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1、第 02讲 语音知识+听力测试国际音标一、语音知识1 .英语共有4 8 个音素,分为元音和辅音两大类。元音有2 0 个,分为单元音和双元音。辅音有2 8 个,按声带振动情况分为浊辅音和清辅音。英语音素中半元音音素是/w/和/j/,鼻 音 是/m/、/n/、/n/。2 .2 6 个字母中有5 个元音字母,分别为:a,e,i,o,u ,音 标 为 ei、i:、a i、eu 、j u:。一个半元音字母是y。元音字母在重读开音节中发字母的名称音,在重读闭音节中发短音。二、国际音标元音音标元音音标指发音时不受到发音器官的阻碍发出的声音,国际音标里,元音音标共2 0 个:元 音(2 0 个)单元音前元音/
2、i:/I/e/a e/中元音/3 :/a/A/后元音/u:/u/o :/0/a:/双元音开合 双元音/ei/a l /o I/a u /a u/集中 双 元 音/i a/ea/u a/元音音标中单元音按发音时舌头位置的不同分为前元音、中元音和后元音,辅助音按发音时口型的变化分为合口双元音和集中双元音,如上表所示。元 音(2 0 个)单元音 长元音/i:/u:/a:/o :/3 :/短元音/i/u/A/D/a/e/a e/双元音 合 口 双 元 音/a i/ei/o I/a u /a u /集 中 双 元 音/I a/ea/u a/元音音标中单元音按发音时音音长短的不同分为长元音、短元音,长元音
3、音标符号包括:”号,如上表所示。元音音标表单元音:/i:/、/i/、/3:、/a/、/o:/、/D/、/U:/、/u/、/a:/A/、/as/、/e/双元音:/ei/ai/。I/、/a u/、/au/、/I a/Ie?、/u a/注意,元音也可以分为:1)长元音:/a:/u:/i:/。:/2)短元音:/A/D/9/I/u/e/ae/10 对清浊辅音:清辅音:p t k f 9 s tr ts/tf浊辅音:b“d g v 口 z dr dz 口 d其他辅音:清辅音:h浊辅音:m n 1 r w j20个元音音标发音单词示例1)/i:/sea,he,see,piece,ceiling2)/l/si
4、t,build,miss,myth3)/e/bed,desk,head4)/ae/bad,land,bank,stamp(a 和 e 中间是连起来的)5)/a:/car,fast,class,plant,calm,aunt6)/D/hot,want7)/O:/door,more,sport,ball,warm,author,court,bought,caught8)/u:/good,who,blue,soup,9)/u/look,put,women,could10)/A/cup,come,blood,rough11)/3:/girl,work,serve,nurse12)/d/cadre,ag
5、o,forget,polite,dollar,doctor,famous,Saturday双元音8 个如下:13)/el/cake,they,play,eight,great14)/ai/bike,die,neither,light,try,find,height,eye15)/ou/phone,cold,boat,soul,grow16)/au/house,town17)/I/boy,oil18)/i M dear,idea,deer,here,fierce19)/es/pear,care,there,fair20)/u o/tour,poor辅音音标发音单词示例1)/p/pay,put,c
6、up,open,panda2)/b/bread,club,lab,rabbit,garbage3)/t/talk,taxi,tell,kitty,night4)/d/duck,deep,dog,card,bed5)/k/key,cold,card,desk,cup,cat6)/g/eagle,egg,lag,dig,glass7)/f7 fish,finger,face,floor,frog8)/v/very,dove,ever,leave,invite9)/s/sit,say,sky,face,bus10)/z/zebra,zoo,zero,seize11)/f/ship,sheep,fis
7、h,clash,shirt12)/j/visual,version,vision Jeisure14)/dj/jar,jam J uly,angel,cage15)/0/south,path,mouth,math,path16)/d/they,those,other,teethe17)/ts/cats,boats,meets,gifts18)/dz/beds,cards,rides,friends19)/tr/trade,trill,metric,tree20)/dr/drink,dress,dream,draw21)/h/home,hello,hand,happy22)M rain,read
8、,red,grass23)/I/linejike,alive,meahpool24)/m/mud,move,swim,smart,animal25)/n/no,winner,ant,brain26)/q/ink,bank,sing,spring,pink27)/w/swan,with,what,white,work28)/j/yak,youth,yell,billion,unit三、读音方法在学习字母在单词中的读音时有三种方法:第一种:去尾法,有九个,b、d、c、p、t、v、z、j、k。比如:能根据读音把b 分成两个音标/b/i/,去尾顾名思义,就是把最后一个音去掉,第一个音,就是在单词中的发
9、音;第二种:掐头法,有六个,f、Im、n、s、X o比如f 能根据读音把f 分成两个音标/e/、/f/,把第一个音去掉就是在单词中发音;第三种:对比法,就是把字母在单词中的发音和在汉语拼音中的发音对比,有五个:g、h、y、w、r,我们可以发现,这五个音和拼音中的音很相似,所以可以这样记。拼读规则一、音节及音节的划分1.音节的定义:音节由音素组合而成。一个元音加上一个或几个辅音即可构成一个音节,一个元音也能构成一个音节。某些辅音也能与其他辅音构成音节。2.音节构成A:一个元音和一个或多个辅音可以构成一个音节,如:be/bi:/;big/bi g/B:一个元音可以构成音节,如 about/a ba
