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1、第 一 课 HOW TO BE H A PP Y如何获得幸福2 5In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman,where H(happiness)=S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+c(the conditions of your life)+V(the voluntary choices you make).This week we look at the
2、conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁.塞利格曼定义的。在这 个公式中，H(幸 福)=S(个人生理幸福感受的固定指数)+C(个人生活状态)+V(个人 主观选择)。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。STEP 1:Peace and quietJonathon Haidt in his excellent book,The happiness Hypothesis,notes that research shows that we can never com
3、pletely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution.Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses(the other is the fear of falling)and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day.If you are unfortunate enough to l
4、ive somewhere noisy,persist with complaining to your local council.Additionally,try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite.If you need your TV,radio or music up loud,wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours,which will make you and them feel good.第一步：平和宁静乔纳林,海迪在他的优秀著作 幸福假说当中提到，研
5、究调查显示，我们不可能完全 适应噪音污染 无论是新近的还是长期的巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应(另 种是对于坠落的恐惧)，如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静 事关而要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂吵的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝 试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得 戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双都感到舒适。STEP 2:RelationshipsThis is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your
6、happiness quotient.Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others.A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned.A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate,unconditional re
7、gard creates isolation and misery.When faced with such relationships,the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.第二步：人际关系这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往 就是人际关系欠佳。力搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗 弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和
8、无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这 类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。Step 3:ShareIf you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing,remember to share them with friends;Passing on what words is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others.第三步：分享如果你发觉生活状态或者
9、做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友 们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。一、阅读理解：1、What is the happiness formula according to the passage?幸福公式的定义是什么？答：The formula refers to H(happiness)=S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+C(the conditions of your life)+V(the voluntary choices you make).2、Why can
10、we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution?为什么说我们不可能完全适应新近的或长期的噪音污染？答：Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.3、How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good?如何能使我们自己和邻居都感觉舒服？答：I
11、f you need your TV,radio or music up loud,wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors.4、Where does the unhappiness come fro m?痛苦和不幸来自于哪里？答：Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others.5、What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictu
12、al relationship?用什么积极的途径改善极度冲突的人际关系？答：What you can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.二、汉译英：1、吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪。A colleague at work who bullie
13、s or dismisses us creates untold wrechedness.3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships,which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind,it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.5、
14、我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.三、英译汉：There are many benefits to being happy.Happy people tend to be healthier,live longer and earn more.They also tend to volunteer more,be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call“Duchenne”or ge
15、nuine smiles.What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious.幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从 事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的 微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis,authors of the international bestseller Connected,people surrounded by many
16、happy friends,family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future.More specifically,they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life.全球畅销
17、书 关联的作者詹姆斯福勒和尼古拉斯克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身 边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人和邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1 英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸 福感就会增加25%OSimilar effects are seen in co-resident spouses(8 per cent happier);siblings who live within a mile of each other(14 per cent);and next-door neighbours(34 per cent).What this im
18、plies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact(due to physical proximity)than on deep social connections.Alas,for some reason this doesnl translate to the workplace.具有同样效果的还有同居配偶(幸福感提升8%X居住在1 英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14%)和邻居(34%)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度(与地域邻近相关)，而不
19、是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。So,why is happiness contagious?One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family(for example,by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous).Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the
20、better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them.Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气(例 如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊)。另一个原因可.能是，幸福的人往往会改善自 己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。第 二 课 City D esign城市设计6-8When Im being driven throug
21、h a city from our hotel to a conference center,I couldnt help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots.The words cities are in trouble.In hundreds of cities,the life of daily life is deteriorating.Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes pe
22、r day.The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year,raising frustration levels.当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时 间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。In response
23、 to these conditions,we are seeing the emergency of a new urbanism.In just a few years,many cities banned the parking of cars on side walks,created or renovated more parks,introduced a highly successful bus-base rapid transit system,built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian street
24、s,reduced rush hour traffic,planted more trees and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods.The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许 多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更
25、多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基 础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤 得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为 本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。Now government planners everywhere are experimenting,seeking ways to design cities for people not cars.Cars promise mobility.But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conf
