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1、考研写作讲义北京新东方学校王江涛()1、Dear Sir or Madam,2 Dear Mr.Wang,Dear Bob,Dear Editors,Dear Mr.Whitman/Ms.Monroe,(二)1、1)(1)I am a staff member from your company/corporation.I am a staff member from Motorola(China)Electronics Ltd.(2)I am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from theDepartmen
2、t of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University.2)(1)1 am writing the letter for purpose of resigning from my currentpost/position.(2)I am writing to inform you that I wish to request if you could help me finda potential beneficiary of Project Hope.2、1)2)3)3、1)(1)My appreciation to you fo
3、r your generous help is beyond words.(2)Words fail me when I wish to express my sincere gratitude to you.(3)I take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kindassistance you render me.2)(1)I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.(2)I look forward to a favorable reply at your
4、 earliest convenience.(3)Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.(Yours sincerely,Li Ming二、1.Directions:You live in a room in college which you share with another student.You find it very difficultto work there because your roommate always has friends visiting and has parties
5、 in the room.Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college to1)ask for a new room next term,2)prefer a single room,and3)expl ain your reasons.Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concernregarding/concerning/as regards accommodation.I would prefer
6、to move into a single roomnext semester,as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommates inconsideratebehavior.For one thing,his friends are constantly visiting him;for another,he regularly holdsnoisy parties.Tb solve this p
7、roblem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut,I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned.I am sure you will agree that theonly solution for me is to move into a room of my own.Therefore,I would be grateful if youcould find a single room for me,preferably n
8、ot in the same building but as near to the collegecampus as possible.Yours sincerely,Li Ming2.Directions:You want to study at a certain foreign university.Write a letter to1)ask about the situation there as regards accommodation and fees,2)possible scholarships,and3)what qualifications one needs for
9、 acceptance.Dear Sir or Madam,I am a Chinese student who wishes to apply for admission into your prestigiousuniversity.My plan is to start my course next term,and I would be grateful if you would bekind enough to provide me with certain essential information.First,what qualifications do I need to fo
10、llow a course of study at your university?Ialready have a bachelors degree from Beijing Foreign Studies University,but I wonder if thereare any further academic requirements.Second,how much are the tuition fees?Although Iintend to be self-supporting,I would be interested to hear if there are any sch
