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1、三 年(2 0 1 9-2 0 2 1)高考真题英语分项汇编专题1 2阅读理解说明文、议论文2022年高考真题1.12022新高考1卷】BLike most of us,I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula(芝麻菜)was to make a nice greensalad,rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.Istuck the ch
2、icken in the freezer.But as days passed,the arugula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly bought waytoo much;I could have made six salads with what I threw out.In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry,food waste goes against the moral grain,asElizabeth Royte writes in this months
3、 cover story.It5s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away一 from“ugly(but quite eatable)vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown intorestaurant garbage cans.Producing food that no one eats wastes the water,fuel,and other resources used to grow it.That
4、makes foodwaste an environmental problem.In fact,Royte writes,uif food waste were a country,it would be the third largestproducer of greenhouse gases in the world.”If thats hard to understand,lets keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator.Mike Curtin seesmy arugula story all th
5、e time but for him,its more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington,D.C.,which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.Lastyear it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵
6、的)produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries?Volunteers will wash,cut,and freeze or drythem for use in meals down the road.Such methods seem obvious,yet so often we just dont think.Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necess
7、ary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not includethe side dish you wont eat,Curtin says.24.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?A.We pay little attention to food waste.B.We waste food unintentionally at times.C.We waste more vegetables than meat.D.We have
8、good reasons for wasting food.25.What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?A.Moral decline.B.Environmental harm.C.Energy shortage.26.What does Curtins company do?A.It produces kitchen equipment.C.It helps local farmers grow fruits.27.What does Curtin suggest people do?A.Buy only what
9、 is needed.C.Go shopping once a week.【答案】24.B 25.B 26.D 27.AD.Worldwide starvation.B.It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.D.It makes meals out of unwanted foodB.Reduce food consumption.D.Eat in restaurants less often.【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。【24题详解】推理
10、判断题。根据第一段中的L汰 e most of us,1 try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.（像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物）”及 But as days passed,the arugula went bad.Even worse,I hadunthinkingly bought way too much;could have made six salads with what I threw out.（但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉）”可推知，作者想通过
11、讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。2 5 题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段 aProducing food that no one eats wastes the water,fuel,and other,resources used to growit.That makes food waste an environmental problem.In fact,Royte writes,if food waste were a country,it would bethe third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the
12、w ord”（生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中 Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington.D.C.,which recoversfood and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds o
13、f food by taking donations andcollecting blemished（有瑕疵的）produce,that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries?Volunteers will wash,cut,and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.（科廷是华盛顿 DC 中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。
14、草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用）”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。2 7 题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing morefood than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you wont eat,“Curtin say s.（“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面
15、发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，“科廷说）”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选AoCThe elderly residents（居民）in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feelinglonely.The project was dreamed up by a local charity（慈善组织）to reduce loneliness and improve elderly peopleswellbeing,Il i
16、s also being used to help patients suffering dementia,a serious illness of the mind.Staff in care homeshave reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier.She said:I used to keep hens when I wasyounger and had to pr
17、epare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.”“I like the project a lot.I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down thereagain at night to see theyve gone to bed.”“Its good to have a different focus.People have been bringing their children in to see th
18、e hens and residentscome and sit outside to watch them.Tm enjoying the creative activities,and it feels great to have done somethinguseful.”There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East,and the charity has beengiven financial support to roll it out countrywid
19、e.Wendy Wilson,extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street,one of the first to embark on the project,said:Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.We are looking forward to the benefitsand fiin the project can bring to people here.,Lynn Lewis,director of Notting Hill Pa
20、thways,said:We are happy to be taking part in the project.It will reallyhelp connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.,28.What is the purpose of the project?A.To ensure harmony in care homes.B.To provide part-time jobs for the aged.C.To raise money for medical research
21、.D.To promote the elderly peoples welfore.29.How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?A.She has learned new life skills.C.She has recovered her memory.B.She has gained a sense of achievement.D.She has developed a strong personality.30.What do the underlined words“embark on mean in paragraph 7?A.Impr
22、ove.B.Oppose.C.Begin.D.Evaluate.31.What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?A.It is well received.C.It is highly profitable.B.It needs to be more creative.D.It takes ages to see the results.【答案】28.D 29.B 30.C 31.A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第二段
23、The project was dreamed up by a local charity（慈善组织）to reduce loneliness andimprove elderly peoples wellbeing（该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况）”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第 五 段 Its good to have a different focus.People have been bringing their children in tosee the hens and residents
24、come and sit outside to watch them.I,m enjoying the creative activities,and it feels great tohave done something useful.（有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好）”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。【30题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段 a Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the c
