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1、考研近义词、形近词辨析宝典(共9 0组)abnormal,u ncom m onabnorm al a.不正常的,反常的(但并非罕见),指行为或现象(如气候)的异常。His body tem perature has beenabnorm al for 3 days,the highestpoint reaching 40.5 degreecentigrade.他的体温三天来一直都不正常,最高的时候达到4 0.5摄氏度。uncom m on a.罕见的,不平常的,指很少经历或很少见到的状况;特别的,出色的。Hu rricanes are uncom m on inEn g I a n d.飓风
2、在英国非常罕见。That is u ncom m on instant coffee;it tastes great!那速溶咖啡质量上乘,味道好极了!abide,adhere,conform,com plyabide v.后接b y表 示“遵守,同意”。I w ill abide by the director,decision.我将遵从主任的决定。adhere v.后 接 t o 表示“遵守”。(当然adhere 一词的其它意思如“坚持;粘附”也经常被考到。)Car drivers m ust adhere to therules of driving.汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。confor
3、m v.后接to 表示“遵守,符合”。All individuals are required toconform to the law s m ade by theirgovernm ents.每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。com ply v.后接w it h 表示“遵守,服从”,用于正式的场合。Our com pany com plies withgovernm ental regulations onpaying taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。abstract,digest,outline,su m m ary这一组名词都有“要点,摘要”的意思。abstract n.概要
4、,摘要,尤其指对学术论文或法律论据作的简述。I have read the abstract of hisbook.我已经读了他的书的概要。digest n.(篇幅较长的)摘要,文摘,它是对原文的浓缩而不是对原文的简单解释,浓缩后仍保持原文的顺序、重点和风格。Readers D ig e s t 读者文摘outline n.要点,大纲,概要。She m ade an outline of ideas shewanted to present in her ta lk.她把自己要谈的想法列了一个提纲。sum m ary n.总结,摘要,指用寥寥数语概括文章或者讲话的要点,不考虑原文的风格。abs
5、urd,ridiculous这一组形容词都有“愚蠢,可笑”的意思。absurd a.荒谬的,可笑的,指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。There was an absurd idea that theearth w as flat and m otionless.过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。ridiculous a.荒唐可笑的,指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄,含有蔑视成分。11 is ridiculous to judge a foreignculture only by its food.仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。acce
6、nt,tone,dialectaccent n.口音,指某一地区语言的发音特征;重音。He speaks English with a Spanishaccent.他讲英语带有西班牙口音。tone n.语气,音调,指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。He speaks to his baby in softt。n e s.他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。dialect n.方言,土语,地方话,指一个地区人们所使用的语言。the Yorkshire dialect 约克郡方言the Sichuan dialect 四川方言accom m odate,afford,furnishaccom m od
7、ate v.提供住宿、房间;适应,迎合,迁就。This hotel can accom m odate up to500 guests.这家饭店可供5 0 0 位来宾住宿。The com pany accom m odated thecustom ers wish and sent thedelivery overnight.公司满足了顾客的愿望,连夜将货物发了出去。afford v.负担,支付;当“提供”讲时,多用于指抽象事物的提供。We cant afford that expensivesports car.我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。The tall building affords a
8、beautiful view of the ocean.从这幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。furnish v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。Reading furnishes the mind onlywith m aterials of know ledge,it isthinking that m akes w hat we readours.阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识,然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。accom plishm ent,attainm ent,achievem entaccomplishment 成就;才艺,修养。Clim bing that
9、high m ountain w asan accom plishm ent for the hikers.对于登山运动员来说,爬上了那座山就是成功。Being able to paint well is just oneof her accom plishm ents.画画得好只是她的许多才能之一。attainm ent n.指学识和造诣(常用作复数);达到,到达。a scholar of the highestattainm e n ts造诣极高的学者achievem ent n.可指抽象的“成就”,或具体的“成绩”,-accom plishm ent M同义词。acute,critica
