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1、精品文档 湖北省 2021年 博士研究生入学考试英语联考试题 Part I Reading Comprehension(30)Directions：There are 4 reading passages in this partEach passage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D. You should decide on the best choice and markyour answer
2、on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage： Most of us would like to feel we have some influence over what happens around us and to us. Citizens speak out to influence policy on use of nuclear power, conserving the env
3、ironment and endangered animals，local and state taxes，the appropriate use of funds by organizations of which they are members，proper land use and the nature of education in the public schools, and a host of other issuesSome of these affect the speakersimmediate self-interest; others are attempts to
4、make the social environment conform more closely to their own ideas. To speak on such matters effectively enough to influence the opinions and actions of others is to exercise power 我们多数人都希望自己对发生在周围和发生在自己身上的事有一些影响。市民畅所欲言，以便能给政策施加影响，核能的使用，保护环境和动物，地方和州税收，他们所在组织合理使用经费，合理使用土地，公里学校的教育本质，以及其他很多的问题。有一些直接关系
5、到说话者自身的利益；有一些那么是试图使社会环境更符合说话者的愿望。把这些问题谈得恰如其分，改变他人的思想和行动，就是在形式自己的权利。would like to 想要 | 愿意 | 意欲 influence over 对有影响speak out 畅所欲言；大胆地说；大声地说 nuclear power 核能；核动力a host of 许多，一大群；众多，大量 exercise power 行使权力；运用权力speak on 论及Even in jobs relying on technical specialization，the opportunities and demands for p
6、ublic speaking skills remain more common than many college students realize. The engineer finds that if his career is to advance he must be willing to accept management duties that include speaking to groups of employees, or he must serve as a spokesperson for consultant teams presenting results to
7、agencies outside the company. The certified public accountant finds an opportunity to teach classes in her area of speculation. The dentist has to give speeches as an officer of his dental association 即使是从事专业化的技术工作，公开演讲的时机和需要也比大学生所认为的要大得多。工程师们发现，如果他想开展自己的事业，那么他就必须接受从事一些管理工作，管理工作就包括给员工讲话，或者像参谋团队的发言人一
8、样，把工程结果呈现给公司外的代理商。 注册会计师发现了一个讲授投资领域课程的一时机。牙医也必须作为牙科协会的负责人发表讲话。jobs relying on technical specialization 专业化的技术工作public speaking n. 演讲；演说；公共演讲certified public accountant有合格证件的会计师；注册会计师；执业会计师association ,susiein n. 协会，联盟，社团；联合；联想Sometimes you may have to make a speech as part of your duties in your job
9、 or organization. Perhaps more frequently you will have opportunities where you speak voluntarily, as when you speak out in a meetingSome of these speaking situations will be of little consequence; you will feel better if you do the speech well，but it will not really make much differenceIn other sit
10、uations, the speech may be significant for the audienceIn these situations，it is comforting to know that you can do at least an adequate jobAnd you may not be content merely to get through the task adequately. To be able to increase listenersunderstanding or to persuade them is one of the most civil
11、ized ways we as individuals have for affecting our environment 有时，演讲是你工作或所在组织的一局部，你不能不讲。更多的时候，你是主动自愿去讲话，比方在开会的时候发言。有些场合的讲话重要性不高；如果你讲得不错，你会感觉很好；不过，这样的讲话并无多大用处。另外一些场合，讲话对听众可能具有很高的重要性；如果你讲得很好的话，会觉得很欣慰；如果只是讲得可以，自己可能就觉得不满意了。能提高听众的理解程度，或者说服他们，是我们作为个体影响自己周围环境最文明的方式了。be of little consequence 没多大重要性make diff
12、erence 关系重大；有所作为；造成差异；有不同之处 comforting kmfti v. 抚慰comfort的ing形式adj. 抚慰的；令人欣慰的Some beginning-speech students are surprised to discover that they can give a public speech at all，much less the skillful and effective ones they will be producing by the end of the courseThe primary purposes of a speech co