25、reative sessions.Weare looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.（居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣）”以及划线处前的“one of the first（第一批人之一）”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C 项：“Begin（开始）”含义相近。故选C。3 1 题详解】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段 Residents really welcome the idea of the p
26、roject and the creative sessions.Weare looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.（居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣）”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis,director ofNotting Hill Pathways,said:We are happy to be taking part in the project.It will really help connect our reside
27、ntsIhrough a shared inleresl and creative activities.（“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来）”可知，该项目的反响很好。故选 A。DHuman speech contains more than 2,000 difterent sounds,from the common m and a to the rare clicks ofsome southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more com
28、mon than others?A ground-breaking,five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half theworlds languages.More than 30 years ago,the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,such asand v,were more common in the
29、 languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now a team of researchers led byDamian Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（对齐）,making ithard to produce labiodental
30、s,which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later,our jaws changedto an overbite structure（结构）,making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithicperiod.Food became easier to chew at t
31、his point.The jawbone didnt have to do as much work and so didnt grow tobe so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languagesafter the Neolithic age,with the use of and4V increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.Thes
32、esounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beingsevolved around 300,000 years ago.The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since theappearan
33、ce of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of acomplex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution/4 said Steven Moran,a member of theresearch team.32.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damian Blasis research focus
34、 on?A.Its variety.B.Its distribution.C.Its quantity.33.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?D.Its development.A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B.They could not open and close their lips easily.C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D.Their lower f
35、ront teeth were not large enough.34.What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A.Supporting evidence for the research results.B.Potential application of the research findings.C.A further explanation of the research methods.D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.35.What does Steven Moran say about the
36、 set of human speech sounds?A.It is key to effective communication.B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.C.It is a complex and dynamic system.D.It drives the evolution of human beings.【答案】32.D 33.C 34.A 35.C【解析】【文章大意】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。【32题详解】细节理解题根据文章第一段中的“More than 30
37、 years ago,the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech soundscalled labiodentals,such as f and Hvn,were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now ateam of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trendarose.（30多年前，
38、学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“俨和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D 项。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults werealigned,making it hard to produce labiodentals,which are fo
39、rmed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.Later,our jaws changed to an overbite structure.making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上 l J 牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颗变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颗结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C 项。【34题详解】主旨大意题。根据第五段中的Analyses of a language dat
40、abase also confirmed that there was a global change in thesound of world languages after the so Neolithic age,with the use of F and increasing remarkably during the lastfew thousand years.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界
41、语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A 项。【35题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since theappearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the produ
42、ct of acomplex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,said Steven Moran,a member of theresearch team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。“可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C 项。2.【2022年全国甲卷】BGoffins cockatoos,a kind of small parrot n
43、ative to Australasia,have been shown to have similarshape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds have provedskilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment,cockatoos were presented with a box with a nutinside it.The clear f
44、ront of the box had a keyhole“in a geometric shape,and the birds were given five differentlyshaped keys to choose from.Inserting the correct“key”would let out the nut.In humans,babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age,but it will be another yearbefore they are able to
45、 do the same with less symmetrical（对称的）shapes.This ability to recognize that a shape willneed to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an allocentric frame of reference,In theexperiment,Goffins cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job,in most cases,by visual
46、recognition alone.Where trial-and-crror was used,the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests.This indicates that Goffinscockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space,similar to two-year-oldbabies.The next step,according to the researchers,is to
47、 try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visualclues（线索）,or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.24.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?25.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?A.By following i
48、nstructions.B.By using a tool.C.By turning the box around.D.By removing the lid.26.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?A.Using a key to unlock a door.B.Telling parrots from other birds.C.Putting a ball into a round hole.D.Grouping toys of different shapes.27.Which can be
49、 a suitable title for the text?A.How far they are able to see.B.How they track moving objects.C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys.D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.A.Cockatoos:Quick Error CheckersB.Cockatoos:Independent LearnersC.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-Readers【答案】24.B 25.C 26.D 27
50、.DD.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段*Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool usewhile kept in the cage.（虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具）以 及 the birds were given five differently shaped keys