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1、英语中考阅读理解解题技巧与训练柏振 2011-12-19要提高阅读的速度,我们要掌握以下方法:一、要用英语思维,不要在脑中将阅读材料译成汉语,逐步养成用英语思维的习惯。二.要 用 眼 读,不要用口读。用眼进行扫描式的阅读,一次扫读一个意群,而不是一个单词。例如:Many teachers and students are reading newspapers and books in thereading-room.三、遇到生词不要停顿。遇到生词时,可以凭上下文猜测其含义,或划一记号,等读完后,再查词典。四、要多读,多训练。熟能生巧,我们在课后应挤时间多读一些英语报刊上的短文和简易读物。五.注
2、意阅读解题技巧。学会分析题目的类型,是大意题,细节题还是作者态度题,然后直接在文中选定题目所在的段落,有目标地寻找答案。重、定、划、看、防、读”一、“重”一 重文本,读懂文章最重要。文本是题源所在,如果将考生比作勘探人员,那么文本就是他们的勘探场所。撰题者正式通过对文章的深入剖析,才将一个个地宝藏埋藏其中,让考生去发掘。所以读懂文本不仅是正确解题的第一步,也是最关键的一步。但是,快速读懂一篇文章却非易事,需要进行大量的阅读习练。高超的阅读真功夫有赖良好的阅读习惯的培养。既要读得快,又要读得懂,良好的阅读习惯是保障。二、“定”一“定区间,能够圈定各题答案的范围。出题者一般都是根据文本的某一段,或
3、某一段的某一句,或某一句的某一词,或根据隐藏在字里行间的作者的暗示进行题设。这就要求做题时要进行回想、返查,锁定与问题相关信息的所在区域,为正确解题打基础。这个过程就像捉迷藏一样,要想找到文本中躲藏的“猫猫”,就必须对藏躲“猫猫”的区域谙熟于心,进而准确定位,圈定范围,定能一抓一个准。三、划一划根据,作答时理由要充分,并在文章中划出解题依据。能够在文本中划出解题根据是正确解题的关键,更是阅读理解不丢分的保障。猎人有句行话,叫“不见兔子不撒鹰”,在这儿我要告诉各位同学,在做阅读理解时要做到“不见根据不做题”。理由充分,根据凿实,这是“不仅知其然,而且知其所以然”的超高境界,是阅读水平提高的最大见
4、证。从这种意义上讲,“划”字诀是“重、定、戈IJ、看、防、读”六字真诀之尤为重要者。四、“看 一?看转换”。注意同一意思的不同表述(同意转述)。英语语言相当丰富,同意思会有多种不同表达,以避免语言表述上的单调重复。考试中常见的题型“同意改写”就是考察学生的这一能力的。出题者设计试题时总会用不同的语言结构对文本中的某些信息进行同意转述。五、“防”一“防陷井”。锁定是“true”还是“not true,辨明形近词。英语阅读中的陷阱设置最常见的有两种,判断对错真假型和词形相近型。对于判断对错真假型,考生做题前一定要认真审题,看准是true还是“not true,是“right”还是“wrong”,然
5、后才着手解题。可能会有同学认为,这么简单的事怎么会错?其实不然,在考场高度紧张的情况下,什么事情都会发生。试想你身边有过多少同学曾因把true与not true看反而懊恼不已,顿足捶胸?对于词形相近型要做只有两个字“细心”,三思而后选。只要细心,此类陷阱就会很容易被识破。归根到底,“防”的主要对象是自己,防止慌张,防止粗心大意,防止那些“想当然”的想法,防止自己的骄傲情绪 只 要 沉 着 应 对,处处留心,任何陷阱都会被识别发现的,因此我们应该多做做眼保健操。六、“读”一“读全项,做判断时要通读每一题的所有选项,区分鉴别,选择最佳。阅读理解是从三个或四个选项中选出 个最佳选项,解题时考生要通读
6、所有选项,比较鉴别,确定最佳。切不可挑读臆断,匆匆作答。比如做判断对错真假型试题时,选项中会有“一对三错”或“三对一错”,通读全项就会补救误读题干所造成的过失。干扰项特点1.以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容,也就是文章的局部信息。2.断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容,或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。3.主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大,超过文章实际所讨论的内容.4.张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上,构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下,会造成错选答案。5.无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了,但认真
7、分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。切忌的阅读方法(1)“指读”,即为了“集中注意力”,用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读。一遇到生词,便停顿下来,无法在通篇理解的基础上继续进行阅读。(2)“唇读”,即有的学生在阅读中喜欢读出声来,或即使不出声,嘴唇在动,或脑子里也在想着读音,无形当中影响了大脑的思维速度。(3)“回读”,即在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的短语时,返回句首甚至段首重读;还有相当多的学生对阅读已经产生心理定势,即认为自己第一遍肯定读不懂,因此反复多遍,浪费很多时间。(4)“译读”,即在阅读过程中,不断地进行逐词逐句的翻译,通过译成母语来辅助理解。由于没有掌握正确的阅读方法,
8、习惯于在不加限定的时间内,对一小块文章精雕细琢,导致了逐词阅读接受信息的习惯。阅读理解-类型:A 考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力 此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文)的主题,主题思想,标题或目的,其主要提问方式是:1)Which is the best title of the passage?2)Which of the following is this passage about?3)In this passage the writer tries to tell us t hat.4)The passage tells us t hat.5)This passage ma
9、inly talks about.解体秘诀:抓主题句1、主题句是用来表达文章或段落的中心思想的,通常在文章第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等处出现,阅读时要特别注意。2、进行整体阅读,抓文章逻辑结构。文章主题出现的位置对应于文章逻辑结构中的一个部分,而在中考阅读中以“总一分一总”结构类型题居多。所以重读文章首、尾两段以及每段首句,对把握文章结构和主旨理解有很大帮助。如何获取段落的主旨和大意?在一篇短文或个段落中,大部分主题句的情况有三种:(1)主题句在段首或篇首。主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文,议论文大都采用先总述,后分述的叙事方法。例如:2008年陕西省英语中考试题阅
10、读材料B 的第一段:All living things on the earth need other living things to live.Nothing lives alone.Most animals must live ina group,and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind.Sometimes one living thingkills another,one eats and the other is eaten.Each kind of life eats another kin
11、d of life in order to live,andtogether they form a food chain(食物链)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the linksdisappears.在这篇短文之后有一道考查主题的阅读理解题:59.Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?A.Animals B.Plants C.Food Chains D.Living Things第 句即是主题句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思,“地
12、球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生物”。后面讲述了大量的事实,“大部分动物必须成群的生活,甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。有时种生物杀死另种生物,种生物吃另种生物,而 另 种 生 物 被 吃”。在列举了大量的事实之后,作者指出:如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失,所有的食物都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。(C)(2)主题句在段末或篇末。用归纳法写文章时,往往表述细节的句子在前,概述性的句子在后,并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结,归纳或结论。例如2007年陕西省中考试题阅读材料A 的最后段:If you buy some well-made