26、lict between the automobile and the city.After a point,as their numbers multiply,automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.现在，各地政府的规划者们都在浓度寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。汽车 应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即 汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便 捷，而是停滞。Based on this perspective,some cities in ind
27、ustrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increase urban mobility by moving away from the car.Let me remind you once more,cities are built for people,not for cars.A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted-all mechanism and no human.In order to avoid this disaster
28、,wed better start designing sustainable cities.基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车 来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽 车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的一全是机械，没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最 好开始设计可持续发展的城市。一、阅读理解：1、What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center?(He takes)a bus.2、According to the
29、first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars?Cars not only do harm to people s health but also cause heavy traffic jam.3、What does the last sentence“the vision of a city designed for people“in paragraph 2 mean?Design cities for people not(for)cars.4、Why is there an inherent
30、conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas?Because people depend largely on cars.5、How would a city look like if cars were everywhere?There would be all cars(mechanism)no human.二、汉译英：1、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的效外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushe
31、d into distant suburbs.2、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.3、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10000 by 2012.4、如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探
32、讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话 题。These days,there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village,town or even city.5、全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必 行。It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the worlds
33、population is now city-dwellers(is now living in cities).三、英译汉：Once at a supermarket,I read a thought-provoking sign at the check-out counter.It said the store was using only plastic bags.The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of p
34、aper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasnt biodegradable.Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport,so the store believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic.It got me thinking further.Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each tim
35、e you visit the grocery store?If you use them five or six times,or until they start falling apart,you have really done a good thing.You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets,instead of purchasing plastic trash bags.有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑 料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危
36、害大大超过 塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料 袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢？如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你 岂不是做了 件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑 料袋。第三课 Population 人口 9-11A very important world problem is the increasing number of who actually inhabit this planet.The limited am
37、ount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有 的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。So why is this huge increase in population taking place?It is really due to the spread of the knowledge
38、 and practice of what is becoming known as“Death Control”.You have no doubt heard of the term“Birth Control，“Birth Control”“Death Control”is something rather different.It recognizes the work of the doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who,not very long ago,would have died of a variety of
39、 then incurable diseases.Through a wide variety of technological innovations that Uinclude farming methods and the control of deadly diseases,we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die.However,this success is the very cause greatest threat to mankind.那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢？这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死
40、亡控制”的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听到过“生育控制”这个术语 死亡控制 是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而 这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症 的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population,we begin to see the problem.If everyone on the planet had
41、an equal share of land,we would each have about 5000square meters.This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have.More than three-fifths of the worlds land cannot produce food.如果计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这 个星球队上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。
42、这个数字看似相当 振奋人心，而当我们计算一下每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。因为世 界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。Obviously,with so little land to support us,we should be taking great care not to reduce it further.But we are not!Instead,we are consuming its“capital”its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of y
43、ears to form but which are now being destroyed in decades.We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable,such as fertile soils,groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但生我们并没有这
44、样做！反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”-其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿 藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。我们对待 其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的上地、地卜水和千百万 与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。一、阅读理解：1、What can be learnt about the population growth at present?我们如何获悉当前的 人口增长？It continues to increase/grow at its present rate.2、According to the article,what contri
45、butes to the population increase?什么导致人 口大量增加？Death Control（死亡控制）。3、What is the doctors job according to paragraph 2?第 2 段落中医生的工作是什 么？They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive.4、Why isnt there enough land to support human beings?为什么没有足够的土地支 撑人类的生命？Because the worlds land has already b
46、een taken up/occupied by the ever-increasing population.5、In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as.Nonrenewable二、汉译英：1、亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%oAsia takes up twenty-nine per cent of the worlds land area.2、人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more
47、 grain.3、我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.4、我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds.5、中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China has promo
48、ted occupational(mobility)and population mobility.三、英译汉：A report,based on United Nations projections showing slow,steady growth of economies and populations,suggests that by mid-century,humanitys demand on mature will be twice the biospheres productive capacity.At this level of ecological deficit,ex
49、haustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse will become real.一份以联合国所作的经济和人口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中 叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now.Population size changes slowly,and human-made capita
50、l=homes,cars,roads,factories,or power plants-can last for many decades.This implies that policy and investment decisions made today will continue to determine our resource demand throughout much of the 21 century.向可持续发展的转变取决于现在所采取的重大行动。人口数量变化缓慢，而人类创造 的资本，如住宅、汽车、道路、工厂或发电站等会持续几十年。这意味着，今天所做的政策 和投资决策将决定