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1、Practical English Writing应用文写作目前，随着国际交流日益频繁，英语应用文越来越受到人们的重视。它涉及到社会生活的各个层面，是一种实践性、综合性极强的文体。在本章中我们甄选了一些常见的应用文形式，本着简单实用的基本原则来介绍不同应用文的写作格式与技巧，并提供大量经典范例给大家学习，大家不仅可以提高对英语的实际运用能力，更好地掌握英语这一语言技能，也可以为今后的社会工作与学习打下坚实的英语写作基础。便条(Notes)一、概述(Introduction)便条是一种简单的书信。虽然内容简单，但却有其独特的风格。便条的格式和语言都比一般书信要简单自由，主要目的是为了尽快的把最新
2、的信息、通知、要求或者活动的时间、地点转告给对方。写便条与收便条者多为非常熟悉的双方，因此很多客套话也省略掉了，甚至连称呼中的Dear也经常省掉。常见的便条有收条、欠条、留言和请假条等。二、写作格式与技巧(Writing Skills)由于便条内容和类型不尽相同，所以格式有时候可以灵活变通。但各类便条都必须包括以下几个基本要素：1. 日期(Date)2. 称呼(Salutation)3. 正文(Body)4. 署名(Signature)在写法上，便条应按照以下要点进行书写：题目可以省略，也可以简单地写上NOTE。日期写在正文右上角，可以写上年月日或星期几，甚至只写上午或下午。称呼语写在左边顶格
3、，双方很熟悉的情况下也可以省略Dear，直呼其名。正文形式和内容简洁，语言通俗、简单、直接，一两句话表达清楚即可。署名写在正文的右下角。三、常用表达(Useful Expressions)I shall feel obliged if you will favor me with a call at your earliest convenience.Upon receiving this note, please come to my office.I shall be very happy to call at your house a t6:30 this evening.Im very
4、 sorry to tell you that I am seriously ill today.Your kind permission will be greatly appreciated.Encl.:Doctors Certificate of Advice.(附：医生证明)Mr.Li stands in urgent need of your service. I happen to be in urgent need of 200 yuan. I trust my absence will not cause you anyserious inconvenience.Please
5、favor me with an early reply.Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.Please give an extension of leave for three days. This is to say good-bye to you.四、经典范例(Samples)Sample 1 留言(leave a message)NOTEMay 5,2004Lucy,You happened to be out when I called you. I have something importa
6、nt to discuss with you. Please call me when you are back.SusanSample 2留言(leave a message)4:00 p.m.Dear Wang Ping,Its a pity that I didnt meet you when I called on you.I will leave by train at 6:00 a.m. tomorrow morning. This is to say good-bye to you.HallSample 3留言(leave a message)A Note of Appointm
7、entJune 5,2012Mary,Wed like to have a picnic at 10 a.m.on Sunday. Would you join us and enjoy the spring on Mount Qiantai? Drinks and dessert are ready. Just remember to bring an umbrella.FishermanSample 4请假条(ask for sick leave)March 5, 2004Dear Mr. Lin,I feel sorry that I shall be unable to attend
8、this mornings two periods of English class because of a bad cold and high fever. Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days.I will go back to school as soon as I recover.Your kind permission will be greatly appreciated.Yours sincerely,SusanSample 5收条(receipt
9、)A ReceiptMay 5,2004Received from Ms.Liu Huixin of the English Department the following items:One tape-recorder Ten cassette tapesLi LeiSample 6欠条(I owe you form)An I.O.U.FormSept. 16th, 2002Borrowed from the Foreign Language Department Reference Library three books as follows:A copy of History and
10、Anthology of English Literature by Wu Weiren; A copy of A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin; A copy of World Literature by Jiang Chengen.Wu ZhuoFor the Office ofSocial Science Department通告(Notices)一、概述(Introduction)英语中通告(notices)一般包括告示、启事、通知等，目的是告诉公众某件事情或某项活t动，如宣布举行各种比赛，放映电影，举办晚会，召开研讨会，失
11、物招领等，在商业上应用尤其广泛。二、写作格式与技巧(Writing Skills)通告的格式可参照书信或备忘录的形式写，但内容却比较简单，格式也相对灵活。要求清晰明了地阐述发布通告的缘由及通知的事项即可。一般应包含以下几部分内容：标题、正文、署名和日期。写作格式如下：1. 标题：正上方居中书写NOTICE或Notice，失物招领则应写Lost或者Found，也可根据具体情况把通告事项作为标题居中书写。2.正文：即通告的主要事项，一般包括：(1)时间、(2)地点、(3)活动、(4)其他细节。一般不用称呼，如有确切对象，也可以加上。或人名。署名：正文的右下角写发布通告的机关单位4.日期：放在正文部
