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1、TEM 4Basic Requirement for diplomaYESNOKeep up accumulating and consolidatingSTOPGraduate with a diploma?TEM 8?Widen the knowledge about the languageSharpen the occupational skills(BEC?)Preparation for TEM8Preparation for GRE第1页/共112页Animals and Their RightsUnit 1第2页/共112页第3页/共112页From quotations,we
2、 knowThere would be nothing left of human society if we treated animals not as property but as independent holders of rights Would bacteria have rights?There is simply no“defect”that humans and animals dont share,in contrast to human infants and the mentally retarded,who have very limited intelligen
3、ce.Since the retarded have the same rights as people who arent retarded,it is nothing but“speciesism”to deny animals their rights.If we should give animal rights and could no longer do as we wished with animals,we may have no pets,no circus,no meat,no milk,no cheese,no horses,no dogs,cats or fish ar
4、ound the house.What would happen if bacteria were given rights?Human infants and mentally disadvantaged people have the same limited intelligence as animals.If infants and the mentally retarded can enjoy the same rights as the average people,why should we refuse to give animals their rights?It is ob
5、viously“speciesism”if we dont.第4页/共112页From quotations,we knowThe animals liberation movement is not saying that all lives are of equal worth or that all interests of humans and other animals are to be given equal weight,no matter what those interests might be.It is saying that where animals and hum
6、an have similar interests avoiding pain and enjoying pleasure.those interests are to be counted equally,with no automatic discount just because one of the beings is not human.The animal liberation movement is not saying that all lives have equal values or we should pay attention to all interests of
7、humans and other animals equally whatever those interests might be.It emphasizes that since animals and humans alike share interests such as avoiding pain and enjoying pleasure,their interests are equally important in relationships between species.They cant automatically become less important becaus
8、e the interests come from a non-human beings.第5页/共112页IntroductionConcerning this problem We are happy to see第6页/共112页IntroductionConcerning this problem At the same time,we are deeply concerned aboutIn this unit,well learn how to treat animal,animal medical testing,and cruelty free.第7页/共112页Animals
9、 and Their RightsReading One Unit 1第8页/共112页Background InformationWhat are Ladybird Books？Ladybirds Books is a London-based publishing company.The Ladybird imprint publishes mass-market childrens books.第9页/共112页Background InformationHave you grown up with Three Blind Mice?Three blind mice,see how th
10、ey run!They all ran after the farmers wifeWho cut off their tails with a carving knife.Did you ever see such a thing in your lifeAs three blind mice?第10页/共112页Background InformationHow is meat treated in English and Chinese cultures?In Chinese cultureIn English cultureFish are served with the heads
11、on and chickens with their feet.Meat is never served with identifiable animal parts.The heads,feet and fins are chopped off.Meat from various meat is called“animal+meat”(鸡肉，牛肉 etc.)Meat is not called by the name of animals except for chicken and fish(cf.beef from cows,pork from pigs,lamb from sheep)
12、People like animals sold alive in order to make sure that meat is fresh.People dont generally sell animals alive,and meat is sold already packaged.People often dont realize that the meat they eat every day is actually dead versions of the animals they love so much.第11页/共112页Background InformationWha
13、t is the Book Animal Liberation about?Animal Liberation is a book by Australian philosopher Peter Singer,published in 1975.The book is widely considered within the animal liberation movement to be the founding philosophical statement of its ideas.Singer himself rejected the use of the theoretical fr
14、amework of rights when it comes to human and nonhuman animals:he argued that the interests of animals should be considered because of their ability to feel suffering and that the idea of rights was not necessary in order to consider them.第12页/共112页Background InformationWhat are Peter Singers central
15、 ideas?(1)Singer rejected the use of the theoretical framework of rights when it comes to human and nonhuman animals:he argued that the interests of animals should be considered because of their ability to feel suffering.(2)He holds the interests of all beings capable of suffering to be worthy of eq
16、ual.He argues that animals should have rights based on their ability to feel pain more than their intelligence.(3)Singer does not specifically contend that we ought not use animals for food as they are raised and killed in a way that actively avoids inflicting pain on them.He concludes that the most
17、 practical solution is to adopt a vegetarian or vegan diet.第13页/共112页Background InformationUnderstanding Factory FarmingFactory farming(工厂化养殖)is the modern practice of raising animals for food in extreme confinement,in order to maximize profits.In addition to intense confinement,abuses usually assoc