11、olarships availablefor international students.Third,what is the situation as regards accommodation?I look forward to your reply,and to attending your esteemed institution.Yours sincerely,Li Ming3.Dear Mr.Byron,I am a senior from the Department of Business Administration of Tsinghua University.Iam wr
12、iting the letter in purpose of applying for your recently advertised position for a staffmembenI am sure that I am qualified for it.Tb begin with,enclosed with my resume,whichfurther details my previous academic qualifications and work experiences.In addition,notonly do my qualifications and experie
13、nces make me an ideal candidate for it,my cheerfulpersonality is well suited to working as a staff member.Last but not least,my hobbiesinclude sports and music.I would appreciate it if you could grant me an interview so that I could explain in moredetails in person the relevance of my educational ba
14、ckground and working experiences.Yours sincerely,Li Ming4.Directions:You are the president of a company.Write a memo to Percy Shelley,the vice-president on theemployee training on computer,telling him the need to train the employees,detailed information,and ask him to write a plan.Date：January 8,201
15、1To：Percy Shelley,Vice PresidentFrom：Li Ming,PresidentSubject：Computer Training of the StaffAs we discussed earlier this week,I agree with you that our firm is faced up withproblem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff.We need to make up a plan fortraining our employees in the new fie
16、ld.I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program.We had betterclassify the employees and put them through the program in turn.Write up a brief proposal,describing what you think the program should coven Assumethe class runs four hours a week for ten weeks.Also,assume people h
17、ave no prior computerknowledge or any formal course work in computer science.(108 words)参 考 译 文1、尊敬的先生或女士：我写信是为了表达关于住宿的不满。由于我发现目前的居住状况很不方便，我想下学期搬到一个单间。我需要解释的是，我不满的原因是我室友不体谅的行为。首先，他的朋友经常来访。其次，他经常举办一些吵闹的聚会。为了解决这个问题，我希望引起有关当局的注意。我相信您也会同意，唯一的解决措施是搬到一个我自己的房间。因此，如果您可以给我找一个最好不在同楼，但离校园越近越好的单间，我将非常感谢。您真诚的，李明
18、2.尊敬的先生或女士：我是一名中国学生，希望向您这所著名大学申请入学。我计划下学期开始我的课程，如果您能好心提供些基本信息，我将非常感谢。首先，我在您的大学听课需要什么条件？我已经从北京外国语大学获得学士学位，但我想知道是否有进一步的学术要求。其次，学费是多少？尽管我打算自费，但我想了解一下是否国外学生可以获得奖学金。最后，住宿情况怎么样？我期待着您的答复，并且希望进入您这所著名大学。您真诚的，李明3.尊敬的拜伦先生：我是清华大学工商管理系大四的学生。我写这封信是为了申请您最近招聘的职员职位。我确信自己胜任该职位。首先，随信附上的简历进一步详述了我以前的学历和工作经历。其次，不仅我的资历和经历
19、使我成为合适的人选，我开朗的个性也非常适合做一名职员。最后，我的爱好包括体育和音乐。非常感谢您能给予面试机会，以便我当面更加详细说明我的教育背景与工作经历。您真诚的，李明4.日期：2011年 1 月 8 日致：波西雪莱，副总裁自：李明，总裁主题：员工计算机培训正如我们本周早期讨论的那样，我同意你的看法：我们公司正在面临员工高比率电脑盲的问题。我们需要制定一个计划，在这个新的领域培训员工。我想让你制定我们自己的内部计算机培训计划。我们最好把员工分类，让他们轮流参加这个项目。写一个简要的计划，涵盖你认为这个项目需要包括的内容。假定培训为十周，每周四小时。同时假定员工在计算机方面没有任何预先的知识或
20、没有参加过正式课程。-、1、Directions:Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words onANSWER SHEET 2.（10 points）金融危机金融危机又称金融风暴，是指一个国家或几个国家与地区的全部或大部分金融指标（如 I：短期利率、货币资产、证券、房地产、土地（价格）、商业破产数和金融机构倒闭数）的急剧、短暂和超周期的恶化。金融危机可以分为货币危机、债务危机、银行危机等类型。近年来的金融危机越来越呈现出某种混合形式的特征。金融危机的特征是人们基于经济未来
