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1、unit 1总论Day 1典型英语文章的写作脉络和答题步骤典型英语文章的写作脉络和答题步骤及技巧总的来说，英语文章结构比较严谨，脉络清楚，所以我们在读任何文章的时候，脑子里面一定要有一根线，先掌握了典型文章的展开方法，再加上一些引子等，就成了所有四级阅读文章的结构。我们先以2000年6月的文章为例进行讲解体会。请 在2分钟以内读完这篇文章：2000.6Americans are proud of their variety and individuality,yetthey love and respect few things more than a uniform,whether it i
2、sthe uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-stargeneral.Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms,one of the first is thatin the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓 的）clothes.People have become conditioned to expe
3、ctsuperior quality from a man who wears a uniform.The televisionrepairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than onewho appears in civilian clothes.Faith in the skill of a garagemechanic is increased by a uniform.What easier way is there for anurse,a policeman,a barber,or a waiter to l
4、ose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform?Uniforms also have many practical benefits.They save onother clothes.They save on laundry bills.They are tax-deductible（可减税的）.They are often more comfortable and more durablethan civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is
5、 theirlack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experiencedby people who must wear them.Though there are many types ofuniforms,the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it,without change,until retirement.When people look alike,they tendto think,speak,and act similarly,
6、on the job at least.Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems.Though they are long lasting,often their initial expense is greaterthan the cost of civilian clothes.Some uniforms are also expensiveto maintain,requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the homelaundering possible with man
7、y types of civilian clothes.同学们肯定说2 分钟不可能读完，但实际上我们只需要读下面这些划线的句子，这篇文章的脉络就出来了。Americans are proud of their variety and individuality,yetthey love and respect few things more than a uniform,Why areuniforms so popular in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms,one of the first is thatin the e
8、yes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes.Uniforms also have many practical benefits.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is theirlack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experiencedby people who must wear them.Uniforms also give rise to some pr
9、actical problems.文章第一段给出了主题：uniforms,并且提出了问题：Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?（为什么制服在美国如此受欢迎？）在第二段作者讨论支持制服的主要原因，我们需要注意两个词：for,firsto第三段紧接着提到制服的一些实际的好处。第四段作者的笔锋一转，提到反对制服的主要原因，两个关键词是：primary,againsto同样，在第五段给出的是一些反对制服实际的问题。本文可以分为主 题 段（第一段）和展 开 段（第二、三和四、五段）。其中二、三段是一个小的展开，四、五段是第二个小的展开。读到这
10、里，同学们实际上应该知道，这篇文章主要讲的是制服的优点（第二、三段）和 缺 点（第四、五段）。那么做本文的第五题就很容易了：5.The best title for this passage would be.A）Uniforms and SocietyB）The Importance of Wearing a UniformC）Practical Benefits of Wearing a UniformD)Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms答案显而易见是D)。而且我们可以有这样的判断：第二、四段应该是老师出题的重点，因为它们讲的是主要的方面；而
11、三、五段可以一带而过，因为讨论的是一些次要的内容。同时,我们应该了解每篇文章不是每一句话都要仔细读的。实际上，每篇文章都有四分之一左右的内容不需要读。如果我们觉得有一句话不读就不放心的话，那么可以读，但是对那些次要的内容不能花过多的时间，基本上扫一眼知道不重要就行了。请读本文的前四题，并且找到它们在文中对应的地方(先不要做题)：1.It is surprising that Americans who worship variety andindividuality.A)still judge a man by his clothesB)hold the uniform in such hig
12、h regardC)enjoy having a professional identityD)will respect an elevator operator as much as a generalin uniform2.People are accustomed to thinking that a man inuniform.A)suggests quality workB)discards his social identityC)appears to be more practicalD)looks superior to a person in civilian clothes
13、3.The chief function of a uniform is to.A)provide practical benefits to the wearerB)make the wearer catch the public eyeC)inspire the wearer s confidence in himselfD)provide the wearer with a professional identity4.According to the passage,people wearing uniforms.A)are usually helpfulB)have little o
