。8【解析】答案是D。以 man和 woman构成的复合词变成复数时,要采用双复数形式，即女医生们表达为women doctors,这样可以排除A、C,而以girl和 boy构成的复合词变成复数时，只要把后面的合成词变成复数就行了，女朋友们表达为girlfHends。故 D 是正确的。9【解析】答案是A。infbrma
17、tion是不可数名词，它既没有复数形式，故可确定B、C 不对；也不可以用具体的数量a 来表达，因此D 也不对。some可以修饰可数和不可数名词，因此A 是正确答案。比较常用的不可数名词还有 news、work、advice music weather 等。1 0【解析】答案是D。空格中应填名词所有格，表达某人的房子。在表示“王家”时，应在定冠词the之后接姓的复数Wangs；在表示“王家的 时，the Wangs后面加3”，这样就成为the W angs,而表达“我舅舅的房子”就简单多了。因此选D。11【解析】答案选B。A 和 C 答案都是修饰可数名词，山于本句中water是不可数名词，因此排
18、除A、C 答案。D 答案表达不准确，修饰名词时必须是用a lot o f结构，a lot只能修饰动词，并放在动词之后，如:Thanks a lot；Help me a lot。12【解析】答案是C。一些形容词加定冠词th e,可以作名词使用，表示具有这一特征的一类人或事物。如：the young年轻人，the o ld 老人，the rich有钱人，the poor穷人。13【解析】答案是D。本题考查专有名词Chinese和 German的复数形式。Chinese“中国人”的单复数形式相同;而German“德国人 的复数形式是Germans。这种不规则的专有名词还有Japanese,deer,
19、Walkman,human o14【解析】答案是C。本题考查fun和 funny的用法。fun的意思是乐事、有趣、乐趣，是不可数名词，它没有复数形式，故 D 项是干扰项；而 funny意思是滑稽可笑的，是形容词性质的，不可能去y 加 es变为复数，故 B 项也是干扰项。根据句中修饰语a lot o f,因其后应跟名词，因此选C。15【解析】答案选B。一盒牛奶表达为a carton of m ilk,谓语动词用单数；两盒牛奶表达为two cartonso fm ilk,谓语动词用复数，因此A 项正确。C 项问的是桌上有几个纸盒，纸盒是可数名词，谓语动词用复数，也正确。D 项问桌上有多少牛奶，牛奶
20、是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数，也是正确的。所以只有B 项存在错误。强化练习()中译英1.今天的报纸3.孩子们的新书包5.很多有用的信息7.小 明的几个同学9.一张我父亲本人的照片11.三双新鞋13.大量的牙齿15.几把刀17.儿童节19.上海的天气(二)用适当的名词填空2.去他兄弟家4.中国的教育6.一群鹿8.20分钟的车程10.我阿姨的房子12.几百辆自行车14.房间的门16.一张世界地图18.许多德国人2 0.五英尺深的洞1.Most can sing this popular song.(Germany)2.Ifs my to help you with English,(please)
21、3.During his from me,I was busy inside and outside.(absent)4.He bought three of bread for breakfast,(loaf)5.The are all tall and strong,(speech)6.Lu Xun was one of the most famous at that time,(write)7.Some of people have good.(memorize)8.Please tell me the.(true)9.The of the people on the plane sur
22、prised us a lot.(die)10.1 have got Tom s.(invite)(三)选择题1.There is no in the room.A chairs B cotton C desks D books2.room is very nice.A Tom*s and Johns B Toms and JohnC Tom and Johns D Tom and John3.There is bread in my fridge.Please buy on your way home.A a little.some B a little.anyC little.some D
23、 little.any4.The park is only walk from our school.A ten-minutes B ten minutesC ten minute D ten minutes5.Thanks for your.helpful.A advices.TheyYe B advices.IfsC advice.Ifs D advice.Theyre6.-What are those women?-They are.A policewomans B policewomen C women policeman D woman policewomen7.A friend o
24、f will come to see tomorrow.A me.mine B mine.me C my me D mine.mine8.Your trousers too dirty.You must have washed.A is.it B are.it C are.them D is.them9.How many did they buy yesterday?A rice B bag of rice C bags of rices D bags of rice10.Nowadays are not always made of.A glass.glass B glasses.glass
25、 C glass.glasses D glasses.glasses参考答案()中译英1.today*s newspaper3.childrens new schoolbags5.much useful information2.go to his brothers4.Chinese education6.a group of deer7.a few classmates of Xiao Mings9.a photo of my father11.three pairs of new shoes13.plenty of teeth15.a few knives17.Childrens Day1
26、9.Shanghais weather(-)用适当的名词填空8.twenty minutes ride10.my aunts house12.hundreds of bikes14.the door of the room16.a map of the world18.many Germans20.a five-foot-deep hole1.Germans 2.pleasure 3.absence 4.loaves 5.speakers 6.writers 7.memories 8.truth 9.death 10.invitation（三）选择题l.B 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.C 6.
