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1、篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统nItcovers71%oftheearthssurfaceandmakesup65%ofourbodies.nWithouttheseeminglyinvaluablecompoundcomprisedofhydrogenandoxygen,lifeonEarthwouldbenon-existentWater is Essential for Life篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定
2、的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统nThreefourthsofthesurfaceoftheEarthiscoveredwithwater.Nearly98%ofthewateronEarth,though,isseawaterunfitfordrinkingandnotevensuitableformostindustrialpurposes.Somethinglessthan2%ofthewaterisfrozeninthepolaricecaps,leavinglessthan1%availableasfreshwater.篮球比赛是根据
3、运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Water:Unusual PropertiesnManychemicalsubstancesaresolubleinwater.Thus,theyareeasilydispersedandeventuallyarescatteredtonearlyinfinitedilutionintheocean.Thosepropertiesofwaterthatmakeituniquelysuitedforthesupportoflifealsomakeiteasytopollute.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规
4、定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Natural Water Isnt All H2OnRainwatercarriesdustparticlesfromtheatmospheretotheground.Rainwateralsodissolvesalittleoxygen,nitrogen,andcarbondioxideasitfallsthroughtheatmosphere.Duringelectricalstorms,lightningcausesnitrogen,oxygen,andwatervaportocombinetoform
5、nitricacid.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统nAswatermovesalongorbeneaththesurfaceoftheEarth,itdissolvesmineralsandmatterfromdecayingplantsandanimals.nTheprincipalpositiveions(cations)innaturalwateraresodium(Na+),potassium(K+),calcium(Ca2+),magnesium(Mg2+),andsometimesiron(Fe2+or
6、Fe3+).nThenegativeions(anions)areusuallysulfate(SO42-),bicarbonate(HCO3-),andchloride(Cl-).篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统hard waternWatercontainingthesecalcium,magnesium,andironionsiscalledhard water.nThepositiveionsreactwiththenegativeionsinsoaptoformascumthatclingstoclothes
7、andleavesthemdingylooking.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Water pollutionnWater pollutionisanychemical,physicalorbiologicalchangeinthequalityofwaterthathasaharmfuleffectonanylivingthingnWaterpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitiesisalargesetofadverseeffectsuponwaterbodiessuchaslakes,r
8、ivers,oceans,andgroundwaternPollutantsinwaterincludeawideofchemicals,pathogens病原体,andphysicalchemistryorsensorychanges.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统WaterpollutionnWaterpollutionistheleadingworldwidecauseofdeathsanddiseases,andthatitaccountsforthedeathsofmorethan14,000peopled
9、aily.nEffectsofwaterpollutionincludepoisonousdrinkingwater,poisonousfoodanimals,unbalancedriverandlakeecosystems,deforestationandmanyothereffects篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Sources of water pollutionnTheusedwaterofacommunityiscalledwastewater,orsewage.Ifitisnottreatedbefore
10、beingdischargedintowaterways,seriouspollutionistheresult.nTherearetwosortsofsources,pointandnonpointsources.Pointsourcesdischargepollutantsatspecificlocationsthroughpipelinesorsewers下水道intothesurfacewater.Nonpointsources非点(污染)源aresourcesthatcannotbetracedtoasinglesiteofdischarge.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得
11、分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统nFactoriesnAgriculturenTransportationnHouseholdSources of water pollution篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Domestic sewagenDomestic sewagereferstowastewaterthatisdiscardedfromhouseholds.Alsoreferredtoassanitarysewage.nDomestic sewage containsawid
12、evarietyofdissolvedandsuspendedimpurities:a.organicmaterials-foodandvegetablewasteb.plantnutrients-chemicalsoaps,washingpowdersc.disease-causingmicrobes微生物篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Example:substancesusedforhousesclean:nSoapandsynthetic detergentsnWaxnPaintsandpaintremover