14、r no individual freedomC)tend to lose their individualityD)enjoy greater popularity可以看出，第一题出自第一段，中间两题出自第二段，第四题出自第四段。【文章大意】美国人特别为自己的多样性和个性而自豪，但是他们却非常喜爱和尊重制服，无论是电梯操作员的制服还是五星上将的制服。为什么制服在美国那么受欢迎呢？最重要的原因之一是，在很多人看来穿制服比穿便装看上去更加职业化，人们习惯于期待从穿制服的人身上得到更好的服务。如果电视机修理工穿着制服去修电视，就比穿便装更能给人带来信任感，穿制服的汽车修理工给人的感觉也是这样。另外
15、,对于护士、警察、理发师和侍者来说，要想让别人不知道自己的职业身份，有什么方法比脱掉制服更加容易呢?制服还有一些很实际的好处，比如说你不需要花钱买别的衣服了，也不需要花钱去清洗它，而且它是可减税的。而且制服相对普通衣服来说更舒服，更耐穿。反对制服的观点主要是它们缺少变化，穿制服使人失去个性。尽管有很多种制服，但是一旦穿上了某一种制服，就一辈子穿下去了，没有任何变化，一直到退休为止。当人们看上去相像时，他们的思想、语言、行动也会变得相像，至少在工作中是这样的。制服也会带来一些很实际的问题。尽管它们比较耐穿，但是起初花费在制服上的钱可能会比普通衣服要高。还有一些制服，保养起来是非常花钱的，它们需要
16、专业化的干洗，而不能在家里做普通的清洗。总结起来，英语文章如下图所示：图1英文行文方式：倒金字塔形，即最重要的内容一般放在最前面加以介绍，越往后重要性越低。在做阅读理解题时有两个标准：速度和准确度。四级阅读的速度要求是70wpm(words per minute),准确度要求是70%以上。一般同学们有两种阅读顺序：读 文 章 f读题目和选项一回到文章中找答案一检查;读题目和选项一读文章一做题一检查。分析一下，第一种方法可能同学们读得比较细，准确度的要求容易达到，但绝大部分人是无法在9分钟之内读完文章并做题的；而第二种方法容易达到速度的要求，准确度的要求又很难达到。综合这两种方法，可以归纳出既照
17、顾速度又考虑准确度的阅读步骤：1)Skim2)Read the questions(without the choices)一3)Scan and locate-4)Review01)为浏览全文。拿到一篇文章我们先花2分钟左右的时间读第一段的头三句话和后面每一段的第一句话，目的是掌握全文主题和每段大意。因为绝大部分英语文章的行文方式呈倒金字塔形(见上述)，通常最重要的内容放在前面。2)为读题干，但不要读选项，花1.5分钟左右。读时应把题干的关键词注上下划线，这样带着问题读文章，定位就精确多了。3)为查读和定位。花5 7分钟找到题目所在的地方，并且做题。4)为检查。注意在检查时如果没有确凿把握，
18、不要随意改动自己的第一选择，因为研究证明第一选择比第二选择的正确可能性大。大家再看下面这篇文章：For an increasing number of students at Americanuniversities,old is suddenly in.The reason is obvious:the graying ofAmerica means jobs.Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom（生育高峰）generation,a longer life span means that the nation,selderly population
19、is bound to expand significantly over the next 50years.By 2050,25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65,upfrom 14 percent in 1995.The change poses profound questions forgovernment and society,of course.But it also creates careeropportunities in medicine and health professions,and in law and
20、business as well.In addition to the doctors,were going to needmore sociologists,biologists,urban planners and specializedlawyers,says Professor Edward Schneider of the University ofSouthern California,s（USC）School of Gerontology（老年学）.Lawyers can specialize in“elder law,“which coverseverything from t
21、rusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and agediscrimination（歧 视）.Businessmen see huge opportunities in theelder market because the baby boomers,74 million strong,are likelyto be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history.uAny studentwho combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with,say,a
22、nMBA or law degree will have a license to print money,“oneprofessor says.Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC.Shebegan college as a biology major but found she was“really boredwith bacteria.v So she took a class in gerontology and discoveredthat she liked it.She says,“I did volunteer work
23、 in retirementhomes and it was very satisfying.5,实际上我们只要读下面划线的部分就知道本文的中心和每段的主题了。For an increasing number of students at Americanuniversities,old is suddenly in.The reason is obvious:the graying ofAmerica means jobs.Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom（生育高峰）generation,a longer life span means that
24、 the nations elderlypopulation is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years.By 2050,25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65,up from14 percent in 1995.The change poses profound questions forgovernment and society,of course.But it also creates careeropportunities in medicine and h
25、ealth professions,and in law andbusiness as well.In addition to the doctors,were going to needmore sociologists,biologists,urban planners and specializedlawyers/5 says Professor Edward Schneider of the University ofSouthern CaliforniaJ s（USC）School of Gerontology（老年学）.Lawyers can specialize in“elder
