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1、T O E F L 写作讲义合集(基础知识、独立写作、综合写作)第一章 写作基础知识第二章 独立写作攻略第三章 综合写作攻略第一章写作基础知识一、理解托福写作的核心要多记笔记:1、可以保证 focus on my lecture,不会 absent-minded2,保证将来会有复习的clues写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚。1、写作必须有观点2、要给出一个清楚的观点写作考试不基于考生的真实身份。托福作文中所有的例子和细节可以是真的,也可以是假的。写作考试只考察语言水平,不考察思想水平。举例:建工厂不同意的理由有三:1、造成污染;2、交通堵塞;3、物价上涨写作考试不测试考生的真实想法。作文不是写
2、想写的,而是写好写的、能写的。举例:父母是最好的老师,你同意吗?同意的理由:1、how to behave myself;2、value system;3、experience上述理由都不能证明该题目“后天的知识是老师教的,而不是父母教的”存在逻辑错误,将老师与父母并列起来,应该在老师前面加上修饰语“学 校 的。写作是基于表达,而不是基于翻译。举例:婀娜多姿:b eau tifu l;妩媚动人:lovelyYou are extremely smart.extremely means very托福考试30分钟最低要写300字,一般要求写400到500字写作内容和语言同等重要。把内容表达清楚可以
3、拿到高分clarity 高于 variety,variety 高于 complexityclarity is the priority观点的层次比观点的数目更重要。逻辑错误比语法错误更严重。跑题你就完蛋了。二、新托福写作介绍General Introduction to IBT TOEFL:Reading:60-100minsListening:60-90minsBreak:10m insSpeaking:2 Omi nsWriting:50mins口语考试的两个标准:accuracy,fluency托福考试加一条:efficiencyWriting:50minsTotal t ime:4 h
4、oursTotal score:120General Introduction to iBT TOEFL WritingContent:integrated writ ing and independent writing(综合写作和独立写作)考试中两个作文equally important,各 占 50%考试顺序:阅读,听力,休息,口语,写作Score:raw score:0-5scaled score:0-30流程:Integrated writing:Reading:3mins230300wordsListening:2mins230300wordswr i t ing:20 minut
5、es 写听力的主要内容,以及听力与阅读的关系授课流程:提出观点-解释-举例-练习-解惑要求:1、课堂上多记笔记2、熟悉题库和机经机经比题库更重要3、要认真阅读和分析讲义上的范文,包括段落和完整的篇章两个方面的分析:a.内容方面,搞清句与句的关系,段与段的关系,知道文章如何develop;b.语言方面,挑出漂亮句型和短语。4、熟悉讲义的句型集,要学会背诵讲义中每个类型的至少一个句型。不要贪多,要学精学透。Reading makes fu1Iment,writ ing makes exactment.5、背诵因果关系表达方法、综合写作句型三大关系:因果关系,转折关系,并列关系6、考前完成20篇作文
6、15篇写完不做任何修改,立即销毁,不要求不限时写作;610篇,要 求1小时之内完成,写完后进行修改语法拼写错误、表达不清和跑题错误;1 1 20篇,写完后修改,并对文章进行润饰t o polish your writing,to perfect your writing,t o makeyour writing more beaut i f u l,morepowerful绝不能重复错误明确而坚定的目标是不绝的动力之源写作基本常识:1、托福作文不需要标题,写标题不扣分2、任何标点符号的后面空一格英语中省略号是三点,没有书名号和顿号,一般通过斜体或引号来表示3、段落格式使用缩行式或者空行式:缩行
7、式指每一段的第一行向右缩进四个字符,其余行顶格写如:空格 Students a t universit i e s of ten have a choice of placesto l i v e.They may choose t o 1 ive i n university dormitories,or they may choose t o 1ive i n apartments i n the communi t y.Compare the advantages of 1iving i n uni vers i t y housing withthe advantages of 1 i
8、ving i n an apartment i n the communi t y.Where wou 1 d you pref er to 1 ive?Give reasons for yourpreference.空行式指每一段的每一行都顶格写,但段与段之间空一行如:“Job securi ty and salary should be based on employeeperformance,not on years of service.Rewarding employeesprimarily for years of service discourages people fromma
9、intaining consistently high levels of productivity.5,空出的一行In the final analysis,the statement correctly identifiesjob performance as the single best criterion for salary andjob securi t y.However,the statement goes too far,i tignores the fact that a cost-of-1iving salary increase fortenured employee
10、s not only enhances loyal ty and,in the end,productivity,but also i s required by fairness.三、“黄金规则一”The longer,the better!基于内容的充实性,内容越充实,文章越好官方指南:一篇短的文章是不太可能把一个问题说清楚的一般文章写到550字以上,基本都是满分How to develop your idea into paragraph,even to acompos i t ion.举例:I have a big fami l y.There is my father,my moth
