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1、Lesson86Out of controlEveryday EnglishOn life s earnest battle they only prevail, who daily march onward and never say fail.生活在顽强战斗中，只有每天不屈不挠奋勇向前的人才能取得胜利。Key Structures过去完成时一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点概念： 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（past- in-the-past ）” 。-|- |-|-那时以前那时现在构成：过去完成时由“助动词had + 过去分词”构成，其中ha
2、d 通用于各种人称。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the compositionby 10 ： 00 this morning.二、过去完成时的判断依据1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ）by +过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.（ 2 ）by the end of +过去的时间点。
3、如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（ 3 ）before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（ 1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told,
4、 said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.8 / 8（ 2）状语从句中成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意：before, after引导的时间状语从句中，由于befor
5、e 和after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom.（ 3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示 原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in t
6、he street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book. (h
7、ad written发生在told之前)3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already ，yet ， still， just ，before ， never 等时间副词及by，before ， until等引导的短语或从句连用。如： Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he
8、was ten.4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（ had worked 已 有了20 年 ， 还有继续进行下去的可能）四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为 “助动词have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过
9、去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） John returned hom
10、e yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been?他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在没
11、有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在before ，after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因
12、此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.I.新概念链接A 、单词填空：根据提示补全空缺1、 petr 1 n （）2 dr ft v （）3、 dism y n （）4 sw ng （）5、 tr m ndous adj 巨大的6 comp n on n （）7、 d sp rate yad， v绝望地8 g ntly adv （）9、 sp dboat n快艇10 b oy
13、 n浮标B 、词汇：从下面四个选项中选出正确的一项【】1、 The man swung the speedboat round and waved desperately to his ， who had been water skiing for the last 15 minutes A 、petrolB、dismayC、buoyD 、companion【】2、 He had always considered her an ideal for his brother A 、rivalB、coupleC、colleagueD 、companion【】3、 Building the Gold
14、en Gate Bridge was a undertakingA 、colossalB、tremendousC、marvelousD 、exceptional【】4、 After striking a buoy at tremendous speed ， the speedboat gradually moved out of petrol and then drifted across the water A 、rapidlyB、quicklyC、tremendouslyD 、gently【】5、 I would have helped him solve the problem ， bu
15、t l was so busy thenA 、if its possibleB、if it has been possibleC、has it been possibleD 、had it been possibleC、单项选择题【】1 He asked me during the summer holidays A 、where I had beenB、where I had goneC、where had I beenD 、where had I gone【】2What Jane by the time he was sever？A 、did ， doB、has，doneC、did ， d
16、idD 、 had， done【】3I900 English words by the time I was ten A 、learnedB、was learningC、had learnedD 、learnt【】4Shelived here for years A 、had， a fewB、has，severalC、had，a lot ofD 、has，a great deal of【】5By the time my parents reached home yesterday ，I the dinner already A 、had cookedB、cookedC、have cookedD
17、 、was cooked【】6She said she the principle alreadyA 、has seenB、sawC、will seeD 、had seen【】7She said her family themselves the army during the war A 、has hidden， fromB、had hidden， fromC、has hidden，withD 、had hidden，with【】8By the time he was ten years old ，he A 、has completed universityB 、has completed
18、the universityC、had completed an universityD 、had completed university【】9She had written a number of books the end of last year A 、forB、inC、byD 、at【】10He to play before he was 11 years old A 、had learned， pianoB 、had learned， the pianoC、has learned，the pianoD 、learns ， piano【】11What Annie by the tim
19、e he was ten ？A 、did ， doB、did，didC、has，doneD 、had done【】 12 He in the factory for three years before he joined the ArmyA 、has workedB、worksC、had workedD 、will work【】13By the end of last week ， they the bridge A 、has completedB、CompletedC、will completeD 、had completed【】14Ben hates playing violin ，bu
20、t he likes playing footballA 、atheB、thetheC、/theD 、the/【】15By the time he was 4 ，he a lot of German words A 、had learnedB、has learnedC、learnedD 、learns【】16 Jim turned off the lights and then the classroom A 、was leftB、had leftC、has leftD 、left【】17 They in Guangzhou since 2000 A 、livedB、had livedC、ha
21、ve livedD 、were living【】18The train from Beijing ten minutes ago A 、has arrivedB、was arrivingC、arrivedD 、had arrived【】19The students their classroom when the visitors arrived A 、have cleanedB、had cleanedC、was cleanedD 、have been cleaned【】20Fred the project in one hour A 、have finishedB、will finishC、
22、finishesD 、has finished【】21The man his coat and went out A 、put onB、had put onC、will put onD 、was putting on一、完形填空II 综合部分Mark lived in a village far away One day he became very ill and everyone thought hewould 1 soon They sent for a doctor Two days 2_ the doctor came and looked over the sick man 3 a