10、l,crucial,urgentacute a.剧烈的,严重的;急性的(病)。An acute lack of food broughthunger to the I raqi people.食品严重缺乏,伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。critical a.意为“关键的”,表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点,与crucial相似。与c ru c ia l的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量;还指“批判性的,分析性的11 is critical that you study hardfor the exam or you w ill fail it.为了考好你必须用功学习,否则你会不及格的
11、。crucial a.意为“决定性的,紧要关头的,至关重要的“,最为笼统,适用于上述两种情况。I m proved consum er confidence iscrucial to an econom ic recovery.消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。urgent a.意为”紧迫的,急迫的,紧要的”,它不强调所指的问题是最重要的,仅强调“紧急的“状态。We have an urgent need for help;we are running out of w ater.我们急需要帮助,我们的水就快要用光了。adm it,confess,concedeadmit v.指由于说
12、服、再三追问而“承认”某一事实或过错。I adm it that you have a point.我承认你有理。confess v.供认(罪行、过错等),含有”坦白、招认”的意思。He confessed his crim es to thejudge.他向法官供认了他的罪行。concede v.指曾想隐瞒或不愿意承认某一错误,但由于证据确凿而不得不勉强承认,还可以指”以退为进”的承认。The m an who caused the accidentfinally conceded to the police thathe had done it.造成这次交通事故的人最终向警察承认他是肇事人
13、。aggravate,reinforce,strengthen,intensify这一组动词都有“力 口 强”的意思。aggravate v.力 口 重(负担、罪行、病情等),使之恶化。I hurt my foot,then aggravated itby trying to walk too soon.我的脚受伤了,而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。reinforce v.增援,一般用于军队或警察的行动;(以添加材料等)加固。A police officer saw three thievesrobbing a bank and radioed toreinforce him.一位警察看到三个盗
14、贼抢劫银行,用无线电话要求增援。increase v.指数量上的增加。The num ber of people hasin creased.人数增加了。strengthen v.加强,巩固,增强,相当于 to becom e stronger oExercising every day strengthensthe heart.每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。Com p e titio n,they believe,strengthens the nationalcharacter rather than corrupt it.人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。intensify v.使变
15、得更强烈、剧烈,加剧,相当于 to becom e more intense orintensive ointensify colors 加深色彩intensify hatred 加深仇恨alert,cautious,considerate这一组形容词都表示“小心的,谨慎的“。alert a.警惕的,留神的。The hostess rem ained standing,alert to every guests drinkingneed.女主人一直站在旁边,时刻准备给大家斟酒。cautious a.细心的,谨慎的。He has a cautious attitude aboutspending
16、 m oney.在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。considerate a.关心他人的,体贴的。He is alw ays considerate ofothers;he is kind andsym pathetic.他总是很体谅他人,并且慈祥而富有同情心。alive,live,living,lively这一组形容词都跟“活”有关。alive a.活着的,有活力的,常作表语,作定语时必须后置。After the accident,he was barelyalive.交通事故后,他奄奄一息。all m an a liv e 所有活着的人live a.活的,有活力的,现场直播的。We watched
17、 the live broadcast ofthe opera on TV.我们通过电视观看了这部歌剧的实况。living a.活着的,作定语可前可后,可修饰人也可修饰物。Who is the w orlds greatest livingartist?谁是现在还健在的世界上最伟大的艺术家?living room 起居室lively a.活泼的,栩栩如生的。She is a lively young girl,alwayslaughing and doing things.她是个活泼可爱的小姑娘,总是欢声笑语忙个不停。alleviate,dim inish,reduce,decrease,de
18、cline这一组动词都有“减少,减轻”的意思。alleviate v.在痛苦方面的减轻,缓和The painkiller alleviated the pain.止疼药减缓了疼痛。dim inish v.指因为不断消耗,在数量方面缓慢减少,也指在素质或者价值的下降。The supply of oil has dim inishedbecause of the w a r.由于战争石油的供应减少了。reduce v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。He reduced the am ou nt of moneythey could spend.他缩减了他们的开销。decrease v
19、.指数量上的减少;力量或者强度的减弱。The population decreased a lotlast year.去年人口数量急剧下降。decline v.(数目、价格、比率)下降;谢绝,婉言推辞;衰退,衰落。Last year,the crim e rate inChicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。He declined our invitation todinne r.他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。allocate,separate,detach,divide这一组动词都有“分开”的意思。allocate v.分配,把.拨给。The ci
20、ty governm ent allocatedmoney for schools and the policein this years budget.市政府在今年的预算中给学校和警察部门分配了资金。separate v.人为地分开,使隔离开。We separated the salad forksfrom the dinner forks.我们把沙拉叉与餐叉分隔开。detach v.拆开组合的物体;远 离,疏远。We need a carpenter to detachthis bookshelf from the w all.我们需要一名木匠将书架从墙上拆下来。divide v.指将整体