21、将更加悲观的预期，整个区域内货币币值出现幅度较大的贬值，经济总量与经济规模出现较大的损失，经济增长受到打击。往往伴随着企业大量倒闭，失业率提高，社会普遍的经济萧条，甚至有些时候伴随着社会动荡或国家政治层面的动荡。金融危机的产生大多数情况是由经济泡沫引起的，而产生危机的背景非常复杂，有多方面的因素。以 21世纪最大的美国金融危机为例，追根溯源，主要有以下几方面促因。（1）美国的消费习惯。借 钱（贷款）消费是普遍的生活方式。年轻人收入少，但消费多；老年人退休后享受优越的退休金，但消费相对少。所以，年轻人多借钱消费（包括向父母借钱，这与中国不同）。而且，美国发达、完善的信用体制使几乎所有人的消费靠借
22、钱来完成。而从储蓄模式来看，美国人的储蓄率历来很低，近年来，一直在零储蓄率上徘徊。要消费，只能靠借钱。经济增长模式。美国的经济增长主要依靠消费驱动。其消费率长期为70%左右，投资率为15%左右，国际贸易方面严重入超。（2）经济管理思想。自上世纪70年代发生经济“滞涨”以后，凯恩斯主义的“国家干预”政策遭到新古典自由主义的强烈批评，此后，新自由主义思潮受到追捧。80年代的“华盛顿共识”所倡导的“经济自由、私有化、减少管制”成为指导西方国家经济走向的主要道具。（3）经济环境与具体政策工具。美国2 0 0 0年后陷入高科技泡沫破裂后的短暂衰退之中，在美联储前主席格林斯潘的主持下，连 续13次大幅度消
23、减联邦基准利率，从最高6.5%下降到1%,强行向市场注入流动性资金，扼住了经济下滑，也拉动了美国房地产连续多年繁荣。这正是这次次贷危机乃至金融危机爆发的直接导火线。在21世纪的最初几年里，同样的低利率政策，为什么美国偏偏房地产行业得以相对发展，而不是其他行业呢？原因是：网络等高科技产业高速发展导致的泡沫破灭后，进入一个成长停滞期，抑制了大量资金对该行业的投入；20世纪六、七十年代，随着劳动力成本的不断提升，美国制造业，尤其是劳动密集型产业大量外移，形成国内产业空心化，加之服务业在繁荣之后的替代更新需要一定的时滞期，所以，这些行业投资机会较少。而且，从90年代开始，美国的房产一直处于稳定的状态。
24、在这种情况下，流动性资金开始注入该行业。（1 0 3 4字）2、D i r e c t i o n s:R e a d t h e fo l l o w i n g C h i n e s e t e xt a n d w r i t e a n a b s t r a c t o f i t i n 8 0-1 0 0 E n g l i s h w o r d s o nANSWER S H E E T 2.（1 0 p o i n t s）改变市场还是适应市场身处一个充满着不确定性因素的市场环境，企业是去改变它，还是去适应它？长期以来，这一直是企业管理者所面临的最为关键的企业发展策略选择
25、之一。在某种程度上，这种选择就像一场赌博。这种选择不仅严酷，而且无法回避，要么去改变市场，要么去适应市场，对大多数企业而言，这两种策略选择都是排他的。如果你想静待不确定性消失而后动，则可能会白白丧失一个获得先发优势的良机。改变市场和适应市场这两种策略在实践中表现为不同的形式。一般来讲，市场的改变者往往会通过促使整个行业的行为方式发生变化而控制不确定性。为了做到这一点，有的企业会设法使自己的技术或业务流程成为新的行业标准；另外一些企业会致力于引进创新的产品、服务以及业务系统来重新定义行业竞争的基础，在这方面，美国西南航空公司采取低价和点到点空运模式，戴尔公司率先实施直销策略等，都是很好的例子；还
26、有一些市场改变者通过大胆的兼并或收购来重组不稳定的行业环境，这方面的例子也不少见。与市场改变者不同的是，市场适应者总是把现在和未来的行业市场结构和竞争行为当做是已有的外部环境。当市场稳定时,市场适应者试图在现存的行业市场结构之内谋求一个有利的位置。而当不确定性增加时，他们会根据市场的变化借助速度和灵活性来获得机会。一些市场适应者可能会通过及时地紧跟一个潜在的市场领导者的引导来获得市场先机;还有一些市场适应者会通过在产品、服务和业务系统方面进行不断的试验来逐步确定自己的策略。市场适应者采取的另一种办法是，建立一个高度灵活的组织来应对市场的变化，他们不断地招聘和培养成熟的具有管理技能的员工不管市场
27、如何变化，这样的员工对客户来讲都是有价值的。企业应该采取改变市场的策略还是适应市场的策略，在很大程度上取决于环境不确定性的程度和性质。简单地讲，当不确定性较高，而企业能对其中的变数施加影响时，改变市场的策略往往奏效；当创造价值的主要因素相对稳定，而相关变数不能为企业所控制时，适应的策略才是应该优先考虑的。这其中的道理是显而易见的。在一个高度不确定的市场，技术标准正在变化，竞争者出入不定，而消费者也还没有锁定自己喜爱的品牌。这样的市场环境为改变策略的实施提供了很大的空间，一次大型的兼并，一项果断的技术投资，一个强有力的产品捆绑策略，都很有可能会使混乱的市场格局变得井然有序，而新的市场格局对实施改
28、变策略的企业当然是极为有利的。然而，在实践中，当面临着高度不确定性的环境时，企业的决策者总是偏向于采取适应的市场策略。之所以如此，部分原因在于决策者们习惯于依靠像波特的五种竞争力框架之类的理论工具来指导决策。对于相对稳定的市场，运用这类理论工具能够对未来的市场产生深刻的洞察力，然而，对于复杂多变的市场，这类工具却很少能为决策者准确判断未来的市场提供有力的支持。而要想成为一个成功的市场改变者，对未来有一个准确的预见是至关重要的。应该指出的是，即使是最优秀的企业也不可能在任何情况下都采取改变市场的策略并且获得成功。一个成功的市场改变者必须具备很多品质，如；对未来发展的洞见、良好的声誉、特定领域的领
29、导地位、一流的技术或创新的能力，以及操作上的娴熟等。并非所有的企业都具备这些品质。企业决策者往往以为，适应市场的策略是一个容易实施的选择。这种想法是错误的。首先，这种想法使得经理人员以为，适应市场的策略并不像改变市场的策略那样需要较强的财务和心理承受力。其实并非如此。对于一个市场的适应者而言，要不断地进行产品服务等方面的试验，还要建立一个灵活的组织，这些都需要极大的财务上和心理上的承受能力；其次,这种想法会使经理人员以为，实施适应市场的策略只需消极而不是积极的管理就能成功。其实，一个市场的适应者也必须在捕捉机会、规避风险和 业务调整等方面有相当的技巧，而这远远不是消极的管理所能做到的。（1 5
30、 6 1字）参考答案1.1）中文摘要金融危机又称金融风暴，是指一个国家或几个国家与地区的金融指标的急剧恶化。金融危机可以分为货币危机、债务危机、银行危机、次贷危机等类型。金融危机的特征是人们基于经济未来将更加悲观的预期，整个区域内货币币值出现幅度较大的贬值。产生危机的背景非常复杂，主要有以下几方面促因。（1）美国的消费习惯。借钱消费是普遍的生活方式。（2）经济管理思想。新“自由主义”思潮受到追捧。（3）经济环境与具体政策工具。（1 9 4字）2）参考范文Financial CrisisFinancial crisis,also known as financial tsunami,refers