11、er,my sister and I.My father is a worker.之后可以写 what kind of job,how hebehaves,whats his achievementBe the best of yourselfBest structure 最好的框架Best sentences 最好的句子Best words 最好的词Best examples 最好的例子例如:我认为.I feel think hold claim bel ieve deem maintain reckon argue assume that.in my opinionfrom my poin
12、t of viewfrom my perspective anglefor my partAs far as Im concerned.I hold/share the opinion/belief/position/standpoint/idea that.As I see view perceive the problem question issue case discussion argument controversy.My viewpoint belief opinion is that.problem就 是 一 个tro u b le,可 能 是question,也可能不是con
13、troversy 的形容词:controversial基本要求:阅读完教材:尤其是 OFFICIAL GUIDE练习独立作文,每周两篇句型练习、变换将讲义最后十二个句子每个用三种或三种以上方法来表达举例:More and more people rea 1 ize the importance of theenvironment protect ion.四、句子训练方法三种句子是写作的基础句子训练方法(一)用多种方法表达同一句意.例如:A对B很重要.1)A is important to B.2)A plays an important rolepart in B.3)A is of(grea
14、t amazing enormous considerable remarkable)importance significance to B.注:be of+n.be+adj.a ma zing 令人惊讶的enormous 巨大的cons iderable 可观的置 于importance前面都表示“非常”4 )B cannot 1ive develop grow survive without A.5 )A means a lot a great dealmuch to B.6 )The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated denie
15、d ignored doubted.注:exaggerate 夸大,夸张例如:A对B很重要.练习:教育对一个国家的发展来说是非常重要的1.A nation can not develop without education.2.Education means a lot a great dea1 much to thedevelop of a nat ion.3.The importance of education to the develop of a nationcan never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.练习:如果大学生在校外住将会有
16、利于他锻炼独立自主能力改造:在校外住对锻炼独立自主能力是很重要的1.The personal i ty of independence can not be developedwithout experience of living outside the campus.2.Living outside the campus means a lot to thedevelopment of the personali ty of independence.练习:跨文化交际能力在我们这个多元化社会中对我们的成功非常重要注:跨文化交际能力 cross cultural social skill在多
17、元化社会中 i n the plural society事业成功 career success1.Ones career success can not be achieved without theexcel lent cross cultural socialskill i n the plural society.2.The excel lent cross cultural social s k i 1 1 i s importantto ones career success i n thisplural society.3.The social s k i 1 1 plays an
18、 important role i n onescareer success.练习:身体是革命的本钱引申:身体是事业成功的保障Health i s important t o ones career success.注:身体通常指英文中的health例如:早睡早起身体好 You have excel lent health.保重身体 take good care of your heal t h7 )A i s essential significant crucial critical vital indispensable to B.8 )A i s everything the who
19、1 e world t o B.9 )A is fundamental basic elementary rudimentary underlying to B.练习:父母对我们的影响非常非常大The influence of our parents on our growth can neverbe exaggerated denied ignored doubted.练习:赵薇的眼睛很大The s ize of Zhao Weis eyes can never be exaggerated.西施很美丽The beauty of Xi Shi can never be exaggerated
20、.语言就是力量The power of language can never be exaggerated.王二小很勇敢The bravery of the little hero Wang Erxiao can neverbe exaggerated.建工厂有很多好处The advantages of bui Iding a factory near ourcommunity can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.建工厂会有噪音,很烦The noise of the construction of the factory nearmy