21、分为若干个部分。The huge corporation divided intosm aller com panies.这家特大公司分成一些较小的公司。am p lify,enlarge,stretch,m agnify,reinforce,expandam plify v.扩大,增加,尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大;补充叙述(故事、事件等)。We m ust ask you to am plify yourstatem ent.我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。enlarge v.扩大,多指具体物品如相片的放大。enlarge photograph 放大照片enlarge a hou
22、se 扩建房屋stretch v.(有弹性地)伸展,延伸,并有可能超过限度;伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)oThe pullover stretched after I hadworn it a few tim es.这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。Having finished their m orningwork,the clerks stood up behindtheir desks,stretchingthem selves.完成了早间工作之后,职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。magnify v.放大,指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。His ey
23、eglasses m agnify words sohe can read them.他借助眼镜把字放大以便能够阅读。reinforce v.增援,加固。expand v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大,也可以指内容或细节的充实。The balloon expanded,thenexploded.气球先是膨胀,然后就爆破了。anger,fury,indignation,resentm ent这一组名词都有“愤怒、生气”的意思。anger n.气愤,生气,是一般用语。After their argum ent,heexpressed his anger by punchingthe other m a
24、n in the face.争吵之后,他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。fury n.暴怒,大怒,程度较a ng e r要强。indignation n.义愤,尤其指出于道义上的激愤。Arise/arouse/attract generalindignation at the sudden steeprise in bus fa re s公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤resentm ent n.愤恨,怨恨,不满,是正式用语,尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。There w as a feeling of resentm entin the office after everyone
25、s paywas low ered.大家的工资降低后,办公室里怨声载道。apparent,evident,m anifest,obvious,distinct这一组形容词都有“明显的”之意。apparent a.明显的,显而易见的,尤其指容易观察到或认识到的事物。He is very unhappy,and it isapparent that he wants to leavenow.他很不高兴,显然他现在想走了。evident a.明白的,明显的,与apparent基本同意,多用于推理或由事实证明的事物。11 is evident that he is guilty;hisfingerpr
26、ints were found at thecrim e scene.显然他是有罪的,在犯罪现场发现了他的指纹。manifest a.清楚的,明显的,多指根据外部特征或迹象便能看出或了解其意义,常作表语。Her ability is m anifest,but she isnot attractive.她才能出众,但长相并不动人。obvious a.明显的,显而易见的,含有无可辩白,不需证明之意。11 is obvious that woman has hadtoo m uch to d rin k.很显然,那个妇女酒喝的太多了。distinct a.清楚的,明显的;不同的,独特的。修饰性质明
27、显不同的东西。Medical care has m ade a distinctim provem ent in his health.治疗已使他的健康有了明显的好转。applaud,clap,com mend,praiseapplaud v.鼓掌,赞扬,指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许,大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。The boss applauded my efforts bypraising my w o rk.老板表扬了我的工作,对我的努力表示赞许。clap v.拍 打,其 用 法 是clap oneshand=a p p la u d,不 能 说 applaudones handSocla
28、p sb.为某人鼓掌,clap sth.拍打某物com m end v.为正式用词,用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖,通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。The teacher com m ended thestudent for doing well on theexam.老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。praise v.为一般用词,用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕;赞颂,赞美。A supervisor praised theem ployee for her good w ork.一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。Survivors of the crash praisedGod for sa
29、ving them.坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。area,district,region,zone这一组名词都有“区域”的意思。area n.泛指面积较大的地区;面积;专业领域。The New York area has high rents.纽约地区房租很高。district n.行政区划的小范围地区。如Xicheng D is tric t北京西城区region n.行政区划上更大的地区,如 自治区”;身体部位。The northeast region of the USAincludes New York and the sixNew England states.美国东北部包括
