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1、臨床病理討論會A 10 y/o girlChief complaint:Chest discomfort,vomiting and dry cough for one dayBrief HistoryGrowth&development:Weight:22 kg(3rd-10th percentile)Height:130 cm(25-50th percentile)Development milestone:within normal limitPast historyHand-foot-mouth disease in 1998Frequent URI and fever during c
2、hildhoodNo drug or food allergyBrief HistoryFamily history:Her sister had fever and URI recently.Present IllnessFever and bilateral hand arthralgia attack once 1 month agoChest discomfort and cough since 9/11 afternoon,2001Visit LMD and URI was toldVomiting and chest tightness on 9/12 0 AM and 5 AMP
3、resent Illness9/12 morning,visit LMD again,ECG showed arrhythmiaRefer to 亞東 hospitalPresent IllnessFindings at 亞東 hospital Clear consciousness,ill-looking,pallor appearance,no cyanosis Irregular heart beat EKG:VPC bigeminyPresent IllnessLab.findings at 亞東 hospital WBC 9000/mm3,Hb 13.5 g/dl BUN 11 mg
4、/dl,Cre 0.6 mg/dl GOT 25 U/L,CK 665 U/L,CK-MB 175 U/LPresent IllnessEchocardiogram at 亞東 hospital Multiple small VSDs,muscular trabecular type,at apex LV dyskinesia,LVEF 60-70%Mild TR,mild MRPresent IllnessManagement at 亞東 hospital Lidocaine iv drip Dopamine 10 mg/kg/min Refer to NTUH(2pm)Physical E
5、xaminationPhysical findings at NTUH Consciousness:lethargic,acute ill-looking T/P/R:37/140/25 BP 80/46 SaO2 97%HEENT:pale conjunctiva anicteric sclera mild cyanotic lipPhysical Examination Neck:jugular venous engorgement Chest:bilateral basal rles Heart:irregularly irregular beats,distant heart soun
6、d no murmurPhysical Examination Abdomen:no hepatomegaly hypoactive bowel sound Extremities:freely movable cold and cyanotic poor capillary refillingInitial Lab DataCBC:WBC Hb Hct Plt 8840 12.7 37.2%160 K Seg 82.4%,Lym 13.8%,Eos 0.1%BCS:BUN Cre Na K Cl Ca 12.8 0.63 141 4.5 104 2.41 Initial Lab DataVB
7、G:pH pCO2 pO2 HCO3 BE 7.36 47.4 27.3 26.9 +1.4Cardiac enzyme:CPK(U/L)CK-MB Troponin I(ng/ml)1040 196.5 31.9CRP:0.53 mg/dl Initial Lab DataEKG(9/12):Initial Lab DataEKG(9/12):Initial Lab DataEKG(9/12):Initial Lab DataEchocardiogram(9/12):LV enlargementLVEF 45%Muscular VSDMild MR,TR,PR Echocardiogram(
8、9/12)Course and TreatmentManagementFor cardiogenic shock:Dopamine,Dobutamin,Primacor,LasixFor ventricular arrhythmia:Amiodarone,Lidocaine,MgSO4For myocarditis:IVIG,Consider extracorporeal membranous oxygenator(ECMO)supportCourse and Treatment9/12 5pm(3 hr after admission)Progressive hypotensionSudde
9、n onset of coma,BP drop(pulseless)EKG:ventricular tachycardiaStart CPR(40 min)Start ECMO,transfer to SICUEKG(9/12,5 PM)Course in SICUECMO settingV-A ECMO:15 Fr Rt femoral artery,19 Fr Rt femoral vein by cutdownFlow:2000 ml/minMean BP:70 mmHgUrine output:1.72 ml/kg/hrEchocardiogram(9/13)Course in SIC
10、UVT persistent despite of cardioversion,Lidocaine,Amiodarone,MgSO4 9/12 9/17:ECMO 5 daysPoor LV functionPersistent lung edema(CXR,clinically)TnI slowly decreaseA-line flatten,no pulsatile wave formCourse in SICUEndomyocardial biopsy(9/14)Mild to moderate perivascular and interstitial lymphocyte infi
11、ltrationFoci of myocyte degeneration Interstitial edemaNo giant cell Compatible with acute myocarditisCourse in SICULA drain(9/17):To decompress LV,avoid thrombosisLA dome cannulation connecting to FV cannula ECMO FALAP:22 mmHg 10 mmHgEchocardiogram(9/17)Course in SICU9/18,4am Acute thrombosis at LA
12、 cannula and ECMO circuit poor flowCPR for 30 min.and emergent re-set ECMO tubing Cons.After CPR:E1M1VTLight reflex(+)Course in SICU9/19,8am:gross hematuria and ECMO tube thrombosis reset ECMOProgressive dilated pupils,no light reflex,suspected hypoxic encephalopathyRemove ECMO on 9/23(10th day)Lab
13、data9/129/139/149/159/169/17TnI31.962.41007437.3CK104091242342126759138647026CK-MB196368687403207101Cre0.630.590.560.50.470.51Bil1.240.510.651.361.51.35Lab DataLab DataSerology study;Mycoplasma pneumonia IgM:(9/12)positive,(9/21)negativeOther virology study:all negative Coxsackie A,Coxsackie B1-B6,C
14、MV IgG&IgM,Enterovirus 70,Influenza A&BLab DataCulture:Throat swab(9/12):Staphylococcus aureusNasal swab(9/12):Staphylococcus aureus,Viridans streptococciBlood(9/19):Staphylococcus epidermidisDiscussionDiagnostic approach:Cause of chest pain in childrenIdiopathic:12-45%Costochondritis:9-22%Musculosk
15、eletal trauma:21%Cough,asthma,pneumonia:15-21%Psychogenic factors:5-9%GI disorders:4-7%Cardiac disorders:0-4%Diagnostic approachHx:cough,vomitingPE:hypotension jugular venous distention tachycardia irregular heart beat basal rles poor peripheral perfusion Cardiovascular compromise Diagnostic approac
16、hFlu-like illness,arrhythmia,cardiovascular compromise Acute myocarditis highly suspectedD/D:Dilated cardiomyopathy Anomalous left coronary artery Chronic tachyarrhythmia Pericarditis Diagnostic approachEKG:VPC bigeminy,ventricular tachycardiaST-segment changeElevated cardiac enzymeEchocardiogram:ma
