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1、Lesson 1 A Private ConversationText1、Last week I went to the theatre.动词g o 的原义是离开一个地方去另一个地方，与介词to 连用后，常加上主语所要去的目的地来代表主语的动作目的。go to the+地点表示去某地的目的go to the theatre=go to the theatre to see a play 去剧场看戏go to the cinema=see a film 去电影院看电影go to the dairy去牛奶店go to the+人+s 表示去这个人开的店go to the doctors 去看病；g
2、o to the butchers 买肉以下短语中名词前不加冠词：go home（跟 home相连一定表示没有事情可做，回家休息）I am at home.在家休息theatretheatre,cinemacinema指电影院;theatre指剧场。可放电影又可供演出的剧院既可称为cinema,也可称为theatre。cinema以放电影为主,theatre以上演话剧、音乐会、戏曲等为主。There is a ban on smoking in the theatreShall we go to the cinema,ma?2、I had a very good seat.The play w
3、as very interesting.seat一般指戏院、汽车等配置的固定座位，也可以抽象地表示“座位”或“位子”等概念。the front seat of a car 汽车的前座Take a seat,please.请坐。seat,bench,chair,sofa这四个词所指并不相同：bench指长凳，可有背.也可无背；chair指有背的单人椅：seat指固定在汽车、火车、飞机、轮船,剧院、礼堂里的座位；sofa则指沙发。playplay,play a t 这两个词（组）都可以表示“玩”，在多数情况下可以互换使用。其区别是：1 .有些运动如golf,football或 cricket 一般
4、不可用play at。例如：We are playing golf.我们正在打高尔夫球。2.从前说play at cards等，现在一般不用play at,而 用 p lay,例如：Do you like to play cards?你愿意玩牌吗？Note:但如果比赛的对象或玩的伙伴为play的宾语时,at则不可省略。例如：Will you play me at chess?你愿意和我下象棋吗？3.to play tennis强调宾语:打网球；而 to play at tennis侧重动词:以打网球消遣，打网球玩。4.指成年人扮演角色时通常用play.指孩子的模仿时常用play at。例如：T
5、he woman played a young girl on the stage.The children played at soldiers.下面的句子可有三种不同的理解：They are playing with each other.他们在一起玩。/他们在相互开玩笑。/他们在相互玩弄对方的感情。play常见短语play at1).玩；参加The children often play at hide-and-seek here.孩子们常常在这里捉迷藏。2).在演奏；扮演A world-famous violinist is playing at tonights concert.T
6、立世界著名的小提琴家将在今晚的音乐会上演奏。3).在体育比赛中担任He is always playing at centre.他一MSi中锋。.4).做假装的游戏Lets play at pi rates.咱们来玩扮演海盗的游戏。5).漫不经心地做.You cannot learn anything if you just play at it.如果你不认真学，你什么也学不会。play for为了而She dreams of the day when she will be playing the piano for a living.她梦想着有朝一日能以演奏钢琴为生.代表 一方All pr
7、omising young cricketers would like to play for England.所有年轻有为的板球运动员都愿意为英格兰打球。play with同 一起玩The kid was playing with his ball while old Maggie sat dozing off in a deck chair.孩子在玩皮球，老玛吉在帆布躺椅上睡觉。玩弄The boss attempted to play with his woman secretary.老板企图玩弄他的女秘书3.I did not enjoy it.enjoy v t.欣 赏，享 受,喜爱e
8、njoy+n.喜欢,从当中得到一种享受(后面不能跟人)I enjoy the music/the dinner/film/program/gameenjoy oneself/代词玩的开心We always enjoy ourselves.enjoy+动名词Jane doesnt enjoy swimming.She enjoys going to the theatre.enjoy,like,love这组词表示不同程度的喜爱唱欢。其区别是：like表示一般意义上的喜欢，enjoy带有欣赏性质的 喜欢，喜 爱 ，且 含 享 受 之 义love指炽烈的爱恋，感情比like深刻。例如：Leave w
9、henever you like.随便什么时候离开都可以。I was learning and enjoying it like any child.我就像任何儿童一样学习着，享受着学习的乐趣。He cant love but hate.他只能恨不能爱。4、A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.They were talking loudly.Igot very angry.aloud loud loudly这些副词均含有“高声地、大声地”之意。aloud强调出声，能让人听见，无比较级。用于修饰cry,call,shout等动
10、词时，有高声之意。loud指声音响亮，高声说话，一般放在所修饰的动词后面。loudly与 loud含义相同，可放在动词之前或之后，用以说明声音的强度，含嵋闹叩勺意味。g e t在这里有“逐渐变得”的含义，接近become,是个表示过程的动词，表示状态的变化。而 I was very angry则仅表示当时的状态是生气,并不暗示过程。I am/was angry.是一 事 实I got angry.强调变化过程It is hot.It got hot.g o t取代be动 词,g o t是一个半联系动词,可以直接加形容词。be angry about,be angry at,be angry w
11、ithbe angry后面可接介词about,at,也可接介词withe它们之间的区别是：接 with是 对 人 接 at是对人的言行，接 about是对事。例 如：Mr.Crisp was angry with one of his employee.My mother is angry at being denied the opportunity to see her son.The boss is angry about her coming.5.I could not hear the actors.I turned round.I looked at the man and the