21、 communi ty can never beexaggerated.The harm of the noise produced by the factory cannever be exaggerated.看电视伤害视力The harm of the children,s eyesight can neverexaggerated if they watch televisiontoo much televi.10)A matters counts to B.注:matter 要紧count 重要语法很重要:Grammar counts.11)Nothing is more import
22、ant to B than A.练习:建工厂好处很多Nothing brings more advantages than the building ofa factory near our community.父母对我们影响很大Nobody influences us more deeply than our parents.12)Nothing is the match of A to B.练习:保护濒危动物对维护生态平衡很重要The protection of the endangered animals is essential significant crucial critical
23、 vital indispensableto the maintenance of the ecological balance.The protection of the endangered animals i severything the whole world to the maintenance of theecological balance.The protect ion of the endangered animals matters counts to the maintenance of the ecological balance.Nothing is more im
24、portant to the maintenance of theecological balance than the protection of the endangeredanimals.Nothing is the match of the protection of theendangered animals to the maintenance of the ecologicalbalance.13)A i s to B what the foundat ion is to a skyscraper wateris to fish the heart is to a human.句
25、子训练方法(二)扩充句子将一个简单的句子进行扩充,增加至15字,25字,35字,尽量使用不同的语法结构,如同位语,插入语,非谓语结构,各种从句,并列结构等。(要求:文章里多于25字的句子至少有3句)eg.The book i s new.The book on the desk is new.The book,ca1 led White Snow,is a new one that my fatherbought.句子最长不能超过50个字句子训练方法(三)对句式进行各种变化。开头的变化(名词,不定式,介词词组,分词,从句,动名词,代词)结尾的变化长短句的变化主被动的变化考试应该以长句为主,以主
26、动为主Eg.The problem we are to discuss in class today is whetherwe should al locate the same amount of fund on university 1 ibraryconstruction and sports facilities.五、新托福写作须知1、独立写作字数要求400500字,综合写作要求200 300字2、段落要求写四段或五段3、拼写pasttime pronounciat ion changeable writ ting truely suceed ninteenth Maintenance
27、4、应使用书面语,而不是口语wanna gonna ok&Eg.Kid Can,t,应该使用 cannot但是在疑问句中必须使用缩略语例如:M y gir If riend is beautiful,isnt she?不能说 is not sheW hy don,t2B or notMake some watertoilet washroom口语:上厕所naturego somewhere语法的问题:People workingyou go with me to2B,that is a?(for y o u?)to do ones dutyto go to Egyptin big compan
28、y arethe cinema?上厕所 go to theanswer the call ofto pick a flowersupposed to be ableto use computer.在 working 前 力 口 who arecompany 变复数,或 in a/the big company单数可数名词不能单独存在,应该加限定词或者变复数,限定词中主要是冠词There is an evidence that advertising profoundlyaffects human being the world over.profoundly means deeplyaffec
29、t 影响;influence 影响二者都是及物动词effect,influence,impact 可数名词,影响on 对.have,exert,bring about 产 生,施力口,带来A person with broad and profound knowledge can has abetter 1ife than the person who does not.can haveNobody has bigger eyes than Zhao Wei.His life is better than mine.the person 可以改成 a person把 who does not
30、去 掉,改成 withoutJudgements made in most of the book are believable.A large amount of people go abroad to learn advancedknowledge.a large amount o f 不能修饰可数名词,应 用 a large numberof;learn knowledge 不对,学习知识应该用 acquire obtain gain increase accumulate developThe majority of Chinese are fond of watching telev