30、纽约和新英格兰地区的那六个州。zone n.指特定的地方、地带。The city passed a law to create abusiness zone on some em ptyI and.市政府通过法律,在一些空地上开辟商业区。assem bly,conference,congress,rally,sem inar,session,sum m it,sy m posium这一组名词都表示“会议”的意思。assem bly n.集合,集会。The assem bly of students takesplace in thea u d i t。r i u m.学生们在大礼堂举行集会。c
31、onference n.(专门性的)会议,讨论会。The conference on internationaleconom ic problem s m et inGen eva.关于世界经济问题的会议在日内瓦召开。congress n.代表大会,(美国的)国会。Congress passes laws that m ustbe obeyed by the people.美国国会通过的法律,人民一定要遵守。rally n.(鼓舞士气的)集会;群众性集会。The football coach called a rally tobuild up the team s excitem entfor
32、 the next gam e.足球教练召开了一个动员会,以便鼓舞士气打好下次比赛。sem inar n.(大学的)研究班,研讨会。During summer vacations someteachers attend sem inars atcollege.暑假里,一些教师在学院里参加研究班。session n.(一届)会议,回合。the autumn session of Parliam ent议会的秋季会议sum m it n.最高级会议,峰会(通常为领导人参加)oNext year,the summ it w ill be heldin Vienna.明年将在维也纳举行最高级会谈。sy
33、m posium n.(学术、科研方面的)座谈会,专题报告会。The sym posium on SARS researchlasted two days.非典型性肺炎研究的研讨会持续了两天。assessm ent,estim ate,evaluation这一组名词都有“评估”的意思。assessm ent n.评估,估价,常常表示对于财产、价值的评估。We have a low assessm ent on ourp r。p e r t y.我们对我们的资产评估很低。e s t i m a t e n.估计,强调进行评估得出的结果,常与动词g iv e 搭配。The m echanic ga
34、ve m e a roughestim ate of two or three hundreddollars for the repairs to m y car.机械师给我的汽车修理费的粗略估计是2 0 0或3 0 0美元。evaluation n.(对于能力,价值、工作业绩的)评价,估价,常带有肯定的、正确的含义。He gave a positive evaluation ofour scientific research.他对于我们的科学研究给予了积极的评价。associate,ally,com bine,unite这一组词都有“联合”的意思。associate v.交往,结交;联系,联
35、想。多指平等友好的合作,后 接w ith,表示与某人交往或合作,后 接in表示在某个方面合作。We associate with our neighborsat church.在教堂里,我们同邻居交往。ally v.使结盟,使联姻,多与w ith搭配。Several political parties alliedwith each other against highertaxes.几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。com bine v.联合,化合,混合,多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。The girl com bined sugar,butter,and flour to
36、m ade the dough.小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。unite v.联合,合并,团结,尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体,强调结果的一致性。The nation united against itsenem y.国民团结一致共同对敌。award,rewardaward v.指正式地或官方地颁发,授予,给予;也可以指法庭裁决给予。后面可跟双宾语。The school principal awarded aprize in history to the beststudent.学校校长将历史奖授予最出色的学生。reward v.酬劳,奖赏,回报,通常指因做了某一件事或提供了某种服务
37、而应得到报酬或酬谢,其后一般以人或人的行为作宾语。后跟w ith用来说明以何物作为报酬。I w ill reward to the person whoreturns my lost dog.我将出 50 美元,酬谢帮我找回丢失的狗的人。aw are,consciousaware a.知道的,意识到的,强调感官对外界事物的意识。He w as aw are of his m istake.他意识到自己的错误。conscious a.有意识的,意识到的,一般指内心所意识到的。The salesm an is conscious of thefact that he m ust increase
38、sales.销售员意识到他必须增加销售量。basic,elem entary,fundam entalbasic a.基本的,基础的,既可用于具体事物,也可用于抽象事物。He has a basic understanding ofthe problem.他对问题有基本的了解。elem entary a.初 步 的,初 级 的。elem entary school 小学fundam ental a.根本性的,一般只用于抽象的事物;必要的,必须的。Honesty is a fundam entalprinciple in dealing with others.诚实是与别人相处的基本原则。bew
39、 ilder,puzzle,confuse,em barrass这一组词都有“迷惑”的意思。bewilder v.使困惑,使茫然,强调非常困惑,通常表现为心理和智力的紊乱,语气最重。He was fired w ithout warning andis com pletely bew ildered aboutthe reason.他没有得到事先警告就被开除了,完全不明白是什么原因。When the farm ers visited the cityfor the first tim e,they werebew ildered by its com plicatedtraffic syste
40、m.当这些农夫们第一次到城里的时候,他们对城市复杂的交通系统感到迷惑不解。puzzle v.使迷惑,感到不解,强调不理解或解决不了。Where the sunken treasure ispuzzles explorers.沉没宝藏的下落令探险家们大惑不解。confuse v.一般用语,使混乱,使糊涂,强调因混淆而使人产生迷乱。He sent the wrong reportsbecause he confused them withother ones.他发错了报告,因为他把它们同另外一些报告混淆在一起了。em barrass v.使窘迫,使为难,使困惑,有令人不快、难为情和内心混乱的意味。