12、 womanangrily.They did not pay any attention.hear+人/物发出的声音：听见某人的话原物产生的声音I could not hear you.Beg your pardon?I can hear the drillturn round=turn around 转身pay attention,pay ones attentions这两个短语形相近但义不同，前者意为“注意”，而后者表示“献殷勤”“追求”“求婚二例如：You must pay attention to the teacher.你必须专心听老师讲课。Pay attention while I
13、 give you the instructions.我下达命令时你专心听着。Pay no attention to what that drunkard says.不要介意那个酒鬼说话。The newspapers report that at the moment he is paying his attentions to an Italian countess.报纸报导说，他正在追求一位意大利女伯爵。6.In the end,I could not bear it.I turned round again.at last,at length,eventually,finally,in
14、the end,lastly 这些词或词组均含有最后,终于 之意。at last多指经主观努力，克服各种困难后才终于达到目的。at length强调经历一段长时间后终于完成，侧重时间、过程。eventually侧重于动作或行为的结果。finally常与at last换 用，都可用于对往事的描述，但finally不带感情色彩，指一系列事情的最后结局。in the end与at last同 义，但in the end不仅可指 过去 还可表示对“未来 的预计。lastly指连续顺序的最后，通常用在列举事情的场合。He redeemed his promise at last.他终于履行了自己的诺言。
15、At length the bus arrived,forty minutes late.公共汽车终於来了，晚了四十分钟。It was a long journey,but we eventually arrived.旅程很长，但我们最后还是到达了。Finally the team from Argentina won the championship.最 后，这支来自阿根廷的队伍夺得了冠军In the end they reached a place of safety.他们终于至!|达了一个安全的地方。Lastly,Id like to ask you about your plans.最
16、 后，我想问一下你们的计划。bear,put up with,stand,suffer这几个词（组）的共同意思是“忍受”或 容忍二其区别是：D.bear和 stand主要指对饥寒、疼痛、不幸、损失、困难和侮辱等的忍受或承受；put up with指容忍某些不愉快的或有轻微伤害的事情；例如：He can stand more pain than anyone else.他比任何人更能忍受痛苦。There are many inconveniences that have to be put up with when youre camping.在你露营时，有很多不便之处须忍受。2）.bear多用
17、于强调忍受的能力，不太强调其态度;stand强调自我约制、经受得起、不屈不挠；suffer侧重于表示无可奈何、无能为力的状态；例如：She endures all her troubles bravely,她勇敢地忍受着种种不幸。She couldnt stand being kept waiting.她不能忍受别人让她等候。He suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.他备受饥寒交迫之苦。3）.suffer指不是出于自己的主观意志，而是被动、不随主观意志的动作：而其余各词（组）则与之相反,表示出自己主观意的动作。例如：He suffered th
18、e humiliation of being forced to resign.他蒙受了被迫辞职的羞辱。I cannot put up with your behavior any longer.我再也不能忍受你的行为了。I cant stand his boasting.我受不了他的自吹自擂。4）.bear,stand多用于否定句，put up with可用于否定句.也可用于肯定句。bear是个普通用语，而 stand和 put up with多用于口语中。put up with是非正式用法。7、I cant hear a word!I said angrily.hear a word of
19、 sb.（a word 等T句 话）He didnt say a word.8、“Its none of your business,the young man said rudely.This is a privateconversation!one飞business指某人（所关心的或份内）的事Its none of your business./None of your business./Its my business.不关你的事。It is my business to look after your health.我必须照顾你的身体健康。none相当于not any或 no one，
20、但语气较强。She kept none of his letters.他的信件她一封也没有保留。none o f 这个短语有时可以表达一种断然、甚至粗暴的口气，尤其是在祈使句中：None of your silly remarks!别说傻话了！business,affair,concern,matter,thing这组词在含糊地指那些所做的事时意义相近，常可互换。例 如：It is a regretful affair.这是一件遗憾的事。I don*t talk to her about private affairs.我从不和她谈私事。它们之间的区别在于：1）.从模糊程度上看,affair
21、matter thing,thing的 词 义 最 襁 切，常可用在有意使概念含混不清的场合。例 如：How did you find things in America?你觉得美国怎样？2.）从含义上看,affair强调运行或操作过程，如一道程序，一笔交易，一个行动,一项事业等。business强调职责关系，例 如：It is her business to take good care of the baby.看护好这个婴J L 是她的职责。concern强调利害相关，例 如：It is no concern of mine.此事与我无关。matter强调必须考虑和处理，例 如：We ha
22、ve a lot of matters to do.我们有许多事情要做。thing则是一般用语，口语中常表示说话内容预先未考虑好或说话者力图掩饰自己的观点，例 如：Ive another thing to talk with you.我还有一件事跟你说。3）.从用法上看,business不能用复数，而 affair在指重大的或头绪较多的事务时则需要用复数。4）.从搭配范围上看，与 foreign、international、state等词连用时只能用affair,在短语have an affair with sb（与某人有不正当男女关系）中也只能用affair。在指商业上的生意和活动或指“公事