31、ision.majority 大多数,后 面 加 of,一定要接名词复数反义词:minorityminority national ity 少数民族Dinosaurs have extincted.extinct 形容词修改方法:Dinosaurs are ext inet.或 Dinosaurs have beenext inct.die out 灭绝英汉语区别:逻辑性,表达方式,文化的影响英语逻辑性比汉语逻辑性更强好着急=好不着急;好容易=好不容易;好可怜=好不可怜;刘翔比所有中国人跑得快。小芳的辫子比小翠长。解决就业问题遥控器一按,图像就来了汉语表达的特点-曲折,委婉(曲线型思路)荷花,
32、你愿意死后埋在我家的祖坟里吗?海霞,让我照顾你一辈子!虎子哥,瞧你冻的。我给你织了条围巾英语表达的特点-明确,直接(直线型思路)clearly and directly小鸟经常换巢穴。为什么大鸟不?因为:大鸟不是小鸟?大鸟大?小鸟的适应能力强?小鸟会长大?小鸟经常找不到家?大鸟懒?小鸟在外面有情况?正常论述过程:大鸟体型大-巢穴大一-需要大量鸟力,物力和财力-建造不易-不能迅速建一个新巢一不能经常换巢穴大鸟大:Big birds are b i g.例如:-老王去哪里了?今天星期六!common culture,common background,commoninformat i o n文化的
33、影响A s stupid a s a donkey goose1 i k e a drowned r a t 落汤鸡1 i k e a peacock among sparrows 鹤立鸡群a s busy a s a bee 忙的团团转a s proud a s a peacock 骄傲的大公鸡Money makes t h e mare g o.有钱能使鬼推磨mare 母马,母驴Where there i s a w i l l,there i s a w a y.A l l roads l ea d t o R o m e.Practise makes p re fa ce.Time a
34、nd t i d e w a i t f o r no m a n.六、阅卷人心理分析4分是最保险的给分有些中国教师花在高考作文试卷上的时间仅为十秒以内。1、论点是否清楚2、文章结构是否合适、完整3、文章中的论证是否完整和充分4、文章的语法和词汇是否有变化最重要的一点:You clearly express your opinion.使用模板永远不会finish egg.可以背诵文章结构,但不需要背其模板,有些固定句型需要背评分过程,不只是吸引,而是征服新鲜感 兴趣感 兴奋感-他 她爽-给高分 你爽我们的口号3是:要想自己爽,先让别人爽!一定要多写作文,量变引起质变按照方法写看讲义上提供的范文
35、即可第二章独立写作攻略一、评分标准1、5分标准Effectively addresses the topic and taskIs wel1 organized and wel1 developed,using clearlyappropriate explanations,exemplifications,and/or detai 1 s结构精当,论证充分,要用解释、例证、细节Displays unity,progression,and coherence文章要完整统一,有头有尾,文章要体现出层次感,好的衔接Displays consistent facility in the use of
36、 language,demonstrat ing syntactic variety,appropriate word choice,and idiomaticity,though it may have minor lexical orgrammatical errors.保证文章中有一定量的句子和短语使用的很漂亮词汇应该有选择地道性,固定用法可以体现出地道性文章允许出现小的词汇和语法方面错误2、4分标准Addresses the topic and task well,though some points maynot be fully elaborated凡是五分标准,所有观点都应该得到
37、充分展开Is generally well organized and well developed,usingappropriate and sufficient explanat ions,exempl if icat ions,and/or detai IsDisplays unity,progression,and coherence,though it maycontain occasional redundancy,digression,or unclearconnections文章中偶尔有一句是废话或跑题或逻辑不清Displays facility in the use of l
38、anguage,demonstratingsyntact ic variety and range of vocabulary,though i t wi 1 1probably have occas iona1 noticeable minor errors instructure,word form,or use of idiomatic language that donot interfere with meaning词汇量3、3分标准Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developedexplanations,exemplific
39、ations,and/or detai I sDisplays unity,progression,and coherence,thoughconnection of ideas may be occasionally obscuredMay demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentenceformation and word choice that may result in lack of clarityand occasionally obscure meaning4、0分标准merely copies words from the topic,
40、rejects the topic,or is otherwise not connected to thetopic,is written in a foreign language,consists of keystroke characters,or i s blank.二、题库及机经分析题型分类1.比较对比类 25%2.观点选择类 75%3.自主定义类官方指南的题库中有相当大一部分是自主定义类题型分类举例比较对比类:给出两个观点或者一个观点的两个方面,要求进行比较论述,并给出个人观点。核心内容:要求进行比较论述例如:1 1 has been said,“Not everything t