18、iated with factory farming include massive doses of hormones and antibiotics,battery cages（层架式鸡笼）,debeaking（切嘴尖）,and tail docking.The animals spend their entire lives in these miserable conditions until they are slaughtered.Their suffering is unimaginable.What is Factory Farming?Why Would Factory Fa
19、rmers Be Cruel to the Animals?The factory farmers are not trying to be cruel.They are trying to maximize profits,with no regard for the suffering of the animals.第14页/共112页Background InformationUnderstanding Factory FarmingFactory farms do not care about individual animals.Some animals will die as a
20、result of debeaking,tail docking,disease and intensive confinement,but the operation is still profitable overall.Why Would They Let Animals Suffer?Why do Factory Farms Use Hormones and Antibiotics?Hormones cause the animals to grow faster,produce more milk and produce more eggs,which leads to higher
21、 profits.Large numbers of animals living in intense confinement mean that disease could spread like wildfire.Animals also fight and suffer from cuts and abrasions from their cages,so all the animals are treated with antibiotics to minimize losses from infections and the spread of diseases.Also,small
22、,daily doses of certain antibiotics cause weight gain.This means that the animals are over-medicated,which causes bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics.Both the antibiotics and the resistant bacteria reach the consumer in the meat.第15页/共112页Background InformationUnderstanding Factory FarmingWh
23、en confined intensively,both human and non-human animals fight more than usual.Debeaking a chicken entails cutting the birds beak off,without anesthesia.The chickens beaks are inserted one by one into a machine that chops the front part of their beaks off.The procedure is so painful,some chickens st
24、op eating and die of starvation.Pigs have their tails docked,or cut short,to prevent the pigs from biting each others tails off.The tail is an extension of the animals spine,but tail docking is done without anesthesia.Both practices are very painful and cruel.What are Debeaking and Tail Docking?What
25、 are Battery Cages?Egg laying hens are crowded into battery cages to maximize profits,and live their entire lives never being able to spread their wings.Battery cages typically measure 18 by 20 inches,with five to eleven birds crowded into a single cage.第16页/共112页Background InformationUnderstanding
26、Factory FarmingMale dairy calves are chained and confined in veal crates that do not allow them to move or turn around.They are taken from their mothers at birth because they are not useful for milk production.Instead of their mothers milk,they are fed a synthetic合成的；人造的 formula designed to keep the
27、ir flesh pale and anemic贫血的,as desired by many consumers.What are Veal calves小牛?第17页/共112页Reading OneRead the text quickly again and write down the main idea of the paragraphs.Paragraph 1Two conflicting attitudes exist in the animal education.Paragraph 4Evasion is the solution to the conflicting att
28、itudes,and the consequence of it is to keep children from seeing the reality.第18页/共112页Reading One Check your comprehensionAnswer the following questions with the information from the text.What is the contradiction in animal education mentioned in the text?On the one hand,our society encourages chil
29、dren to be affectionate towards animals,on the other hand,children are“pushed”by their parents to eat meat the dead body of an animal.In the text,the author quotes a nursery rhythm.Whats the theme of the nursery rhythm?The nursery rhyme has the theme of cruelty towards animals mice,in this case.第19页
30、/共112页Reading One Check your comprehensionAnswer the following questions with the information from the text.How are the animals described in the book Farm Animals and The Farm?What kind of false impression does that kind of description leave on children who read them?What is the authors attitude tow
31、ards eating meat?What expressions in the text indicate his attitude?Animals in these two books are depicted as“happy”,“carefree”,and“good-for-nothing”creatures.This description leaves children the false impression that animals live simple and happy until they die.He doesnt seem to think that eating
32、meat is a wise choice.This can be seen from his disapproval of parents forcing their children to eat meat.第20页/共112页Reading OneDecide whether each of them is true or false._ 1.Many children want to eat meat because they understand meat is good for health._ 2.When we start eating meat in our childhoo
33、d,we understand that we are eating the dead body of an animal._ 3.According to the author,we eat meat both because its a habit and because other people in our community are doing the same._ 4.In our childhood,the choice between whether to eat meat or to love animals gives us trouble.FFTF第21页/共112页Re
34、ading OneDecide whether each of them is true or false._ 5.The theme of the nursery rhythm quote in the text is“Killing bad animals.”_ 6.In the text,dogs and cats are described as animals that children do not eat._ 7.In the popular book Farm Animals,the animals seem to live a free and happy life._ 8.