13、urse are to expand your understanding of techniques and strategies in public speaking，and to give you some practice so that you will be more confident and effective in more situationsWith skill and confidence you develop a power to benefit yourself and thesociety around you 一些初学演讲的学生，他们惊奇地发现，他们也能公开讲
14、演，不过，熟练的、对听众起作用的演讲要到他们修完课程的时候才行。演讲课程的根本目的是拓展你对公开演讲技巧的理解，而且给你提供一些演讲的实践时机，这样，在更多的场合，你会更有信心，讲得更有影响力。much less 更不用说；不及 at all 否认句根本；究竟1The text intends to show you A . Athe importance of speaking before the public Bthe techniques and strategies in public speaking Cthe purposes and aims of a speech cours
15、e Dthe most civilized ways to exert our influences 2According to the passage，effective speaking ability does benefit people a lot except on C . Aenvironmental conservation Baudience awareness Ctechnical maintenance Dcareer promotion 3You need to speak effectively if D . Ayou are a student Byou are a
16、n engineer Cyou want to study well Dyou want to influence others 4It is implied in the text that A . Aa good speaker may have greater chance in his career Bmaking good speeches is part of the duties of an engineer Cspeaking at a meeting is often part of ones duties Dpeople often exercise their power
17、 by making speeches 5Sometimes you are not content when you finish your speech because you know B . Ayou speech makes little difference to the audience Bthe audiences better understanding is more essential to you Cmaking good speeches is part of the duties of an engineer Dthe speech-making occasion
18、is not important in the least Questions 6-l0 are based on the following passage： The world is undergoing tremendous changesThe rise of globalization, both an economic and cultural trend that has swept throughout the world，has forged new ground as we enter the 21st centuryBut are the effects of globa
19、lization always positive? Some say no 我们的世界正在经历巨大的变化。当人类进入21世纪时，全球化兴起了，包括经济和文化两方面的全球化趋势，已经席卷了全球，形成了新的世界格局。但是，全球化带来的影响总是正面的吗？有的人说不是。Michael Tenet，head of the International Institute for Foreign Relations in Arian, is worried about current resentment throughout the world toward the rise of globalizati
20、on“Ever since the 1980s and the economic collapse of the Asian Tigers in the late 1990s，there has been a re-evaluation of the role of globalization as a force for good, he said Incomes in many countries have declined and the gap between the most rich and the most poor has been aggravated. Without fu
21、rther intervention by governments, we could see a tragedy expressed in an increased level of poverty throughout the Latin America and Asia 外交关系国际学院的领导迈克尔藤那，对目前由全球化所引起的怨恨感到很担忧。“1980年代以来，1990年代亚洲四小龙衰落，就开始出现对经济全球化作为积竭力量的重新评价，他说。“很多国家的收入降低，最穷与最富之间的差距更大。如果政府不加干预，我们将会看到普及拉丁美洲和亚洲的贫困加剧。international institu
22、te 国际学院；国际机构；国际研习会foreign relations 外交关系；对外关系 resentment rizentmnt n. 愤怒，怨恨express in 在(某种形式)中表达；用(某种形式)表达Yet George Frank，an influential economist who works on Wall Street，sees no such danger“Economic liberalization，increased transparency and market-based reforms have positive effect in the long ru
23、n，even if market mechanisms can produce short-term destabilization problems， he said. “What is most important is that barriers to trade continue to fall so that active competition for consumer goods reduces prices and in turn raises the average level of income. 在华尔街工作的一位很有影响力的经济学家乔治弗兰克说情况没这么危急。“放宽经济