23、sked for a pen and some paper to write down the name of the medicine But there was no pen 4 paper in the village ，because no one could writeThe doctor 5 up a piece of burnt wood from the fire and wrote the name of the medicine on the 6 of thehouse “ Get this medicine for him ”he said，“ and he will s
24、oon get 7 ”Mark s family and friends did not know 8_ to do They could not read the strange words Then a young man 9 an ideaHe took off the door of the house ， put it on his carriage( 马车) and drove to the nearest 10_ He bought the medicine there， and Mark was soon well again 【】1A 、wakeB、cryC、movedD 、
25、die【】2A 、lateB、laterC、agoD 、before【】3A 、The sick manB 、MarkC、The doctorD 、The farmer【】4A 、andB、orC、thenD 、also【】5A 、pickedB、heldC、madeD 、looked【】6A 、wallB、windowC、groundD 、door【】7A 、wellB、worseC、badD 、good【】8A 、whenB、whatC、whereD 、which【】9A 、thoughtB、hitC、caughtD 、had【】10A 、shopB、farmC、hospitalD 、vi
26、llage二、阅读理解A、Beethoven was never afraid to show his feelings( 感情 ) Once when he was playing at a rich mans house ， one of his listeners， a man of rich family ， was talking to a girl He liked girls more than music ， and he didnt stop talking when Beethoven started to play The noise was not a quiet on
27、e， and Beethoven could hear well in those daysThe music stopped in the middle and Beethoven stood up ，“ I do not play for animals of this kind！” He cried“ No ！ Not for animals ！” Then he walked out 根据短文内容选择正确答案【】1 Beethoven was a A 、ScientistB、doctorC、chemistD 、musician【】2 Beethoven was his feelings
28、 A 、unwilling to showB、in fear of showing C、fearless of showingD、unhappy to show【】3 One of the listeners when Beethoven started to play A 、stopped talkingB、sang slowlyC、still talked to a girlD 、smoked【】4 This listener A 、didnt like musicB 、liked girls and musicC、liked music more than girlsD 、was mor
29、e interested in girls than music【】5 This listener was a man A 、good B 、polite C、Rude D、niceB、Skin-diving( 潜 泳 )is a new sport today This sport takes you into a wonderful new worldIt is like a visit to the moon！ When you are under water ，it is easy for you to climb big rocks ，because you are no longe
30、r heavyHere，under water ， everything is blue and green During the day ，there is enough light When fish swim nearby(附近 )， you can catch them with your hands When you have tanks( 罐子 )of air on your back ， you can stay in deep water for a long time But you must be careful To catch the fish is one of th
31、e most interesting parts of this sport On the other hand， you can clean the ships without taking them out of the water You can get many things from the deep sea Now you can see that skin-diving is both useful and interesting【】1Skin-diving can take you to A 、the moonB、mountainsC、the sunD 、the deep se
32、a【】2You can climb big rocks under water because A 、you are strongerB、the fish can help youC、you are not as heavy as on the landD 、there is a lot of light【】3A skin-diver under water in the day A 、can see everything clearlyB 、cant see anything clearly C、can see nothingD、can see only fishes【】4With a ta
33、nk of air on your back ， you can A 、catch fish very easilyB 、stay under water for a long timeC、be in safe placeD 、have more fun【】5Which of these sentences is NOT TRUE？A 、Skin-diving is a new sport B 、Skin-diving is like visiting the moonC、The only use of skin-diving is to have more fun D 、Skin-divin
34、g is both interesting and useful三用动词的适当形式填空1. We (paint) the house before we (move) in.2. That rich old man (make) a will before he (die).3. They (study) the map of the country before they (leave).4. The robbers (run away ) before the policemen (arrive).5. I (turn off) all the lights before I (go) t
35、o bed.6. Paul (go) out with Jane after he (make) a phone call.7. Tom (say) he (read) the book twice.8. Our plan (fail ) because we (make) a bad mistake.9. When the chairman (finish) speaking, he (leave)the hall. 11.When I (arrive) at the station, he (leave).12. We (learn) about 4000 English words by
36、 the end of last term.13. I waited until he (finish) his homework.14. We were surprised at what she already (do)15. She (not go) to Qingdao because she (be) there before.Beautiful EssayLove Your Life热爱生活Henry David Thoreau/享利.大卫.梭罗However mean your life is， meet it and live it ;do not shun it and ca
37、ll it hard names.It is not so bad as you are.It looks poorest when you are richest.The fault-finder will find faults in paradise.Loveyour life ， poor as it is.You may perhaps have some pleasa，ntthrilling ， glorious houses，even in a poor-house.The setting sun is reflected From the windows of the alms
38、-house as brightly as From the rich man s abode;the snow melts before its dooraralys ien the spring.I do not see but a quiet mindmay live as contentedly there， and have as cheering though，ts as in a palace.The town s poor seem tome often to live the most independent lives of any.May be they are simp
39、ly great enough to receive without misgiving.Most think that they are above being supported by the town;but it often happens that they are notabove supporting themselves by dishonest means.which should be more disreputable.Cultivate povertylike a garden herb， like sage.Do not trouble yourself much to get new thing，swhether clothes orfriends，Turn the old， return to them.Things do not change;we change.Sell your clothes and keep your thoughts.