35、It is suggested that in childrens stories,we should depict animals as independent beings.FTTT第22页/共112页Vocabulary1.strenuous:ADJ.费力的;繁重的;艰苦的 A strenuous activity or action involves a lot of energy or effort.Avoid strenuous exercise in the evening.晚上不要做剧烈运动。=effortful2.initial:ADJ.开始的;最初的 You use ini
36、tial to describe something that happens at the beginning of a process.The initial reaction has been excellent.初期的反应非常好。=first第23页/共112页3.informed:ADJ(猜测或决策)明智的,有见识的 An informed guess or decision is one that likely to be good,because it is based on definite knowledge or information.An informed guess
37、at his personal wealth was$1.25 billion.据合理猜测，他的个人财产有 12.5 亿美元。We are able to make more informed choices about how we use drugs.我们能够更加明智地选择如何使用药物。=advised 第24页/共112页4.bias:n.偏见；偏心 v.使有偏见；使偏向Many parents are biased against popular music.=prejudice5.cuddly:ADJ.(人或动物)令人想拥抱的，惹人怜爱的 A cuddly person or ani
38、mal makes you want to cuddle them.He is a small,cuddly man with spectacles.他戴着眼镜，是个令人想拥抱一下的小个子男人。=adorable 第25页/共112页6.segregate:VERB 使隔离;使分开;使分离 To segregate two groups of people or things means to keep them physically apart from each other.They segregate you from the rest of the community.他们把你与社团的
39、其他成员隔离开。=separate,isolate第26页/共112页7.unified:adj.统一的，统一标准的.a unified German state.统一的德国.a unified system of taxation.划一的税收体系=common8.inherent：ADJ 内在的;固有的;生来就有的 The inherent qualities of something are the necessary and natural parts of it.Stress is an inherent part of dieting.节食必定会带来压力。.the dangers i
40、nherent in an outbreak of war.一旦爆发战争所固有的危险=internal，existing第27页/共112页9.cunning:adj.巧妙的;狡猾的;奸诈的 Someone who is cunning has the ability to achieve things in a clever way,often by deceiving other people.These disturbed kids can be cunning.这些心理不正常的孩子可能会很狡猾=calculating10.ingenious:ADJ 巧妙的;制作精巧的;新颖独特的 So
41、mething that is ingenious is very clever and involves new ideas,methods,or equipment.a truly ingenious invention.真正有创意的发明Gautiers solution to the puzzle is ingenious.戈蒂埃破解这道难题的方法很巧妙。=inventive第28页/共112页11.belly:N-COUNT 胃，腹部（在英国英语中属于非正式或文学用语）The belly of a person or animal is their stomach or abdomen
42、.In British English,this is an informal or literary use.She laid her hands on her swollen belly.她把双手放在自己隆起的肚子上。.a horse with its belly ripped open.一匹被开膛破肚的马Youll eat so much your bellyll be like a barrel.你会吃得肚子鼓鼓的，像个大酒桶=stomach第29页/共112页12.nursery rhyme:童谣;摇篮曲13.inconsostency:N.前后矛盾;不一致 If there are
43、 inconsistencies in two statements,one cannot be true if the other is true.the complete inconsistency of his argument.他的论点全然自相矛盾=contradiction第30页/共112页14.out of fashion:过时；不时髦；不流行的=out-of-date,out of season,outdate,behind the times15.evasion:N.逃避;规避 Evasion means deliberately avoiding something tha
44、t you are supposed to do or deal with.Many Koreans were angered at what they saw as an evasion of responsibility.很多韩国人认为这是在逃避责任，对此非常愤慨。=desertion第31页/共112页16.screen.from.:把.从.中隔离开来Handicapped people should not be segregated from the rest of society.不应把残疾人与周围社会隔离开来。17.squeal:VERB 发出长而尖的叫声 If someone
45、or something squeals,they make a long,high-pitched sound.Jennifer squealed with delight and hugged me.珍妮弗高兴地尖叫起来，然后拥抱了我。N.长而尖锐的叫声=shriek,squeak第32页/共112页18.gruesome:ADJ.令人厌恶的；恐怖的；令人震惊的 Something that is gruesome is extremely unpleasant and shocking.There has been a series of gruesome murders in the
46、capital.在首都发生了一连串让人毛骨悚然的谋杀案。=frightful,unpleasant19.disrupt:VERB 使中断;扰乱 If someone or something disrupts an event,system,or process,they cause difficulties that prevent it from continuing or operating in a normal way.Anti-war protesters disrupted the debate.反战示威者们打断了辩论。The drought has severely disru
47、pted agricultural production.旱灾已严重影响了农业生产。=disorder第33页/共112页Reading OneMatch the words on the right with that on the monk.samel.conformm.declinen.shocked第34页/共112页Reading One Check your vocabularyParaphrase the following sentences with a special focus on the italicized parts.Many children at first
48、refuse to eat animal flesh,and only become accustomed to it after strenuous efforts by their parents.Many children at first refuse to eat animal flesh.They later become used to eating it just because their parents try hard to persuade them to eat it.第35页/共112页Reading One Check your vocabularyParaphr
49、ase the following sentences with a special focus on the italicized parts.There is not one unified attitude to animals,but two conflicting attitudes that coexisted in one individual,carefully segregated so that the inherent contradiction between them rarely causes trouble.There are two different and
50、conflicting attitudes towards animals;they are carefully separated so that the existing and essential contradiction between the two hardly causes trouble.第36页/共112页Reading One Check your vocabularyParaphrase the following sentences with a special focus on the italicized parts.When farm animals are m