12、分的左下角或右上角。顺序一般多为月、日、年。5.有时为了宣传效果也可将所有内容居中排列。三、常用表达(Useful Expressions)Notice is hereby given thatThis is to notify/ inform that.0I am pleased to inform you thatI have the pleasure of announcing that.We acquaint you thatPlease inform thatAll the teachers and students are required toEveryone is requir
13、ed to be present on time.All are warmly welcomed.A lecture/meeting will be held inonAll are expected to attend the seminar.A bag was found in inside whichThe loser is expected to claim it.四、经典范例(Samples)Sample 1会议通知(Notice of a Meeting)NoticeAll the teachers and students are requested to meet in the
14、 meeting hall on Monday (May 7) at 3:00 p.m. to listen to a lecture which is given by the visiting professor, Mr. Adam Black.The Department OfficeMay 4, 2012Sample 2 演讲通知(Notice of a Speech)NOTICEAll are Warmly WelcomeUnder the auspicesOf the College Literature Associationa speech will be givenOn Dr
15、eam of Red Massionby famous speaker Wang YanIn the College HallOn Friday, April 22, 2011 at 2:30 p.m.College Literature AssociationApril 18, 2011Sample 3参观通知(Notice of a Visit)NOTICEJune 1,2009Your attention, please. A visit is arranged for June 3,Sunday, to the Bell Tower.Those students who wish to
16、 go will please gather at the gate of our university. The coach will leave at 8:30 sharp a.m.The Students UnionSample 4放假通知(Notice of a Holiday)NOTICESept.28th,2010As the national Day is approaching, our school is scheduled to be closed from Oct. 1st to Oct.7th,and classes will be resumed as usual o
17、n Oct. 8th.College officeSample 5任命通知(Notice of a Decision)NOTICEFebruary 15th, 2012It is hereby announced that upon the decision of the board of director Mr. Sun Limin is appointed secretary of the Human Resources Department. The Directors OfficeSample 6活动通知(Notice of Some Activities)NOTICEThe Engl
18、ish Department takes pleasure in announcing that English Corner is to be hold in Room 508 Building 3 on Sunday, March 17, at 6:00 p.m.Prof. Wang Li will attend and conduct many activities then. All the students that are interested are welcome. The English DepartmentMarch 12, 2012Sample 7聘用通知(Notice
19、of Employment)Notice of EmploymentFebruary 15,2011Dear Mr.Li Ming,It is great pleasure to inform you that approved by the College Committee,the Personnel Department has decided to admit you to the position of the director of Foreign Language Department.Please come to the Personnel Department in a co
20、uple of days for registration upon the receipt of this notice.Personnel DepartmentSample 8失物招领(Notice of Lost and Found) LostApril 14,2011Car keys were in a white purse that was left behind when I left hurriedly at Sales Conference Room. Whoever found it, please call at 13892833446. Many thanks.Jane
21、 SmithFoundOctober 31, 2010A black purse was found yesterday morning, inside of which there is money and many credit cards. Loser is expected to come to the office of the Department of Foreign Language to identify it.The office of the Department of Foreign Language信件(Letters)书信是人们在日常生活和工作中进行交际的工具，也是
22、书面表达中常见的考试文体。可以分成两类：社交信件(Social Letters)和商务信件(Business Letters)。由于民族语言和习惯上的差异，英语信件在书写格式及表达方式上与汉语不大一样，有些地方迥然不同。本节将主要向大家介绍社交信件的一般格式及各种常见社交信件，如感谢信、祝贺信、道歉信及自荐信等。社交信件是英语应用文写作考察的首选，一封得体的书信不仅可以传递信息，而且有助于人们促进交流与沟通，开展社交和增进友谊。因此，掌握好信件的书写格式与技巧至关重要。一、概述(Introduction)英文书信的主要构成可分为8个部分：信头(Heading)，日期(Date)，信内地址(In
23、side Address)，称呼(Salutation)，正文(Body of the Letter)，结束语(Complimentary Close)，署名(Signature)，附件和附言(Enclosure and Postscript)1. 信头(Heading)信头是指发信人的单位名称或地址。一般情况下发信人只需把自己的地址写在信的右上角，离开信纸的顶头约1英寸，占两三行或四行均可，格式可以是齐头式或者缩进式。但是请注意英文写地址的次序与中文不同，顺序为从小到大。应先写门牌号码街道，然后城市和国名，每行后不要加标点符号，如果信件是写给经常往来的亲戚或熟悉的朋友，信头地址也可以省略。例