13、snBleachesnDisinfectants消毒剂nPolishes篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Agricultural Run offnFertilizers:nitrate,phosphatesnPesticides:phenol,chlorinediphenylnEutrophication富富营营养作用养作用:nutrientsartificiallysupplementedresultsinanabnormalincreaseinthegrowthofwaterplants篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的
14、比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Industrial PollutionnIndustrialeffluentofmanykindsofwaste,isdischargedintostreams,lakes,oroceans,whichinturndispersethepollutingsubstances.nThepollutantsincludegrit,asbestos石棉,phosphatesandnitrates,mercury,lead,causticsodaandothersodiumcompounds,sulfurandsulfu
15、ricacid,oils,andpetrochemicals.nExample:Chromeplatingonbumpers,grills,andornamentsisasourceofpollution篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统PollutantsfromvariousindustriesnThetextileindustrydumpsconditioners,dyes,bleaches,andwatereffluentscontainingoils,dirt,andotherorganicdebris.nMe
16、at-packingplantsdumpblood,thecontentsofentrails内脏,andotheranimalwastes.nOtherfood-processingplantsdischargefruitandvegetableskins,seeds,leaves,stems,andothervegetablewastes.nRefineries精炼厂releasedyes,oils,acids盐水,sulfurcompounds,andotherwastes.nChemicalsplantsproduceavarietyofwastematerials.篮球比赛是根据运动
17、队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Oil spillsnOilspillsfromtankersatseaorleaksfromundergroundstoragetanksonlandareverydifficulttocontrolnOilspillsatseadecreasetheoxygenlevelinthewaterandcausegraveharmtothecreatureslivinginthesea.nOnlandcrudeistransportedthroughpipelinesortankerswhichcanget
18、damagedandspewoutcrudeoilovertheland篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Oilspillsareverydifficulttocontrolasoiltendstospreadveryfast,affectingalargeareainaveryshorttime.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Groundwater and its contaminationnGroundwaterarecontaminate
19、dwithheavymetals,persistentorganicpollutants,andnutrientsa.Pesticides:Run-offfromfarms,backyards,andgolfcoursesb.Leachate沥出液fromlandfillsitesc.Untreatedorinadequatelytreatedmunicipalsewage:organicmaterial,microbialpathogend.Nutrients:phosphorusandnitrogene.Syntheticorganics:industrialchemicalsandpes
20、ticides篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Chemicals in drinking waternChemicalsindrinkingwatercanbebothnaturallyoccurringorintroducedbyhumaninterferencea.Fluorideb.Arsenicc.Petrochemicalsd.Chlorinated solventse.Salts篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Different t
21、ypes of water pollutionnMicrobiological:Disease-causing(pathogenic)microorganisms,likebacteria,virusesandprotozoa原生动物.nChemicals:Awholevarietyofchemicalsfromindustry,suchasmetals,solventsandacids篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统nOxygen-depleting SubstancesManywastesarebiodegrada
22、ble,theycanbebrokendownandusedasfoodbymicroorganismslikebacteria.Toomuchbiodegradablematerialcancausetheseriousproblemofoxygen depletioninwaters篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Aerobic bacterianAerobic bacteriathatliveinwateruseoxygengasdissolvedinthewaterwhentheyconsumetheirfoo
23、dnAerobicmicroorganisms-whichusedissolvedoxygen-convertthenitrogen,sulfur,andcarboncompoundspresentinthewastewaterintoodorless-andrelativelyharmless-oxygenatedformslikenitrates,sulfatesandcarbonates篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Anaerobic bacterianOncetheoxygenisdepleted,other
24、(anaerobic)bacteriathatdonotneeddissolvedoxygentakeovernAnaerobic microorganismsproducetoxicandsmellyammonia,amines,andsulfides,andflammablemethane(swampgas)篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Biochemical oxygen demand,or BODnBODistheamountofoxygenrequiredbymicro-organismstodecompo
25、setheorganicsubstancesinsewage.nThemoreorganicmaterialthereisinthesewage,thehighertheBOD.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统NutrientsnWater-solublenitratesandphosphatesthatcauseexcessivegrowthofalgaeandotherwaterplants,whichdepletethewatersoxygensupply.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负