26、 law,“which coverseverything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and agediscrimination(歧 视).Businessmen see huge opportunities in theelder market because the baby boomers,74 million strong,are likelyto be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history.uAny studentwho combines an expert
27、knowledge in gerontology with,say,anMBA or law degree will have a license to print money,“oneprofessor says.Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC.Shebegan college as a biology major but found she was“really boredwith bacteria.So she took a class in gerontology and discoveredthat she liked
28、it.She says,“I did volunteer work in retirementhomes and it was very satisfying.我们知道文章的主题是“old is suddenly in.The grayingof America means jobs”,即美国人的老年化给社会带来了多样的工作机会，也即老年学gerontology变得受欢迎。第二段作者从律师利商人两方面加以论证，第三段用一个学生的例子进行进一步说明。我们要想准确知道哪一个选项是正确选项，就需要了解迷惑项的出题方式。知道正确答案为什么对和错误选项为什么错。请先花五分钟时间做上面第二篇文章的五个问题
29、：1.“old is suddenly in(Line 1,Para.1)mostprobably means”.A)America has suddenly become a nation of old peopleB)gerontology has suddenly become popularC)more elderly professors are found on AmericancampusesD)American colleges have realized the need of enrollingolder students2.With the aging of Americ
30、a,lawyers can benefit.A)from the adoption of the“elder law”B)from rendering special services to the elderlyC)by enriching their professional knowledgeD)by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their owninterests3.Why can businessmen make money in the emergingelder market?A)Retirees are more ge
31、nerous in spending money.B)They can employ more gerontologists.C)The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power.D)There are more elderly people working than before.4.Who can make big money in the new century accordingto the passage?A)Retirees who are business-minded.B)The volunteer workers in reti
32、rement homes.C)College graduates with an MBA or law degree.D)Professionals with a good knowledge of gerontology.5.It can be seen from the passage that the expansion ofAmerica s elderly population.A)will provide good job opportunities in many areasB)will impose an unbearable burden on societyC)may le
33、ad to nursing home abuse and age discriminationD)will create new fields of study in universities老师在出迷惑选项时会有如下四种错误方式：图2第一步我们浏览文章，找到文章中心和每段大意。第二步同学们把题干中的关键词划线，然后就可以知道第1题应从头两句中找到答案，第2题应在第二段的第一句话找，第3题在第二段的第二句话找答案，第4题接着读第二段就可以，而最后一题为主旨题。第三步具体做题。1 .【答案解析】B o我们通过头两句话可以知道答案。A)选项犯了二类错误，文中提到美国老年人越来越多，但这只是一个事实
34、，不是作者的主题；C)选项犯了一类错误，文中根本没有提到美国校园里有越来越多的老年教授；D)选项也犯了一类错误，并没有提到美国大学认识到招收老年学生的必要性。2.【答案解析】A o第二段的第一句话意思是“律师可以专业于 老年人法，老年人法包括了从信托到资产，从养老院虐待到年龄歧视的各种事情”。从这句话可知答案）。本题中的B）选项迷惑性最大，“律师可以从给老年人提供特殊服务中得益”。仔细分析，这个选项犯了三类错误，因为它的范围超出了原文，原文只是说了“老年人法”，而“特殊服务”的范畴比它大得多。C）容易排除，为一类错误。D）选项中的“trust”一词意思 为“信任”，和原文中的“信托”并不是同一
35、个意思，注意不要被出题老师迷惑。3.【答案解析】C o第二段的第二句话说“商人在老年.人市场看到巨大的机会，因为七千四百多万生育高峰时期出生的人口很可能是人类历史上最富有的一群退休者。”故 答 案 为C）,“老年人拥有巨大的购买力”。其 中B）和D）容易排除，均为一类错误，无关选项。但很多同学会把A）误选为正确答案，这些同学的主观性太强。A）说“退休者花钱更大方”，是对原文进行的过分引申：有钱不一定就花钱大方。4.【答案解析】D o第二段最后一句话引用一位教授的话说明老年学的重要性。“任何学生如果把老年学的专业知识和比如工商管理硕士或法学位结合起来就有了印钱的执照”。本句话用一个比喻说明了这类
36、学生可以挣大钱。故答案为D）,“有老年学知识的职业人士”。此处“职业人士”即指“商人或律师等”,与原文完全吻合。本 题A）和B）选项容易排除，为一类错误。但C）迷惑性很大。C）说“有工商管理硕士或法学位的大学毕业生”,只说出了原文的一个方面，但“大学毕业生”的范畴远大于“有老年学专业知识的学生”，所以犯了三类错误。5.【答案解析】A o本题为主旨题。美国老年人口的增加会在很多领域提供很好的工作机会o B）过于夸大了老年人对社会造成的负担，为二类错误。C）选项只是现象，并不是结果，为二类错误。D）选项为一类错误，无关选项。经过了如此细致的分析，第四步检查时就可以很快完成了。【文章大意】对越来越多
37、的美国大学生来说，老年学突然时髦起来。理由很明显：美国的人口老龄化意味一些就业机会。随着生育高峰一代的老龄化，人的寿命延长就意味着全国老年人口在今后50年内必然有相当大的增长。到2050年，65岁以上的美国人将从1995年 的14%增长到25%。当然，这种变化给政府和社会提出一些深刻的问题。但是这也在医药卫生界以及法律和商业界创造了就业机会。南加利弗尼亚大学老年学学院的爱德华施奈德教授说：“除了大夫，我们将迫切需要有更多的社会学家、生物学家、城市规划人员和专业律师。”律师可以成为“老年人法”专家，“老年人法”涉及从财产委托、房地产到敬老院虐待利年龄歧视等所有方面。商人在老年人市场看到巨大的商机