41、hat i s learnedi s contained in books.COMPARE knowledge gained fromexperience with knowledge gained from books.In youropinion,which source i s more important?Why?问题是which source,回答不应该是knowledge,而应该是books或 experience由于人生活在一定的时空里,他的时间和精力都是有限的,要通过实践获得知识太慢了,范围太狭窄了,根本不能跟上时代的步伐,不能满足社会对我们的需求,所以我认为,书本是更重要的知
42、识的源泉。虽然这是个知识爆炸的年代,但是真正对我们有用的知识是很少的,我们只需要攫取其中的一部分就可以了,所以我认为,实践获取到的知识刚好全部适合我们本人,是有用的,所以它是更重要的知识的源泉。虽然那些东西来源于书本,可是最终也是来源于实践的,所以实践才是最终的知识的源泉,所以它也是更重要的知识的源泉。一旦发现托福作文只有唯一答案,一定是审题出错了。例如:Students at universit ies of ten have a choice of placesto 1 i v e.They may choose to 1 ive in university dormitories,or
43、they may choose to 1 ive in apartments in the community.Compare the advantages of 1 iving in univers i ty housing wi ththe advantages of 1 iving in an apartment in the communi t y.Where would you pref er to 1 ive?Give reasons for yourpreference.我愿意住校内:1、便于和同学交流、讨论;2、可以向老师请教;3、上课比较方便,不会迟到;4、自习方便,图书馆近
44、;5、做实验方便;6、查阅图书方便;7、听讲座方便;8、买书方便;9,气氛好总结:比较对比类的标志词汇:comparediscussthan moremostbest观点选择类比较对比类必须比较,观点选择类不要求必须比较观点选择类:给出两个对立观点或者一个观点的对立两方面,要求支持其中一个方面或一个观点.例如:Some people prefer to work for a large company.Otherspref er to work for a smal 1 company.Which would you prefer?Use specific reasons and detail
45、s to support your choice.将“观点选择类”转 化 为“比较对比类”例如:“Some people prefer to live in a small town.Othersprefer to 1 ive i n a big ci t y.Which place would you pref erto 1 ive in?Use specific reasons and detai 1 s to support youranswer.M比较的好处:1、增加论述客观性和说服力2、减轻论述己方理由的压力3、衬托出作者论点的优势4、增加字数住在大城市比较好,交通方便,购物方便,娱
46、乐方便,教育方便,成功机会多小城镇的好处:环境好:空气清新,人与人之间关系好,竞争压力小,物价低,交通不堵塞上次我们讲了两个题型:观点选择类和比较对比类。比较对比类比较标志性的词compare,discuss,thano另外讲了一个类别叫做观点选择类,观点选择类和比较对比类的区别是:观点选择类不是强制比较,而比较对比类是强制比较。上次我们说可以将断点选择类转化成比较对比类,但是我们说是可以转化,而不是说必须转化。我们推荐转化。转化的原因是更符合createthinking的思维模式。另外对写作来讲,文章更加的客观,更加有说服力。如果我们只写一面,找三个理由非常困难,但是如果写两面,都去找它的优
47、点和缺点的话就会容易的多。这样内容也会比较丰富。但是有一点,当我们写了 A的好处,写了 B的好处的时候,后面紧跟着写A比B更好,或 者A的好处比B的好处更多,更明显,更重要,更紧迫,更合适当中的一种。这句话要在文章开头处写。因为英文的写作模式就是要在开头表明非常明确的观点。下面我们讲黄衣教总纲:黄一黄一,永放光芒。千秋万载,一统江湖。戴云教主,万寿无疆。3.自定义类:给出一个范围或论题,要求自己确定观点并进行论述。自定义类考的比率非常低,不是讲课的重点。例如:1.You have the opportunity to visit a foreign countryfor two weeks.W
48、hich country would you 1 ike to visit?Usespecific reasons and detaiIs to explain your choice.g首先是中国能不能写?我们不建议大家写中国,因为中国人在写的过程中容易暴露身份。另外如果写巴黎也不太好,因为巴黎不是一个country。另外非洲也有问题,它也不是一个countryo大家最好集中写美国。美国有三点:1 )人口来自不同地方,民族文化多样化的地方;2)美国科技非常发达;3)经济特别发达;4)美国山水特别美丽。从美国的东部徒步走到西部,一路遍赏美国的美景,遍尝美食,遍交美女。2.If you coul
49、d change one important thing about yourhometown,what would you change?Use reasons and specificexamples to support your answer.1)要改变家乡的环境,教育,经济,旅游状况;2)题目中有必要写家乡的名字,家乡的名字不一定是真的;三、审题如何审题:1.确定题目的类别:两个方面:1 )题 材 2)题型2.确定切入点,一般从两个角度:1)找 限 定 词(for two weeksa big city a smal ler town)2)找 绝 对 词(onlynever fore
50、ver)提 纲简略提纲=观点+理由+闪现的例子和名言详细提纲四、文章主体框架文章框架分为三个部分:主 体 开 头 结 尾主 体(中间三段)框架六种:1+1;2-1;2+1;折中1+1支持面的理由两点充分论述,写出来是四段,开头段、结尾段加中间两段,中间两段进行详细论述。比如:选择低工资没经验的员工还是高工资有经验的员工?没有经验的人的好处:1 )工资低节省开支2)可塑性比较强3)管理起来比较容易4)创造力比较旺盛5)干起来比较带劲6)对公司有很强的情感有经验的人的好处:1 )工作效率比较高2)不用培训,省出时间和金钱3)易于管理,有很深的职业素养4)人 脉5)激励2+1 (A型)支持面的优点两