26、的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Suspended matternParticulatematter,consistofmuchlarger-butstillverysmall-particleswhicharejustsuspendedinthewaternTheywilleventuallysettleoutandformsiltormudatthebottom:sediments篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Water-bornediseasenPathogenswhichincludevi
27、rus,bacteria,protozoa,andparasiticwormsaredisease-producingagentsfoundinthefaecesofinfectedpersons.nHepatitis肝炎,cholera霍乱,dysentery痢疾,diarrhoea腹泻,skinirritation,andtyphoid伤寒症arecommonwater-bornediseases篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统How do we prevent water pollution?nInurbanar
28、eas,thewastewaterfromhomes,businessesandfactoriesiscollectedbyasystemofundergroundpipes-sewerswhichcarryittooneormorecentraltreatmentfacilities.nHomesinnon-urbanareasthatarenotconnectedtoasewerareusuallyrequiredbytheirtowntohaveon-sitetreatmentsystems.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得
29、分类型的系统WastewatertreatmentplantsnConsistsofatrainofindividualunitprocesses,withtheoutput(effluent)ofoneprocessbecomingtheinput(influent)ofthenextprocess.nBiologicalplantsaremorecommonlyusedtotreatdomesticorcombineddomesticandindustrialwastewaterfromamunicipality.nPhysical/chemicalplantsaremoreoftenus
30、edtotreatindustrialwastewatersdirectly,becausetheyoftencontainpollutantswhichcannotberemovedefficientlybymicroorganisms篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统A typical treatment plantnThefirststageswillbemadeupofphysicalprocessesthattakeouteasilyremovablepollutants.nTheremainingpollut
31、antsaregenerallytreatedfurtherbybiologicalorchemicalprocesses篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统physicalprocessnAphysicalprocessusuallytreatssuspended,ratherthandissolvedpollutantsa.flocculationb.Filtration:Ultrafiltration,andreverse osmosisc.adsorptiononactivated charcoald.Air or
32、 steam stripping篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Desalinationofseawaterbyreverseosmosis.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统AcommonsetofprocessesnPreliminary treatment:grinders,barscreens,andgritchannels.nToremovelargeorhardsolidsthatmightclogordamageotherequip
33、ment.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Primary settling basinsnThewaterflowsslowlyforuptoafewhours,toalloworganicsuspendedmattertosettleoutorfloattothesurface.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Secondary treatmentntoremovetheremainingdissolvedorcolloidalorganic
34、matterusingusuallybiologicalmethod.nThemostcommontypeofbiologicaltreatmentprocess:Activatedsludgeprocess篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Activatedsludgeprocessnconsistsoftwoparts,anaeration tankandasettlingtank.nTheaerationtankcontainsasludge:containingmostlybacteria,aswellaspro
35、tozoa,fungi,algae,etc.Thewastewaterentersthetankandmixeswiththeculture,whichusestheorganiccompoundsforgrowth-producingmoremicroorganisms-andforrespiration,whichresultsmostlycarbondioxideandwater.篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统nThesludgeiscarriedbytheflowintothesettlingtank.The
36、sludgecollectedatthebottomofthesettlingtankisthenrecycledtotheaerationtanktoconsumemoreorganicmaterial.nSincetheamountofmicroorganisms,orbiomass,increasesasaresultofthisprocess,somemustberemovedonaregularbasisforfurthertreatmentanddisposal篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统Final p
37、rocess:DisinfectionnDestructionofharmful(pathogenic)microorganisms,i.e.disease-causinggerms:sterilizationnThemostcommonlyuseddisinfectantischlorine,intheformofaliquefiedgas,oranalkalinesolutioncalledsodiumhypochlorite篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统nAmorepowerfuldisinfectantisozonenTheothercommonlyusedmethodofdisinfectionisultraviolet light篮球比赛是根据运动队在规定的比赛时间里得分多少来决定胜负的,因此,篮球比赛的计时计分系统是一种得分类型的系统