31、 to the dramatic deterioration ofthe financial indicators of a certain country or several countries and regions in the world.Itcan be classified as currency crisis,debt crisis,banking crisis,sub-loan crisis,etc.Thefeature of the crisis is that people are pessimistic about the economic future because
32、 ofmonetary depreciation occurring throughout the region.The causes for the crisis arecomplicated with multiple reasons,mainly from three aspects,i.e.,the U.S.consumptionhabits of borrowing,the idea of free economic management,and the economic environmentand specific policy instruments.(99 words)2.1
33、)中文摘要身处一个充满着不确定性因素的市场环境，企业是去改变它，还是去适应它？长期以来，这一直是企业管理者所面临的最为关键的企业发展策略选择之一。改变市场和适应市场这两种策略在实践中表现为不同的形式。一般来讲，市场的改变者往往会通过促使整个行业的行为方式发生变化而控制不确定性。与市场改变者不同的是，市场适应者总是把现在和未来的行业市场结构和竞争行为当作是已有的外部环境。企业应该采取改变市场的策略还是适应市场的策略，在很大程度上取决于环境不确定性的程度和性质。企业决策者往往以为，适应市场的策略是一个容易实施的选择。这种想法是错误的。(263字)2)参考范文Changing the Market
34、or Adapting to ItIn face of a market environment full of uncertain factors,should an enterprise changeit,or to adapt to it?This is a question which has confronted business managers in makingtheir development strategies for long.Actually,these two strategies represent different formsin practice.Unlik
35、e those who try to control the uncertainty by changing the behavior mode of thewhole business,adaptors always regard the market structure and competitive behavior as a givenexternal environment.Whether an enterprise should take the strategy of changing the marketenvironment or adapting to it depends
36、 largely on the environmental uncertainty and its nature.It is wrong to believe that the adaptive strategy is an easy job.(114 words)3.1)中文摘要2 0 世纪50年代初以来，经济全球化获得迅猛发展。简单归纳，其原因主要包括以下几个方面.全球化的技术基础。科技进步为全球化快速发展提供了物质基础和技术手段。全球化的经济基础。首先，市场经济体制成为世界各国发展经济的首选。其次，力量不断壮大的跨国公司成为经济全球化的中坚力量。最后，国际经济组织是经济全球化发展的组织保
37、障。(155 字)2)参考范文(1)Main Reasons of Economic GlobalizationSince the early 1950s,economic globalization has been developing rapidly.Brieflyspeaking,its reasons mainly include the following ones.The first reason is the technicalfoundation of economic globalization.Advancements in science and technology
38、haveprovided the material basis and the technical means for the rapid development ofglobalization.The second reason is the economic foundation of globalization.Firstly,themarket economy has become the first choice of promoting economy for every country in theworld.Secondly,multinationals which are e
39、xpanding continuously have become the center ofeconomic globalization.Lastly,international economic organizations have been the organicsafeguards for the development of economic globalization.(104 words)(2)Fundamental Causes of Economic GlobalizationEconomic globalization has been progressing rapidl
40、y since the beginning of the 1950s.Several factors have contributed to such development.Firstly,advancements in science andtechnology have offered a technical foundation by providing the material basis and thetechnical means.Meanwhile,a solid economic foundation for such a globalization has beenlaid