17、rked LV dyskinesiaEndomyocardial biopsyLymphocyte infiltrationMyocyte degeneration Acute myocarditis confirmedClinical classification of myocarditisFulminantAcuteChronic activeChronic persistentInitial presentationShock,severe LV dysfuntionCHFCHFNormal LV functionEndomyocardial biopsyMultifocal acti
18、ve myocarditisActive or borderline myocarditisActive or borderline myocarditisActive or borderline myocarditisNature historyComplete recovery or deathIncomplete recovery or DCMDCMNormal LV functionMyocarditis:an enigmatic disease!Dark side of the myocarditisInitial non-specific symptoms Difficult to
19、 establish the diagnosisEtiology hard to findComplexity of pathogenesisOften refractory to conventional treatmentDark side of the myocarditisInitial non-specific symptoms Similar to patients with sepsis,bronchiolitis,pneumonia,gastroenteritis,hepatitis,and renal failure etc.Aggressive fluid resuscit
20、ation may harm unstable patientsRapid progression in fulminant myocarditisDark side of the myocarditisDifficult to establish the diagnosisLimited sensitivity and specificity of changes in CXR,ECG,cardiac enzyme(Troponin level:more sensitive)Echocardiogram:LV dysfunction,often regionalEndomyocardial
21、biopsy:as gold standard,but sensitivity 3-63%Dallas criteriaBorderline myocarditisActive myocarditisAm J Cadiovasc Pathol 1987;1:3-14Dark side of the myocarditisEtiology hard to findVIRAL CAUSESEnterovirus Coxsackie A Coxsackie B Echovirus PoliovirusAdenovirus Cytomegalovirus Herpesvirus Influenza A
22、 Epstein-Barr virusVaricella Mumps Measles Parvovirus Rabies Hepatitis B,C Rubella Rubeola Respiratory syncytial virus Human immunodeficiency virusRickettsial Rickettsia ricketsii Rickettsia tsutsugamushiBacterial Meningococcus Klebsiella Leptospira Mycoplasma Salmonella Clostridia Tuberculosis Bruc
23、ella Legionella pneumophila smallpox Streptococcus Protozoal Trypanosoma cruzi Toxoplasmosis Amebiasis Other parasites Toxocara canis Schistosomiasis Hetereophyiasis Cysticercosis Echinococcus Visceral larva migrans Trichinosis Fungi and yeasts Actinomycosis Coccidiodomycosis Histoplasmosis Candida
24、NONVIRAL CAUSES Dark side of the myocarditisEtiology hard to findToxic Scorpion Diphtheria Drugs Sulfonamides Phenylbutazone Cyclophosphamide Neomercazole Acetazolamide Amphotericin B Indomethacin Tetracycline Isoniazid Methyldopa Phenytoin PenicillinHypersensitivity/Autoimmune Rheumatoid arthritis
25、Rheumatic fever Ulcerative colitis Systemic lupus erythematosus Mixed connective tissue disease Scleroderma Whipples disease Other Sarcoidosis Kawasaki disease CornstarchNONINFECTIOUS ETIOLOGIESDark side of the myocarditisEtiology hard to findPediatr Cardiol 2001;22:34-9Dark side of the myocarditisC
26、omplexity of pathogenesisNEJM 2000;343:1388-98Dark side of the myocarditisComplexity of pathogenesis Factors contributing to host susceptibilityAutoantibodies:to adenosine nucleotide translocator,myosinExpression of cell adhesion molecules(ICAM-1)Expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor(CAR)Dark
27、side of the myocarditisOften refractory to conventional treatmentStandard therapy:ACE inhibitor,inotropic agents,diuretics often not effective in fulminant myocarditisImmunosuppression:IVIG,steroids,cyclosporin still controversialBright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant my
28、ocarditisImprovement of mechanical support:LVAD,BVAD,ECMOBright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant myocarditisNEJM 2000;342:690-5Bright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminant myocarditisBright side of the myocarditisGood long term prognosis of fulminan
29、t myocarditisWhy?Different viral agent?Different host response?Autoimmune in nature?Bright side of the myocarditisVentricular assistant device(VAD)&Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)Bright side of the myocarditisVAD and ECMO in fulminant myocarditis:Basically a reversible diseaseIndications:-
30、Failing medical treatment(inotropic requirement with poor perfusion)-Cardiac arrestBright side of the myocarditisOutcome of VAD and ECMO used in fulminant myocarditis:J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.2001;112:440-8Future strategiesAntiviral agents:interferon,ribavirin,pleconarilVaccine:to specific virus,T-c
31、ell receptors,tolerance to myosinEarlier mechanical supportMore specific immunosuppression:OKT3,NO synthetase blocker,Clinical diagnosisFulminant myocarditis,possible viral origin,etiology?Cause of death:ECMO dysfunction,Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy secondary to circulatory collapseMyocarditis in recovery?Thanks for your attention!