13、 clothes,you can save money because they can last longer.They look goodeven after they have been washed many times.Sometimes some clothes cost more money,but it doesnot mean that they are always better made,or they always fit better.In other words,some less expensiveclothes look and fit better than
14、more expensive clothes.这段文章前面列举了两件事实:如果你买一些制作优良的衣服,你会省钱,因为这些衣服能穿得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次,仍然看起来很好。有时有些衣服花得前更多,但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括:有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看,更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。(3)无主题句首先找出每一段的中心意思,各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的,或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。(A)The busiest actor in the English theatre is Walter
15、 Plinge.He sometimes has a part in plays in two or threeLondon theatres at the same time.But Walter Plinge is not a real person.When an actor plays twocharacters in a play,his name is on the programme beside one character.Walter Plinge goes beside thesecond character.Walter Plinge”became an actor in
16、 1900.the name was p private(私人的)joke in one theatre.Sometimesan actor said to the director(导演),“Mr Plinge is waiting for you.The director knew this was really aninvitation to the pub.Many actors heard about Walter Plinge.Soon they were using his name on theatreprogrammes.In America,Walter Plinges n
17、ame is George Spilvin and davcers call him James Moore.When he is actingor dancing,hes a very useful man,although he is not very famous.()1.、Walter P l i n g e*i s.A.a famous actor B.an actor in the English theatre C.only a name D.a director.()2、Actors use his name when t hey.A.are in the programmes
18、 B.have an important part C.have 2 parts D.have a small part()3 The d i r e c t o r.A.often invited actors to the pub B.was a personal friend of Walter PlingeC.waited for Walter Plinge an actor D.sometimes went for a drink with an act()4、George Spilvin is.A.an American B.a similar American joke C.a
19、foreign actor D.a dancer()5、Most people p r o b a b l y.A.dont know about Walter Plinge B.misunderstand(误会)PlingeC.take no notice of Walter Plinge D.laugh at Walter Plinge(B)When we think of paper,we think of newspapers and book.But there are many other uses.Only half ofthe worlds paper is used for
20、books and newspapers.Paper is very good for keeping you warm.You have perhaps seen homeless men sleep on a large numberof newspaper.In Finland,it is sometimes 40C in winter.The farmers wear paper boots in the snow.Nothing could be warmer.Each year,more and more things are made of paper.We have had p
21、aper cups and plates for a long time.But now we hear that chairs,tables and even beds can be made of paper.With paper boots and shoes,you can wear paper hats,paper dresses,and paper raincoats.When you have used them once,you throwthem away and buy new ones.The latest of paper seems to be paper house
22、s.They1 re not small houses for children to play in,but real,big houses for people to live in.You can buy a house with three rooms for about 500 dollars.You can put it up yourself in a few hours and you can use it for about five years.()6、Only half of the worlds paper is used to.A.build houses B.hel
23、p the homeless menC.make chairs,tables and beds D.print newspapers and books()7.、Why do the farmers in Finland wear paper boots in winter?A Because they feel much better.B.Because they want to keep their feet warmerC.Because they want to go for a walk D.Because they want to save money()8、The latest
24、use of paper seems to be paper houses.These houses are.A.big and strong enough to live for many years B.only made for children to play inC.made only for homeless men D.not expensive and easy to build up()9、From the passage we can see that.A.paper can be used to make a lot of thingsB.all homeless men wear paper clothes in winter in FinlandC.all the things made of paper are better than those made of wood.D.paper is only used to print books and newspapers.()10、We cant use paper to make.A.houseB.furnitureC.clothes0.electronic fan