10、ut/,I/al/C:成音节即由辅音和成节音,Iml,Ini,/n/构成的音节,如:button/bA tn/3.音节的分类A:开音节:指以发音的元音字母结尾的音节或元辅e 结构。如:go/gau/;photo/fau tau/;cake/kei k/;like/lai k/B:闭音节:以辅音字母结尾(r,w,v 除外),同时只有一个元音音素的音节,如:bag/baeg/;stop/stDp/C:r音 节:即 ar/a/;er/a/;ir/a/;or/0/;ur/a/在非重读音节中一般发短音/4.音节的划分口诀:一在后,二分手一在后:如果两个元音中有一个辅音,则把这个辅音的发音划到后面.二分手
11、:如果两个元音中有两个辅音,则平分这两个辅音的发音,前后各一个。一般来说,一个单词的发音元音的总数决定了这个单词所包含的音节数目,也就是说有几个元音音素就有几个音节,如一个音节:I;a;six;girl;one;how两个音节:fa/ther;re/move;peo/ple;ri/ver;rea/dy三个音节:cen/tu/ry;vi/ta/min;cer/tain/ly5.不同音节中元音字母的发音(1)在闭音节中的元音字母一般发短元音,如:a/ae/cat;e/e/bed;i/I/big;o/D/dog;u/A/bus(2)在开音节中的元音字母一般发字母的名称音绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结
12、尾。如:she/Ji/;hi/hai/相对开音节:元辅 e 结构。如:lake/lel k/;like/lal k/;coke/kouk/二、不完全爆破音与浊化1.不完全爆破音(incomplete plosion)带有不完全爆破音的词或句子,听起来好像有些音被吞掉,但实际上并未完全被吞掉。当两个辅音相邻时前面的辅音由于受后面辅音的影响,在发音时只需要作出这个音的口形,但不需要把音发出来。这种要发而又不发出来的音就是我们所说的不完全爆破音,这种发音现象叫做失去爆破。爆破音/p/b t/d/k/g/(1).两个或两个以上的爆破音相连,只爆破最后一个爆破音,其他爆破音只需要作出口形即可。如:act
13、;two(2).爆破音后跟破擦音时,爆破音失去爆破。如 pi(c)ture;lha(t)judge(3).爆破音后跟摩擦音时只需做出口形,不爆破。如:brea(k)fast(4).爆破音后跟鼻音时,爆破音亦不爆破。如:goo(d)morning2.浊化(soft)浊化就是把清辅音发成与其相应的浊辅音。一般情况下,在音节开头如果有两个在一起的清辅音,那么第二个清辅音就要浊化,即发成浊辅音。常见的有:/sp/r/sb/如:sport;/st/i/sd/如:stair;/sk/sg/如:sky;scarf;school3.连读(liaison)在英语的实际运用中,人们常将属于同一意群的词连在一起,一
14、口气说出来。意群中词与词之间不留空隙,这种读法叫连读。如:NotAatAall.Please takeAa lookAatAit.I findAa book inAit.(book 与 in 分别在两个不同的意群中故中不连读。三、重音、语调与节奏1.重音(stress)。)单重音英语的每个词,至少有一个音节读得特别重而清楚,而其他的音节则轻而含糊。读得重而清楚的音节,叫做单词重音,又叫重读音节。读得轻而含糊的音节,叫做非重读音节或轻读音节。如:interesting;dictionary;relay;forget;enough;dislike(2)句子重音实词如名词、实意动词、形容词、副词等,
15、一般需重读,但在倒装句中实意动词要轻读。如:She always made her class interestingUnder the tree stood an old man.代词以及虚词如冠词、连词、介词等往往不重读,但作表语的介词短语中的介词需重读。如:The ball is under the chair.Which grade are you in?2.语调(intonation)英语语调,即说话的腔调,就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。(1)降调:主要用于陈述句、祈使句、特殊疑问句、感叹句句末,表示肯定、明确或意思表达完整。如:Please open th
16、e door.What a fine day!(2)升调:主要用于疑问句或表示请求的句子末尾,表示不太肯定、亲切和意思未完。如:Would you like a cup of tea?DDo you often go to school by bike?(3)降升调先升后降:常用于选择疑问句中或列举时。如:Is your friend a boy or a girl?Which do you prefer,匚 I tea or coffee?There are eggplants,cucumbers,tomatoes and potatoes in the market.先降后升:常用于补充说
17、明或反意疑问句中。如:We have to hurry up,匚Im afraid.He hasnt booked the room,Chas he?3.节奏(the rhythm)读长句时,需要注意在意群之间换气,稍作停顿,而一个意群内部不可停顿,以便意思保持完整。如:Our English teacher/told us/an interesting story.He and his brother/have already finished/doing their homework.检测训练一、短对话10.How does the man help the woman?1.What do
18、es the man like about the movie?A.Its funny plot.B.Its music.2.How much is a concert ticket for a child?C.Its actors.A.$2.B.$4.3.What does the woman suggest doing first?C.$8.A.Having breakfast.B.Buying the medicine.4.What will Sam do tonight?C.Traveling to the town.A.Attend a party.B.Fly to Tokyo.5.
19、Where is the man probably going now?C.Have a meeting.A.A gift shop.B.His brothers house.6.What does the man say about the new film star?C.The Childrens Center.A.He is popular with young people.actor.7.What is the picture about?B.He is not handsome.C.He is a goodA.A city.B.A farm.8.How will the man g