23、”“正事时只能用business,例 如：Its a pleasure to do business with you彳艮高兴和你做生意。Business before pleasure.公事比娱乐要紧。口语中作廿了毛病 失常 解时只能用matter而不能用affair和 business,例 如：Whats the matter with you?你怎么啦？在泛指“东西”“物品”时，用 affair和 thing均可。例 如：And these Tubes were convenient things.而这地下铁道是非常方便的东西。rude,rough这组词的共同意思是“粗鲁的”“粗糙的二其
24、区别在于：D.rough强调言行是粗鲁的。例如：Many a rough man has been civilized by his wife.许多粗野的男人都被妻子教好了。Dont be so rough with the child.不要对小孩这样粗暴。2）.rude强调其源于教育差、文化低。例如：Its rude to peep.偷看别人是不礼貌的。He was severely reproached for his rude behavior.他因行为粗鲁而受到严厉指责Privateprivate,individual,personal这三个词的共同意思是“私人的二.private指“
25、私立的，私有的,私人的”，与“公立的,公有的，公共的”相对。2).personal指“本人的”“亲自的,人身的”，与“由他人代表的，不涉及个人时相对立。3).individual强调“个体的,个别的”与“普遍的,集体的“相对立。conversation,chat,dialogue,discussion这四个词都可作“谈话”解。其区别在于：conversation是非正式会谈，可能是热烈和令人兴奋的，也可能是乏味和令人厌烦的；chat是朋友间非常随便的交谈，所谈的往往是些有趣的事，但不是很重要的事；discussion 一般指严肃地讨论某一个问题或难题，并且寻求结论或解决的办法，discussi
26、on有时可转变为辩论;dialogue是两个或两个以上的人之间的对话以及小说、戏剧等中的对白。例如：In my conversation with him,I mentioned your business plan.我和他谈话时曾提及你的营业计划。The two friends sat in a comer and had a chat about the weather.两个朋友坐在屋角闲聊天气。There was a general discussion following his speech.他的讲话完后进行了一般性的讨论。There is some good descriptive
27、 writing in the novel,but the dialogue is poor.这小说里有些很好而描写,但对白很差。Grammar:Sentence Structure:组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语，谓 语，表 语，宾 语，宾语补足语，定 语，状语等。16序 一 般 是 主 语，谓 语，宾 语，宾语补足语，而表语,定 语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代 词，数 词，不定式等充当。He likes watching TV.他喜欢看电视。2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。一般可分为两类：1）,简单谓语：由动词
28、（或短语动词）构成。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。We study for the people.我们为人民学习。2）,复合谓语：情态动词+不定式I can speak a little English.我可以说一点英语。3、表语表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之 后，说明主语身份，特 征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代 词，形容词，副 词，不定式，介词短语等充当。My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代 词，数 词，动词不定式等。We like English.我们喜欢英语。有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往
29、往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。He gave me some ink,他给了我一点墨水。有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：We make him our monitor.我们选他当班长。5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词，代 词，数 词，名 词，副 词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代 词，数 词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。He is a new student.他是个新生。但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。The bike in the
30、room is mine房间里的自行车是我的。6、状语修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。He lives in London.他住在伦敦。7补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作，因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整，如：make（使）,ask（请）等等。如果我们说：我们使我们的祖国。这不是一句完整的话。应 该 说：我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这是的 美丽的（beautiful）”为形容词做补语，说明祖国的状态。英语句子为:We will ma
31、ke our country more beautiful.作补语的词或词组为：开缗词，副 词，名 词，不定式，ing形 式，数词等。8.宾补就是宾语补足语，就是补充说明宾语的。例：I know you are student good at maths在这个句子中，good at m aths就是补语。宾语补语也可以是句子，所以这个句子也可以是：I know you are student who is good at maths还可以是-ing形式I see you crossing the street英语的基本句型主要有五种，它 们 是：1、主语一-动词一一表语2、主语-动词3、主语一