27、B 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.B（一）代词概述代词用来代替名词，在句中充当主语、宾语和表语，有时还可以充当定语 代词在考试命题中主要是代词格的变化、代词单复数形式以及不定代词和it的用法等。（二）基本知识梳理1.人称代词：主格作主语，宾格用作及物动词和介词的宾语。He often helps me.Who is at the door?Its me.The bicycle belongs to Tom and me.出现并列主语或宾语时，其排列顺序为：单数时是第二、第三、第一人称（简称231）即 you,he andI 或 you,her and me；复数时是第一、第二、第三人称（简称
28、123）即 we,you and they 或 us,you and them。2.物主代词：形容词性物主代词作定语，后加名词；而名词性物主:代词等于形容词性物主代词加名词。如：This is my book.=This book is mine.名词性物主代词可做主语、宾语和表语。如：Your pen is blue.Mine is blue,too.May I use your pen?I*ve lost mine.She is a classmate of his.The bike is hers.3.反身代词：用作宾语和起强调作用。1）作宾语Help yourself to some
29、cakes.I can look at myself in the mirror.They should think more of the public health than themselves.2）作强调We do homework by ourselves.I myself go to the airport to meet my uncle.4.指示代词1）this,that,these,thoseWhafs this（that）?Its a book.What are these（those）?They are books.this和 these比较靠近，that和 those稍
30、远一点。2）it的用法（1）指物：Ifs a robot.（2）指自然现象：It，s raining now,but it will be fine soon.（3）指时间：What time is it?Its 8 oclock.（4）指距离：Its twenty minutes*walk.（5）作形式主语：Its important for us to fight pollution.It took me half an hour to finish the work.Its kind of you to say so.（6）作形式宾语：We think it necessary to r
31、elax from time to time.5.不定代词1）some,anysome用于肯定句中，any用于否定句和疑问句中。如：There are some pens on the desk.There arent any pens on the desk.Are there any pens on the desk?Some are Chinese.Others are English.在表示请求、建议、反问等句子中，用 some而不是用any。如：Would you like some drink?any也可以表示任何个。如：Do you know any of her friends
32、?If you have any questions,you can ask me.2）复合不定代词：something,anything,nothing,everything,somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody,someone,anyone,no one,everyone,somewhere,anywhere,nowhere,everywhere 这些不定代词都作单数，表示“某物”、“某人”、“某地”。（1）作主语：Someone is waiting fbr you.No one is in the classroom.（2）作宾语：Have you got
33、 anything to say?Did you see anything else in the classroom?（3）不定代词被形容词修饰时，定语放在它们的后面。如：Ive got something interesting to tell you.Theres nothing new in the newspaper.3）a few,few,a little,little前两者修饰可数名词,后两者修饰不可数名词。few,little表示否定,意思是几乎没有；a few,a little表示肯定，意思是还有几个、有一点。如：There is still a little time le
34、ft,you needn*t hurry.I cant buy anything because I have little money on me.4）both（两者都,复数），all（三者以上都,复数），neither（两者都不,单数），none（三者以上都不，单复数），either（两这种人 1、单数），both.and,neither.nor,either.or（1）作主语：Both of the twins are doctors.All of them are honest.Neither of them is a doctor.None of them is/are honest
35、.(2)词组：Both Li Ping and I are students.Neither Li Ping nor I am a student.(3)作形容词：on both sides of the riveron either side of the river注意下面句子转化：Both of them are teachers.改成否定句是：Neither of them is a teacher.All of us are students.改成否定句是：None of us is a student.或：None of us are students.5)one.the othe
36、r(s)表示一个.其余的.，是有范围的；some.others表示一些.另一些是无范围的；another表示很多中的另一个，再个。如：He has two brothers.One is an engineer,the other is a writer.Some like football.Others like basketball.Some books on the shelf are in Chinese,the others in English.She will be in hospital fbr another two weeks.(她将在医院再住两星期。)代词语法经典例题1
37、John sits a mo n g.A you,me and Mary B Mary,you and IC you,Mary and me D you,Mary and I2.performed the play very well.A The both children B They both C Both two boys D Both they3.Dont worry.There is with you.A anything wrong B something wrongC nothing wrong D wrong something4.Miss Brown will teach E
38、nglish next term.A us B we C our D ours5.Merry Christmas,George!Here is a card for,with best wishes.A you.our B us.yourC you.your D us.our6.There are many high rises on side of Huaihai Road.What a magnificent view!A either B neitherC both D all7.The boy received education that he hardly write his ow