41、Her boyfriend em barrassed herby teasing her about her newhairstyle in front of others.她的男友在别人面前嘲笑她的新发型,使她感到难堪。blame,condem n,reproach,scold这一组动词都有“责留 的意思。blame v.责怪,把 归咎于。You can*t blam e anyone in caseyou fail the exam.万一你考试不及格,你不能怪罪任何人。condem n v.谴责,用于比较正式的、严肃的场合。The w ife condem ned her husbandf
42、or drinking too m uch.妻子因丈夫贪杯而责怪他。reproach v.(书面语)责备,表示不满。His teacher reproached him fornot doing his hom ew ork.老师责备他不做作业。scold v.责骂,训斥。blunder,error,m istake这一组词都表示“错误 Oblunder n.(因为无知、疏忽犯下的)大错,愚蠢的错误。I think that I com m itted a blunderin asking her because she seem edvery upset by m y question.这位
43、女士由于我的问题感到很难过,我感觉到犯了一个大错。error n.指判断、计算或行为上的错误,也可指智力或道义上的错误。The accident was the result ofhum an error.这事故是人为的错误造成的。m istake n.误会,误解;(粗心、遗忘所导致的)错误。I took your bag instead of mine bym istake.我错拿了你的手提包。brittle,fragile,frail,crisp,invalid这一组形容词都有“弱”的意思。brittle a.易碎的,易损坏的,通常是指坚硬的东西。The bones of elderly
44、peoplebecome brittle and easily broken.老年人的骨头变得脆弱,很容易骨折。fragile a.常常修饰使用时必须小心才不会破碎的东西,也引申为体弱的,虚弱的。He H feeling a bit fragile after lastnights p a rty.他参加了昨晚的聚会以后,现在感觉有些虚弱。frail a.(指人)体弱的,虚弱的,也可以指东西易碎的。His mother has grow n old andfrail.他母亲已经年老体弱。crisp a.指食品的松脆;清新的,爽快的;活跃的,有生气的,干净利落的。crisp b iscu it松
45、脆的饼干The student gave a clear,crispanswer to the teachers question.学生干净利落地回答了老师的问题。invalid a.不正确的,缺乏证据的;无效的,作废的。作名词时,表示病弱者,伤残者,久病者。Your ideas about the first hum ansare interesting but invalid.你关于最早的人类的观点很有意思,但是缺乏证据。A bad car accident m ade him ani n v a I i d.一次严重的车祸使他变成了残疾。boundary,border,frontier,
46、rim,verge这几个名词都有“边界”的意思。boundary n.边界;界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。The fence m arks the boundarybetween my land and hers.这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。border n.较宽的边缘,边界,多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带;也可以指物体的边缘等。We crossed the Mexican bordersinto the USA.我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。frontier n.边界,边境,边疆,指靠近边界(boundary)的区域;也可引申为“未开发的领域“,”(学术的)前沿“
47、等。The Am erican West w as still afrontier a century ago.一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。She is a biochem ist who works onthe frontiers of biology.她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。rim n.边,边缘,尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。verge n.(道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘,引申为“某事即将发生之际“。on the verge of w a r战争爆发之际brief,concise,curt,succinct这一组形容词都有“简短的”意思。brief a.简明扼要的,简短的,
48、指时间短暂,办事利索,态度明了等;有时含有“虽短但却不失全面”的意味。The m anager m ade a briefstatem ent to open the m eeting.经理致了简短的开幕词。concise a.(文字等的)简要、精练,常含有保留主要部分的意思。His letter was concise,om ittingeverything not pertinent to thejo b.他的信写得简明扼要,省略掉了所有与该项工作无关的部分。curt a.三言两语的,简短的,常含有”草率”的意思。He asked his boss a question,butgot a
49、curt reply,”1 have no tim efor you now!”他问老板一个问题,但是老板草率的说:“我没时间搭理你。”succinct a.简明的,简洁的,简练的,尤指用词简练,除含有concise的意思外,还有经过压缩的或简化的意思。succinct sum m ary of theargum ent论点的概要certify,rectify,testify,verify这是一组形近易混词。certify v.证明,声称是真的。He certified it w as his w ifeshandw ritin g.他证明那是他妻子的手迹。rectify v.改正,纠正;整顿
50、。He rectified the m istake in thecontract by changing its wording.他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错。testify V.(在法庭上)宣誓作证;表明。He is the only person who cantestify in this case,because theother w itnesses were killedm yst er io u sly.由于其他的证人已经被神秘地杀害,他成为这件案例中唯一可以作证的人。verify v.(用事实)证实或核实。I verified the stores address byca