20、o to park?C.A pet.A.By bus.B.By car.9.What is the woman doing now?C.On foot.A.Having a meeting.B.Having a meal.C.Working.A.By filling out the form for her.B.By telling her his personal inibrmation.C.By reading the information on the form.11.What are the speakers talking about?A.What the mans hobby i
21、s.B.Whether the man learned drawing.C.When the man went to high school.【答案】A【原文】W:Tell me,what do you enjoy doing in your spare time?M:I enjoy drawing.W:I didnt know you could draw.M:I learned back in high school.12.When will the man arrive at the party?A.At 7:30.B.At 8:00.C.13.What is the relations
22、hip between the speakers?A.Teacher and student.B.Doctor and patient.C.14.What is the woman going to do?A.Pay for the shoes.B.Go to the shoe shop.C.Borrow money from the man.15.Who is the girl talking to?A.Her dentist.B.The police.C.16.What will the man do next?A.Go to the movies.B.Keep on studying.C
23、.17.What does the man usually do on Sunday afternoons?A.He goes shopping.B He works in the garden.C.He reads the newspaper.At 8:30.Classmates.A guide.Check out some books.18.When will the match begin according to the man?A.A t2:30.B.A t3:00.19.What does the man like to drink?A.Tea.B.Coffee.20.How di
24、d the speakers go to France?A.By train.B.By air.21.What does the woman want to borrow now?A.The dictionary.B.The eraser.22.Why does the woman call Jack?A.To ask him to close the window.B.To make a complaint.C.To get her notebook back.23.What does the woman mean?A.Matt might see the strong mouse.B.Ma
25、tt might know how to get more cheese.C.Matt might have eaten the cheese.24.How does the man probably feel now?A.Satisfied.B.Nervous.25.What was the womans worry in her dream?A.Failing to finish the homework.B.Being late for school.C.Her being laughed at.C.At 4:00.C.Water.C.By car.C.The scissors.C.Di
26、sappointed.26.Why does the woman want to design the school uniforms?A.To make money.B.To wear what they like.C.To satisfy the schools need.27.What does the man mean?A.The question is not very clear.B.The woman is late fbr class again.C.The paper cant be put off to hand in.28.What dictionaries can be
27、 used by students?A.English-English dictionaries.B.English-Chinese dictionaries.C.Oxford English dictionaries.29.What can we learn from the conversation?A.The students like school uniforms.B.The students want to wear their own clothes.C.The school rules will be changed soon.30.What do we know about
28、Peter?A.He isnt talkative.B.He studied very hard.C.He failed to get into college.二、长对话听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。31.Why does the man thank the woman?A.She offered him a jobB.She told him information on a job.C.She helped him with the interview.32.What does the woman advise the man to do?A.Go out to celebrate.