39、n name.A such little.could B so little.couldC so fbwcouldnt D such few.couldnt8.Whafs in your hand.A the other B other C another D one9.The small village is too far away.people have been there.A A few B A little C Few D LittlelO.We found important to relax ourselves.A that B its C it D this答案及解析1【解析
40、】答案是C。人称代词并列使用时，如人称代词是复数，其排列顺序与汉语顺序一样。如果人称代词是单数，则排列顺序为第二人称、第三人称、第一人称。即 you and he；you and I：he and I.此句中由于among是介词，所以代词用宾语形式，故选C。2【解析】答案是B。both是一个多词性的单词，它可以是形容词、副词也可以是代词。There are treeson both sides of the river.此句中它是形容词；He is both a singer and an actor.此句中它是副词；Both of us wantto go shopping.此句中它是代词。
41、both作为代词使用，前面不能加th e,也不能放在所指代词前面。因此，A 和 D 不对，选项C 中有both又有tw o,意思重复，也不对。因此选B。3【解析】答案是C。当形容词修饰something,angthing,nothing等复合不定代词时，其位置须放在不定代词之后。故 D 被排除，而陈述句中不可用anything,又可以排除A。根据前句Dont worry意思，可以推断 nothing wrong with y o u,故选 C。4【解析】答案是A。teach sb sth是一个常用语，sb作 teach的间接宾语，故选A。5【解析】答案是A。根据句意所要表达的向George祝愿
42、圣诞快乐，并带着我们的祝福送你一张卡。介词fbr后接宾语，best wishes前用形容词物主代词o u r,所以选A。6【解析】答案是A。因为either是单数，可以排除C,D。A 答案中on either side of表达路的任何一边都有高楼，景观是多么的壮丽，意思完全正确。而 B 答案则表达路的两边完全没有高楼，很明显意思不对。7【解析】答案是B。education是不可数名词，只能用little修饰。故排除C,D。so后面修饰形容词，such后面修饰名词。但是如果名词前有little,few,many,much修饰并表示数量多少时用s o,故本题选B。8【解析】答案是B。此句表达：你
43、的另一只手里面有什么？手一共有两只，一只，另一只的表达是onethe other，但在your后面不要the。因此选B。9【解析】答案是C。people是可数名词，而 little/a little修饰不可数名词。故排除B,D。根据题意小山村太远，因此很少人去过那儿，A few意思有儿个，fbw意思几乎没人，所以根据答案选C。10【解析】答案是C。此句it是形式宾语，真正宾语是动词不定式to relax ourselves。（一）冠词概述冠词是限定词的一种，自己不能单独使用，只能依附于一个名词帮助说明这个名词的含义。因此冠词也可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有三种形式：不
44、定冠词a（an）,定冠词（the）和零冠词（即不使用冠词）。冠词用法每次中考都会出现，主要考查：（1）名词前的定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的用法；（2）固定搭配中的冠词用法。a,an的用法区别是常考内容。序数词前及形容词最高级前或姓氏前使用定冠词也是近年来中考的常考内容。（二）基础知识梳理1.不定冠词a/a n 的用法不定冠词用来修饰单数可数名词，指人或物中的某一个或某一类，但不具体说明是何人何物。如：A famous astronaut will give us a talk the week after next,a 用在以辅音音素（不是辅音字母）开头的单词前，如：a university s
45、tudent,a European country；an用在以元音音素（不是元音字母）开头的单词前，如：an honest girl,an underground train.现将不定冠词的基本用法归纳如下：1）首次提到某人某物，不定冠词起介绍作用。如：Long long ago an old man lived in a small village.2）表示“每一”的意思，常用于表示时间、速度的名词之前，相当于every。如：ten metres a second,twice a week3）也可用于不可数的物质名词和抽象名词之前，使其具体化。如：1 would like a drink.I
46、ts a great joy to live in Shanghai.4）某些固定短语中，要用不定冠词。如：have a good time,in a hurry,have a break,for a while,a pairof,have a look,with a smile,take an active part in.2.定冠词the的用法1）指第二次提到的人或物。如：1 have a dog and a cat.The dog is brown and the cat is yellow.2）特指某人或某物。如：The old man with thick glasses is th
47、eir history teacher.3）指谈话双方都知道的人或物。如：Would you mind turning down the radio,Jim?Your father is sleeping.4）用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：The third tnick is carrying the fewest apples of all.5）用于指世界上独一无二的事物。如：The moon is far smaller than the earth.6）在江河、海洋、山脉等地理名词前及由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如：the Nile,the Pacific Ocean,the Al
48、ps,the Oriental Pearl7）用于表示方位的名词前。如：Shanghai is in the east of China.8）用在乐器名称的前面。如：I practise the piano every day after school.9）在某些形容词前加定冠词，表示一类人。如：The sick and the old should be taken good care of.10）用于姓氏复数形式之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇两人”。如：The Wangs have worked in Pudong for almost ten years.11）在某些固定短语中，需用定冠词
49、。如：In the morning,the day after tomorrow,listen to the radio,at the moment,go to the beach,by the way.3.不用冠词的情况1）在球类活动、学科名称前。如：We have Chinese,maths,and English every day.2）在节日、月份、四季、星期前。如：June 1 is Childrens Day.Its Saturday today.Its late spring now.3）名词前已有作定语的指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或数词等。如：That handbag is
50、in her car.I have several questions to ask.4）在物质名词和抽象名词前一般不加冠词。如：Milk is w hite.（比较：The milk in the cup has gone b a d.这里 the 表示特指。）5）三餐名词前通常不用冠词，如：have supper,after breakfast,但三餐名词前如果有形容词修饰时，要用不定冠词，如：a big supper,a quick breakfast 等。6）在称呼、头衔、职位前。如What can I do for you,sir.7）在某些固定词组和习惯用语中。如:by motor