24、限制，增加了透明度，加强了基于市场的改革，尽管市场机制可能出现短期的不稳定问题，但是从长远来看，还是有积极作用的。他说。“最重要的是贸易壁垒进一步消除，积极的竞争带给消费者更低的价格，从而也提高了平均收入水平。an influential economist 一位很有影响力的经济学家liberalization ,librlaizein n. 自由化；自由主义化；放宽限制transparency trnsprnsi n. 透明，透明度；幻灯片；有图案的玻璃destabilization di:steibilaizein n. 不稳定；扰动Others feel that globalizati
25、ons cultural impact may be more important than its economic implications. Janice Yawed，a native of Africa，feels strongly that globalization is undermining her local culture and language“Most of the worlds dialects will become extinct under globalization. Were paving the world with McDonalds and Engl
26、ish slangIt tears me up inside，she said 另一些人认为，文化全球化的影响可能比经济全球化的影响更大。一个非洲土著人，加尼斯娅瓦德，感觉非常强烈，她认为全球化侵蚀了她祖国的文化和语言。“在全球化过程中，世界上很多地方的方言将会消失。麦当劳和英语俚语充满着整个世界。这使我的心在流泪。Governments of different countries have had mixed responses to the wave of globalizationThe United States is generally seen as an active prop
27、onent of greater free trade, and it certainly has enormous cultural influence by virtue of its near monopoly on worldwide entertainmentBut other countries, most notably in Europe and developing nations，have sought to reduce the impact that globalization has on their domestic affairs. 各国政府对全球化的反响各不相同
28、。美国是更多自由贸易的积极支持者。他们凭借自己在全球娱乐业近乎垄断的地位把文化影响扩散的到全球。但是，另一些国家，特别是欧洲国家和开展中国家，他们力求降低全球化对国内事务的影响。proponent prupunnt n. 支持者；建议者；提出认证遗嘱者opponent punnt n. 对手；反对者；敌手 adj. 对立的；敌对的free trade自由贸易 by virtue of 由于，凭借notably nutbli adv. 显著地；尤其；格外地 seek to 追求；争取；力图“When I was a boy we had very little to speak of, says
29、 one Singaporean residentNow our country has developed into a booming hub for international finance. Others，however, are not so optimisticGlobalization is an evil force that must be halted, a union official at a car plant in Detroit recently commented, Its sucking away jobs and killing the spirit of
30、 our country. “当我还是个孩子的时候，我们没什么值得一提的。一位新加坡居民说。“现在，我们国家已经开展成了繁荣的国际金融中心。另一些人那么没这么乐观。“全球化是一股有害的力量，必须停止。底特津的一家汽车制造厂的工会官员说：“全球化减少了工作时机，消灭了我们国家的精神。to speak of 值得一提的Singaporean ,sip:rin n. 新加坡人adj. 新加坡人的；新加坡的6As for globalization，Michael Tenets attitude to it is most probably to be in C . Afirm support Bca
31、utious approval Cgreat anxiety Dstrong repentance 7The views of Michael Tenet and George Frank on globalization are quite D . Aoptimistic Bidentical Cworrying Dcontrary 8When mentioning Janice Yawed，the author is talking aboutu B . Aher local culture and language Bthe cultural implications of global
32、ization CMcDonalds and English slang Dthe economic impact of globalization 9According to paragraph 5，different countries consider globalization as A . Aa mixed blessing Ban evil force Call active stimulus Dall intervention 10 The title which best expresses the main idea of the text would be B . ADis
33、advantages of Globalization in Economic Area BPeoples Responses to the Impacts of Globalization CInfluence of Globalization on the Economy and Culture DDifferent Roles of Globalization in the Development of Economy Questions 11-15 are based on the following passage： In the decades between 1910 and 1
34、930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South，where the majority of the Black population had been located，and migrated to northern states，with the largest number moving，it is claimed，between 1916 and 1918It has been frequently assumed, but not proved，that most of