29、B Take the job seriously.C.Rebuild his confidence.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。33.Whats the probable relationship between the speakers?A.Friends.B.Neighbors.C.Customer and waitress.34.How will Bill and Mary go home?A.By bus.B.By taxi.C.By subway.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。35.What is the probable relationship between the
30、speakers?A.Husband and wife.B.Boss and secretary.C.Salesman and customer.36.What do the speakers plan to do?A.See Martin.B.Have a car fixed.C.Buy a car.37.When will the speakers go to a car shop?A.This Saturday.B.This Sunday.C.Next Sunday.听下面一段较长对话,回答以下小题。38.What is BilFs attitude toward his exam re
31、sult?A.Greatly excited.B.A bit dissatisfied.C.39.What does the woman suggest Bill do?A.Be hard on himself.B.Go out for dinner.C.40.How soon will the speakers leave home?A.In about 15 minutes.B.In about 30 minutes.C.三、短文听下面一段独白,回答以下小题。41.What is Big Lots?A.A parking place.B.A big store.C.42.What did
32、the speaker find in the basket?A.A wallet.B.A mobile phone.C.43.What information did the speaker get about the woman?A.Her workplace.B.Her phone number.C.44.What did the woman offer to the speaker?A.A postcard.B.A job.C.Terribly disappointed.Go shopping with her.In about 45 minutes.A womans house.A
33、letter.Her home address.A meal.第 02讲 语音知识+听力测试国际音标一、语音知识1 .英语共有4 8 个音素,分为元音和辅音两大类。元音有2 0 个,分为单元音和双元音。辅音有2 8 个,按声带振动情况分为浊辅音和清辅音。英语音素中半元音音素是/w/和/j/,鼻 音 是/m/、/n/、/n/。2 .2 6 个字母中有5个元音字母,分别为:a,e,i,o,u ,音 标 为 e i 、i:、a i 、e u 、j u:。一个半元音字母是y。元音字母在重读开音节中发字母的名称音,在重读闭音节中发短音。二、国际音标元音音标元音音标指发音时不受到发音器官的阻碍发出的声音,
34、国际音标里,元音音标共2 0 个:元 音(2 0 个)单元音前元音/i:/I /e/a e/中元音/3 :/a/A /后元音/u:/u/o :/0/a:/双元音开合 双元音/e i /a l /o I /a u /a u/集中 双 元 音/i a/e a/u a/元音音标中单元音按发音时舌头位置的不同分为前元音、中元音和后元音,辅助音按发音时口型的变化分为合口双元音和集中双元音,如上表所示。元 音(2 0 个)单元音 长元音/i:/u:/a:/o :/3 :/短元音/i /u/A/D/a/e/a e/双元音 合 口 双 元 音/a i /e i /o I /a u /a u /集 中 双 元
35、音/I a/e a/u a/元音音标中单元音按发音时音音长短的不同分为长元音、短元音,长元音音标符号包括:”号,如上表所示。元音音标表单元音:/i:/、/i/、/3:、/a/、/o:/、/D/、/U:/、/u/、/a:/A/、/as/、/e/双元音:/ei/ai/。I/、/a u/、/au/、/I a/Ie?、/u a/注意,元音也可以分为:1)长元音:/a:/u:/i:/。:/2)短元音:/A/D/a/I/u/e/ae/10 对清浊辅音:清辅音:p t k田 9 s tr ts f tf浊辅音:b“d g v 口 z dr dz 口 d其他辅音:清辅音:h浊辅音:m n 1 r w j20个