41、 by the market economy which is prevailing over the world.Others factors include thepillaring and propelling role of multinationals in micro-economic operations,the evergrowing coordinating and controlling power and function exercised by such internationaleconomic organizations as WTO,IMF and WB in
42、the international trade and financed 100words)4.1)(1)In the first paragraph of the dissertation,the author highlights that due attention has to bepaid to.在本文的第一段，作者强调我们必须充分重视。(2)In the beginning of the essay,the writer clings to the idea that we should attach utmostsignificance to the issue o f.在本文开
43、头，作者坚持认为我们应该充分重视这一问题。(3)To begin with,the purpose of the writer is to show us that.is of great significance,yet thethought-provoking implications conveyed should be taken more carefully.首先，作者的目的是告诉非常重要，然而我们应该认真对待所传达的发人深思的含义。(4)From the dissertation,the writer wants to convey such a message:utmost im
44、portance shouldbe attached to.从这篇文章中，作者想要表达这一信息：我们应该充分重视%(5)Currently,there is a widespread concern regarding the previously neglected issue o f.目前，人们开始广泛关注之前被忽视的.这一问题。2)(1)There are many/different/several main/primary/fundamental reasons/causes/factors for thissignificant/vital/crucial issue.这个重要问题
45、有几个主要原因。(2)It is no simple job to give the reason for this deep-seated tendency which involves severalcauses.这一深刻的趋势涉及诸多因素，找到个中原因并非易事。(3)It is no easy task to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which involves manyfactors.这个复杂的现象涉及很多因素，找到个中原因并非易事。(4)Some driving factors that contribute t
46、o the above-mentioned issue may be summarized asfollows.促成上述问题的一些主要原因可以概括如下。(5)There are a great many primary reasons responsible for the aforementioned tendency.很多主要原因造成了上述趋势。3)(1)On the one hand,among the most convincing causes identified by people,one should bestressed,that is.一方面，在被人们确定的最有力的原因中，
47、一点原因应该得到重视，那就是。(2)For one thing,the past several decades have witnessed a thought-provoking socialphenomenon that.has been arising from all over the world.一方面，过去几十年目睹了一个发人深思的社会现象：在世界各地出现。(3)In the first place,as is demonstrated in the essay,.enjoys a striking popularity around theglobe.一方面，正如文中所示，在全
48、球非常流行。(4)To begin with,a clear correlation is suggested that.has exerted tremendously profoundinfluence on the development of our society.首先，我们可以清楚地看出：.对我们社会的发展产生了非常深远的影响。(5)Above all,we may look into every possible reason except the leading cause,which is.首先，我们可以研究每个可能的原因，而最主要原因就是.%4)(1)On the othe
49、r hand,the dissertation also subtly reflects the social phenomenon that.isprevalent nowadays.另一方面，本文也敏锐揭示了这一社会现象：.在当今也很盛行。(2)For another,as far as the author is concerned,.is of utmost importance to both our societyand ourselves.另一方面，作者认为 对我们社会和我们自己都意义重大。(3)In the second place,the author illustrates
50、 the deep-rooted reason by stressing the fact that.is also essential to the development of our society.另一方面，作者通过强调 对我们社会发展非常重要这一事实，阐明了深入的原因。(4)In addition,it is imperative for us to cultivate the awareness of.in our society.其次，我们急需培养社会中的.意识。(5)Furthermore,some find it quite understandable when consi