32、-动词一宾语4、主语-动词一宾语一一 宾语5、主语一-动词一宾语1卜 语Simple past:FORMVERB+ed or irregular verbsExamples:You called Debbie.Did you call Debbie?You did not call Debbie.USE 1 Completed Action in the PastX I_Past Present FutureUse the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time
33、 in the past.Sometimes,the speakermay not actually mention the specific time,but they do have one specific time in mind.USE 2 A Series of Completed ActionsExamples:I saw a movie yesterday.I didnt see a play yesterday.Last year,I traveled to Japan.Last year,I didnt travel to Korea.Did you have dinner
34、 last night?She washed her car.He didnt wash his car.义 文 义 广Past Present FutureWe use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past.These actions happen 1st,2nd,3rd,4th,and so on.Examples:I finished work,walked to the beach,and found a nice place to swim.He arrived from the airpo
35、rt at 8:00,checked into the hotel at 9:00,and met the others at 10:00.Did you add flour,pour in the milk,and then add the eggs?USE 3 Duration in PastPast Present FutureThe Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past.A duration is a longer action often indicated byexpre
36、ssions such as:for two years,for five minutes,all day,all year,etc.Examples:I lived in Brazil for two years.Shauna studied Japanese fbr five years.They sat at the beach all day.They did not stay at the party the entire time.We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.A:How long did you wait for them?B
37、:We waited for one hour.USE 4 Habits in the Pastxxxxx I _Past Present FutureThe Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past.It can have the same meaning as used to.u Tomake it clear that we are talking about a habit,we often add expressions such as:always,often,usually
38、,never,when I was achild,when I was younger,etc.Examples:I studied French when I was a child.He played the violin.He didnt play the piano.Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?She worked at the movie theater after school.They never went to school,they always skipped class.USE 5 Past
39、Facts or GeneralizationsPast Present FutureThe Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true.As in USE 4 above,this useof the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression usedto.Examples:She was shy as a child,but now she is very outgoing.He didnt
40、like tomatoes before.Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen FirstClauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences.Some clauses begin with the wordwhen such as when I dropped
41、 my pen.”or“when class began.These clauses are called when-clauses,and they are veryimportant.The examples below contain when-clauses.Examples:When I paid her one dollar,she answered my question.She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.When-clauses are important because they always happen
42、 first when both clauses are in the Simple Past.Both of the examplesabove mean the same thing:first,I paid her one dollar,and then,she answered my question.It is not important whether“when Ipaid her one dollar is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence.However,the example below has adifferent meaning.First,she answered my question,and then,I paid her one dollar.Example:I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.