36、元音音标发音单词示例1)/i:/sea,he,see,piece,ceiling2)/l/sit,build,miss,myth3)/e/bed,desk,head4)/ae/bad,land,bank,stamp(a 和 e 中间是连起来的)5)/a:/car,fast,class,plant,calm,aunt6)/D/hot,want7)/O:/door,more,sport,ball,warm,author,court,bought,caught8)/u:/good,who,blue,soup,9)/u/look,put,women,could10)/A/cup,come,blood,
37、rough11)/3:/girl,work,serve,nurse12)/d/cadre,ago,forget,polite,dollar,doctor,famous,Saturday双元音8 个如下:13)/el/cake,they,play,eight,great14)/ai/bike,die,neither,light,try,find,height,eye15)/ou/phone,cold,boat,soul,grow16)/au/house,town17)/I/boy,oil18)/i M dear,idea,deer,here,fierce19)/es/pear,care,ther
38、e,fair20)/u o/tour,poor辅音音标发音单词示例1)/p/pay,put,cup,open,panda2)/b/bread,club,lab,rabbit,garbage3)/t/talk,taxi,tell,kitty,night4)/d/duck,deep,dog,card,bed5)/k/key,cold,card,desk,cup,cat6)/g/eagle,egg,lag,dig,glass7)/f7 fish,finger,face,floor,frog8)/v/very,dove,ever,leave,invite9)/s/sit,say,sky,face,bu
39、s10)/z/zebra,zoo,zero,seize11)/f/ship,sheep,fish,clash,shirt12)/j/visual,version,vision Jeisure14)/dj/jar,jam J uly,angel,cage15)/0/south,path,mouth,math,path16)/d/they,those,other,teethe17)/ts/cats,boats,meets,gifts18)/dz/beds,cards,rides,friends19)/tr/trade,trill,metric,tree20)/dr/drink,dress,drea
40、m,draw21)/h/home,hello,hand,happy22)/r/rain,read,red,grass23)/I/linejike,alive,meahpool24)/m/mud,move,swim,smart,animal25)/n/no,winner,ant,brain26)/q/ink,bank,sing,spring,pink27)/w/swan,with,what,white,work28)/j/yak,youth,yell,billion,unit三、读音方法在学习字母在单词中的读音时有三种方法:第一种:去尾法,有九个,b、d、c、p、t、v、z、j、k。比如:能根据
41、读音把b 分成两个音标/b/i/,去尾顾名思义,就是把最后一个音去掉,第一个音,就是在单词中的发音;第二种:掐头法,有六个,f、Im、n、s、X o比如f 能根据读音把f 分成两个音标/e/、/f/,把第一个音去掉就是在单词中发音;第三种:对比法,就是把字母在单词中的发音和在汉语拼音中的发音对比,有五个:g、h、y、w、r,我们可以发现,这五个音和拼音中的音很相似,所以可以这样记。拼读规则一、音节及音节的划分1.音节的定义:音节由音素组合而成。一个元音加上一个或几个辅音即可构成一个音节,一个元音也能构成一个音节。某些辅音也能与其他辅音构成音节。2.音节构成A:一个元音和一个或多个辅音可以构成一
42、个音节,如:be/bi:/;big/bi g/B:一个元音可以构成音节,如 about/a baut/,I/al/C:成音节即由辅音和成节音,Iml,Ini,/n/构成的音节,如:button/bA tn/3.音节的分类A:开音节:指以发音的元音字母结尾的音节或元辅e 结构。如:go/gau/;photo/fau tau/;cake/kei k/;like/lai k/B:闭音节:以辅音字母结尾(r,w,v 除外),同时只有一个元音音素的音节,如:bag/baeg/;stop/stDp/C:r音 节:即 ar/a/;er/a/;ir/a/;or/0/;ur/a/在非重读音节中一般发短音/4.音
43、节的划分口诀:一在后,二分手一在后:如果两个元音中有一个辅音,则把这个辅音的发音划到后面.二分手:如果两个元音中有两个辅音,则平分这两个辅音的发音,前后各一个。一般来说,一个单词的发音元音的总数决定了这个单词所包含的音节数目,也就是说有几个元音音素就有几个音节,如一个音节:I;a;six;girl;one;how两个音节:fa/ther;re/move;peo/ple;ri/ver;rea/dy三个音节:cen/tu/ry;vi/ta/min;cer/tain/ly5.不同音节中元音字母的发音(1)在闭音节中的元音字母一般发短元音,如:a/ae/cat;e/e/bed;i/I/big;o/D/