35、the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors：the collapse of cotton industry following boll-weevil infestation，which began in 1898，and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immi
36、gration caused by the outbreak of the first World War in l914This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills. 南部曾是黑人的主要
37、聚居地，1910到1930年之间的几十年，美国有10%的黑人离开南部去了北部各州。1916年到1918年，据称是移民的顶峰时期。这后来被称之为“移民潮。他们大多来自农村地区，他们迁移的原因一直以来有猜想但没有得到证实。猜想的原因有二：一是1898年开始的棉桃感染象鼻虫之后的棉产业的倒闭，二是1914年由于二战的爆发，美国北部来自欧洲的移民流中断，而美国北部继续需要劳动力。从这个假设可以推出一个结论：迁入北部的移民缺乏经济动力与他们的农村背景有关，他们不熟悉城市生活，缺乏工业技能。他们确实来自南部农村吗？他们确实有农村背景吗？这个结论是作者树的靶子，他打算反驳的。rural areas 农村地区
38、 be tied to 与相关联But the question of who actually left the South has never been investigated in detail. Although numerous investigations document a flight from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration，no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to norther
39、n citiesIn1910 over 600，000 Black workers，or ten percent of the Black work force reported themselves to be engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits，the federal census category roughly including the entire industrial sectorThe Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this gr
40、oup and their familiesIt is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be tempted to move，but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South. 不过，到底是谁移出了南部是南部农村的这些棉农呢？还是南部城市遭到这些棉农进城低薪抢夺饭碗的城市工人？，这个问题还从来没有仔细的调查过。尽管有大量的调查说明，从南部农村移入南部城市的是这次大移民的先锋，但没有人考虑过，是不是就是这
41、批人他们接着移民去了北部城市？1910年，有超过600,000黑人工人，占黑人劳动力总人数的10%，他们宣称自己忙于“制造业和机械业的工作，联邦人口普查大概地反映了工人总体构成。“移民潮本应该把这一群体这60万忙于制造业和机械业的城市工人及其家属计算在内。我说这60万城市已就业人口也想迁往北方，好似叫人觉得意外。不过这也是有可能的，因为当时南方普遍存在劳动条件恶劣。也就是说南方农村的人移到南方城市去了，因劳动条件恶劣，他们完全有动机继续迁移。flight flait n. 飞行；班机；逃走vi. 迁徙vt. 射击；使惊飞employed population 就业人口；劳动人口About th
42、irty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slaveryblacksmiths，masons，carpenterswhich had a monopoly of certain trades，but they were gradually being pushed out by competition，mechanization，and obsolescenceThe rem
43、aining sixty-five percent，more recently urbanized，worked in newly developed industriestobacco, lumber，coal and iron manufacture，and railroadsWages in the South，however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press，that they could earn more even as unskilled wo
44、rkers in the North than they could as artisans in the South南部约35%的城市黑人在从事技术活。他们中有一局部人来自过去奴隶阶层的工匠铁匠、泥瓦匠、木匠他们有专门的手艺，不过，随着竞争、机械化、工艺落后，他们逐渐被淘汰。另外65%, 多半城市化了，在新开展起来的工厂做工烟草、木材、煤炭、钢铁制造、铁路。然而，在南部工作，工资并不高，南部工人也意识到，通过用工招聘人员和黑人报刊牵线搭桥，他们在北方干无需技术的活也比在南方干技术活赚的钱多。可见，这些已经从南部农村来到了南部城市的工人，他们已经城市化了，他们已经稳定就业了，但是他们完全有动力
45、继续往北方迁移。因为南方给的工资太低，南方工资较高。blacksmith blksmi n. 铁匠；锻工artisan :tizn n. 工匠，技工mason meisn n. 泥瓦匠 vt. 用砖瓦砌成obsolescence ,bsulesns n. 生物 退化；荒废lumber lmb n. 木材；木料；原木；隆隆声 vt. 砍伐木材 vi. 伐木recruiter rikru:t n. 招聘人员，征兵人员After the boll-weevil infestation，urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing
46、influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus，a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed，and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the N
47、orth to their rural backgrounds comes into question 在棉铃象甲肆虐之后，城市黑人工人面临与来自农村的黑人工人和白人工人的双重竞争。这些来自农村的黑人工人和白人工人，他们接受了比以前产业工人的工资还低的报酬。这对南部城市原本的那些公认的收入水平威胁太大了。因此，往北迁移被认为对已经城市化、已稳定就业的群体有利。城里的这些人如果不迁移出去的话，他们的收入就会随着劳动人口的增加而下降。所以，迁出去，对他们是有利的。可见，把后来北方移民经济困难同他们的农村出生背景联系起来，这已经遭到质疑了。他们本身就不是农村背景，他们来自南部城市。这是作者想说的意思。influx inflks n. 流入；聚集；河流的聚集处undercut ndkt vt. 廉价出售；较廉价的工资工作；从下边削球vi. 底切 n. 底切；牛腰部下侧嫩肉；砍口；切球