24、如：齐头式：Beijing Sugar Company26 Huayuan RoadHaidian District, Beijing 100037P.R.China缩进式：Beijing Sugar Company26 Huayuan RoadHaidian District, Beijing 100037P.R.China2.日期(Date)英文信件日期的书写与汉语不太相同，应注意下列各点：(1)信件日期要写在右上角，信头的下一行。(2)日期的书写顺序是日、月、年(英式日期)或者月、日、年(美式日期)。例如以下几种都可以：July 7，1998;1st October, 1998;30 N
25、ov.,1997;Sep.3rd,1999。(3)日期中的年份应写全，要写4位数字。例如：不能用“99”来代替“1999”。(4)月份应写英文名称，可用缩写，如：Sep.,Oct.。但不要用数字来代替，如7/4/99 或7，4、99,因为在英国此日期代表7th April，1999，而美国则代表4th July，1999。(5)日期可用基数1，2，3，411，1221,2231等，也可用序数1st,2n d,3r d, 4th11th，21th22nd31st等。特别值得注意的是英文书信日期不能像写中文书信那样写在书信签名之后，这是很多学生的常见错误。3. 信内地址(Inside Addres
26、s)发信人的地址和日期写好以后，接着就要写收信人的地址，一般的商务信件或给较生疏的朋友的信件要写信内地址，而写给较为熟悉亲友的私人信件或非正式信件中则可省去。信内地址应写在日期下一行的左上角。收信人姓名写一行，然后写收信人地址，可分两行或三行写，和发信人的地址一样，上下可取齐，也可以向右缩进。顺序从小写到大。例：Mr.Anthony WaltonMarketing & Development ManagerTri-Wall Containers Ltd.One Mount StreetLondon U.K.4. 称呼(Salutation)称呼指的是信文开头发信人对收信人的称呼，一般写在信内地
27、址下面两行，顶格书写。写信者可以根据与收信人的关系程度或者书信类别选择合适的称呼。正规书信或商务信函的称谓比较完整、严肃，或用先生、女士等开头，如Mr.Bush,Dear Sir等。有时也可以用职称开头，如Dear Doctor；或用头衔，如Dear Mr.Mayor,Prof.(教授)等。而在常用于同事和亲朋好友之间的非正式书信中，称谓则相对随意，可以直呼其名或昵称。称呼后面需要加标点符号，英国英语中多用逗号，而美式英语中后面多用冒号。在非正式的社交信件中还是常用逗号。在收信人姓名前我们一般对普通男子的称呼用Mr；对未婚女子用Miss；对已婚女子用Mrs.。对婚姻状况不明确的通常用Ms(后跟
28、本人姓)；有时候也可以对男子用Master或Gentleman；对女士称呼Madam。5. 正文(Body of the Letter)正文是信件的主体部分，也就是信的内容。正文应在称呼下一行开始。可以根据写信人想要表达的主要思想分段，可以分成起始段、目的段和结束段。每个段落的开头可以采用齐头式或向后缩进四个字母。正规书信一般要求3段或以上，语言为书面体，而非正式书信一般不超过两段，语言多为口语。信件正文的内容安排如下：第一段：寒暄叙旧，后引入或说明写信的原委。第二段：本段为信的主体，提出有关建议、申请、投诉、介绍、商榷、邀请、致谢或致歉等细节。第三段：此段再次重申写信的目的，或表达愿望、希冀
29、以及进一步要求等。6. 结束语(Complimentary Close)结束语在正文结束后，独立成行，后面要用逗号，常写于署名上方。常见的结束语有：写给地位或辈分高的收信人：Respectfully yours, Most sincerely yours.写给一般收信人、陌生人或商务信件：Faithfully Yours, Sincerely Yours,Truly Yours写给朋友或较为熟悉的人：Yours,With love, Love always, Your loving,As ever, Affectionately yours7. 署名(Signature)署名应写在结束语下面，
30、正规书信体的署名应用发信人的全名或公司名称：非正规书信体则比较灵活。有时候署名下方也可以加注写信人的头衔或职务。例：个人署名：Yours faithfully,Martha Qing公司署名：Legend Computer Company,Wang Lin,Sales Manager8.附件和附言(Enclosure and Postscript)书信的附件是指随信所附的一些材料，例如：个人简历、介绍信、说明书或者商品目录等。通常在书信的最后于署名下方左下角顶格写上Encl.或Enc.(Enclosure的缩写)。附言是指发信人有时在写完信后又想起一件比较重要的事没有说，可以在信末署名下面几行
31、写上，P.S.(Postscript的缩写)，然后将要补充的话写上。不过写信时最好将事情一次讲清楚，尽量少用或不用P.S.。总之，信件的书写格式与内容的要求是应用文考察最主要的部分，一封完整的书信应如下面例文所示：Li MingDepartment of ComputerChangwei CollegeWeifang, Shandong 261000P.R.ChinaApril 29, 2000Mr.John Smith,Admissions Office,Stanford University,Stanford, Calif.94305U.S.A.Dear Sir/Madam/Mr.Smit
32、h,Professor Shirley Sanderson of your university said when she was visiting our college that Stanford might be able to provide scholarships for a limited number of students from China to pursue postgraduate studies there next term. Since I expect to receive my bachelors degree in June,I would apprec
33、iate being considered a candidate.As you will notice from the enclosed data sheet, I am especially interested in computer science.You might like to know that during the past year I took all my elective courses in this field and wrote my thesis on traffic free city centers with computers. My knowledge and practical command of English is adequate.Ive passed TOEFL and GRE with flying colors.I would be grateful if you could give me a favorable consideration of my application for a scholarship.I look forward to hearing from you.Very truly yours,Li MingEncl.Personal Data10学科网（北京）股份有限公司