44、dog;u/A/bus(2)在开音节中的元音字母一般发字母的名称音绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾。如:she/Ji/;hi/hai/相对开音节:元辅 e 结构。如:lake/lel k/;like/lal k/;coke/kouk/二、不完全爆破音与浊化1.不完全爆破音(incomplete plosion)带有不完全爆破音的词或句子,听起来好像有些音被吞掉,但实际上并未完全被吞掉。当两个辅音相邻时前面的辅音由于受后面辅音的影响,在发音时只需要作出这个音的口形,但不需要把音发出来。这种要发而又不发出来的音就是我们所说的不完全爆破音,这种发音现象叫做失去爆破。爆破音/p/b t/d/k/g/(
45、1).两个或两个以上的爆破音相连,只爆破最后一个爆破音,其他爆破音只需要作出口形即可。如:act;two(2).爆破音后跟破擦音时,爆破音失去爆破。如 pi(c)ture;lha(t)judge(3).爆破音后跟摩擦音时只需做出口形,不爆破。如:brea(k)fast(4).爆破音后跟鼻音时,爆破音亦不爆破。如:goo(d)morning2.浊化(soft)浊化就是把清辅音发成与其相应的浊辅音。一般情况下,在音节开头如果有两个在一起的清辅音,那么第二个清辅音就要浊化,即发成浊辅音。常见的有:/sp/sb/如:sport;/st/i/sd/如:stair;/sk/sg/如:sky;scarf;s
46、chool3.连读(liaison)在英语的实际运用中,人们常将属于同一意群的词连在一起,一口气说出来。意群中词与词之间不留空隙,这种读法叫连读。如:NotAatAall.Please takeAa lookAatAit.I findAa book inAit.(book 与 in 分别在两个不同的意群中故中不连读。三、重音、语调与节奏1.重音(stress)。)单重音英语的每个词,至少有一个音节读得特别重而清楚,而其他的音节则轻而含糊。读得重而清楚的音节,叫做单词重音,又叫重读音节。读得轻而含糊的音节,叫做非重读音节或轻读音节。如:interesting;dictionary;relay;f
47、orget;enough;dislike(2)句子重音实词如名词、实意动词、形容词、副词等,一般需重读,但在倒装句中实意动词要轻读。如:She always made her class interestingUnder the tree stood an old man.代词以及虚词如冠词、连词、介词等往往不重读,但作表语的介词短语中的介词需重读。如:The ball is under the chair.Which grade are you in?2.语调(intonation)英语语调,即说话的腔调,就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。(1)降调:主要用于陈述句、祈
48、使句、特殊疑问句、感叹句句末,表示肯定、明确或意思表达完整。如:Please open the door.、What a line day!(2)升调:主要用于疑问句或表示请求的句子末尾,表示不太肯定、亲切和意思未完。如:Would you like a cup of tea?/Do you often go to school by bike?/(3)降升调先升后降:常用于选择疑问句中或列举时。如:Is your friend/a boy or a girl?、Which do you prefer,/tea or coffee?There are eggplants,/cucumbers,
49、/tomatoes and potatoes in the market.先降后升:常用于补充说明或反意疑问句中。如:We have to hurry up,、Im afraid./He hasnt booked the room,has he?/3.节奏(the rhythm)读长句时,需要注意在意群之间换气,稍作停顿,而一个意群内部不可停顿,以便意思保持完整。如:Our English teacher/told us/an interesting story.He and his brother/have already finished/doing their homework.检测训练
50、一、短对话1.What does the man like about the movie?A.Its funny plot.B.Its music.C.Its actors.【答案】c【原文】W:That is a great movie,isnt it?It has some really funny parts,and I think the actors are really good.M:I agree about the acting,but I dont think it is funny.I dont care much for the music.2.How much is