38、，因为生育高峰期人数高达七千四百万的人口很可能将成为人类历史上最富有的退休群体。一位教授说：“任何学生只要有老年学的专门知识，又有一个学位，例如工商管理硕士或法律学位，就如同有印制钞票的许可证一般。”玛格丽特 桑托斯是南加利弗尼亚大学的一名2 1岁的四年级学生。她上大学时是个生物学专业的学生，但是她发现自己“实在厌烦细菌”。所以在她上了一堂老年学课程后，发现很喜欢这门课程。她说：“我在退休老人福利院做志愿者，这使我非常满意。”有的时候选项出得非常有迷惑性，同学们可能分析很长时间也难以找到正确答案，那么就需要用到上面的“双圆法”来帮助自己分析。请读下面这篇文章：The fitness movem
39、ent that began in the late 1960s andearly 1970s centered around aerobic exercise（有氧操）.Millions ofindividuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities andliterally thousands of health spas developed around the country tocapitalize（获利）on this emerging interest in fitness,particularlyaerobic d
40、ancing for females.A number of fitness spas existed priorto this aerobic fitness movement,even a national chain with spas inmost major cities.However their focus was not on aerobics,butrather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscularmass,strength,and endurance in their primarily male
41、enthusiasts.These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from theaerobic fitness movement to better health,since medical opinionsuggested that weight-training programs offered few,if any,healthbenefits.In recent years,however,weight training has again becomeincreasingly popular for males a
42、nd for females.Many cuiTentprograms focus not only on developing muscular strength andendurance but on aerobic fitness as well.Historically,most physical-fitness tests have usuallyincluded measures of muscular strength and endurance,not forhealth-related reasons,but primarily because such fitnesscom
43、ponents have been related to performance in athletics.However,in recent years,evidence has shown that training programs designedprimarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might alsooffer some health benefits as well.The American College of SportsMedicine now recommends that weight training
44、 be part of a totalfitness program for healthy Americans.Increased participation insuch training is one of the specific physical activity and fitnessobjectives of Healthy People 2000:National Health Promotion andDisease Prevention Objectives.并读下面这个问题：38.What was the attitude of doctors towards weigh
45、ttraining in health improvement?A)Positive.B)Indifferent.C)Negative.D)Cautious.我们知道任何问题的正确答案必然在原文中有直接或间接的出处。本题的出处是这句话：These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially fromthe aerobic fitness movement to better health,since medical opinionsuggested that weight-training programs offered few,if a
46、ny,healthbenefits.很多同学看到原文中的“few health benefits就毫不犹豫地选了 C)Negative。医生对于力量训练对提高健康状况的作用持否定意见。”但要知道“few”虽然是一个表示否定意义的词：“没有儿个”，但实际上 还 是“有一两个”的，所以原文的意思是“这些健身中心看起来并没有从有氧健身中获得多大收益，因为医学上给出的建议是力量训练即使是对健康有益，那也是很少的。”归根到底还是有好处的，所以正确的答案是D)Cautious。医生的态度是“谨慎的。C)是二类错误：与原文有一些联系，但重合度不足。It came as something of a surp
47、rise when Diana,Princess ofWales,made a trip to Angola in 1997,to support the Red Cross scampaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines.Withinhours of arriving in Angola,television screens around the worldwere filled with images of her comforting victims injured inexplosions caused by land
48、mines.I knew the statistics,she said.“But putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me;like when I met Sandra,a 13-year-old girl who had lost her leg,andpeople like her.”The Princess concluded with a simple message:We muststop landmines v.And she used every opportunity during her v
49、isit torepeat this message.But,back in London,her views were not shared by somemembers of the British government,which refused to support a banon these weapons.Angry politicians launched an attack on thePrincess in the press.They described her as“very ill-informed”anda loose cannon（乱放炮的人）The Princes
50、s responded by brushing aside the criticisms:uThis is a distraction（干扰）we do not need.All T m trying to dois help.”Opposition parties,the media and the public immediatelyvoiced their support for the Princess.To make matters worse for thegovernment,it soon emerged that the Princess s trip had beenapp