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1、Glorious Revolution&18th CenturyGlorious Revolution I.Historical Background Politically:After Bourgeois Revolution,the Tory and Whig joined hands against tyranny and restoration of Catholicism,and welcomed to the throne Mary and her husband,William of Orange(Glorious Revolution/Bloodless Revolution)
2、in 1688,thus ending the autocratic monarchy 君主独裁制,replacing it with a constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制.I.Historical Background 18th-century-enlightenment-age-英国文学史及选读课件18th-century-enlightenment-age-英国文学史及选读课件Socially:Age of Bourgeoisie The old aristocratic class was fast loosing its power politically
3、and economically to the rising urban middle class or bourgeoisie who worked hard,economized and accumulated great wealth and became the mainstay of the nation.Socially:Age of Bourgeoisie The Puritan spirit of wisdom,diligence,honesty,and thriftiness contributed greatly to the development of the coun
4、try.They accumulated more wealth and money,and their social status was raised.The Puritan spirit of wisdom,Economically:Industrial Revolution the beginning of larger-scale manufacturing continued to expand its colonies abroad in Asia,Africa and North America,which led to social unrest in Scotland,Ir
5、eland,AmericaEconomically:Ideologically:Age of EnlightenmentUnder the influence of scientific discoveries(Newton)and flourishing of philosophies,French enlightenment started.Enlightenment:an intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe.a continuation of Renaissance in
6、belief in the possibility of human perfection through educationIdeologically:Age of Enlight the guiding principle or slogan is Ration/Reason,natural right and equality(American Independence War in 1776;French Revolution in 1789).Ration became standard for measurement of everything.the guiding princi
7、ple or slogaEnlightenment Movement A progressive intellectual movement Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire,Montesquieu,Locke,Hobbes,and Rousseau believed that the world was an object of study and that people could understand and control the world by means of reason and empirical research.Enlight
8、enment Movement The celebration of reason,the power by which man understands the universe and improves his own condition They claimed that the individual was the basic unit of social analysis,and that the society should emerge and develop as the result of a social contract among the individuals.The
9、celebration of reason,the In religion,it was against;in politics,it was against tyranny;and in society,it was against prejudice,ignorance,inequality,and any obstacles to the realization of an individuals full intellectual and physical well-being.At the same time,they advocated universal education.In
10、 their opinion,human beings were limited,dualistic,imperfect,and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education.In religion,it was against;Idea of contract Rejection of“divine power”of kings The government is of the people,by the people,for the people.Puritan values of the middle class
11、Self-restraint,self-reliance and hard work;the meaning of life was to work,to economize and to accumulate wealth.Idea of contract The great enlighteners:Alexander Pope,Joseph Addison,Jonathan Swift Samuel Johnson The great enlighteners:II.Literature:Age of Neoclassicism/Age of Pope Inspired by the s
12、pirit of Enlightenment,Better education facilitated by developing economy was available to more and more people,esp.middle-class men and women,more schools and social clubs were established.Ancient classic works and contemporary French works were models of writing.II.Literature:Age of Neocla New gen
13、res of literature appeared to satisfy middle-class readers:-Periodicals(Tatler and Spectator)to write interesting sketches and stories,to entertain and teach-Novels about middle class by middle class for middle classs education New genres of literature appeaIII.Literature of the Period 1.Neo-classic
14、ism It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer,Virgil,Horace,Ovid.A partial reaction against the fires of passion blazed in the late Renaissance,especially in the Metaphysical poetry.III.Literature of the Period Prose should be precise,
15、direct,smooth and flexible.Poetry should be lyrical,epical,didactic(说 教 的）,satiric or dramatic,and each class should be guided by its own principles.Neo-classical writers are:John Dryden,Alexander Pope,Jonathan Swift,Joseph Addison,Richard Steele,Henry Fielding,Samuel Johnson,Oliver Goldsmith,Edward
16、 Gibbon,etc.Prose should be precise,direc 2.Prose Satire:Jonathan Swifts“Proposal”and Gullivers Travels Journalism/Periodicals:Steels and Addisons literary journals Realist novel:bourgeois in essence 写实/现 实主义小说-subject matter,-readership,-didactic（说教的）purpose,-form(prose,comic epic);2.Prose-Samuel R
17、ichardsons Pamela(epistolary)Defoes Robinson Crusoe,Henry Fieldings Joseph Andrews(comic epic in prose);Tom Jones(picaresque（流浪汉小说)Smollett(sea novel),Sterne(sentimentality)Goldsmith,etc.-Samuel Richardsons Pam Gothic novel(from mid-18th-century)哥 特式小说-against the rigid rationality principle-emphasi
18、s on the irrational and dark side of human nature:the imaginative,the supernatural,the discarded Medieval castle Gothic novel(from mid-18th-1st book:Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto(1764)-Ann Radcliffe the most successful:The mysteries of Udolpho(1794)-influenced the later generations:Coleridge
19、,Keats,Dickens,Bronte sisters,etc.-1st book:Horace Walpol Sentimentality literature 伤感文学-started by Samuel Richardsons Pamela and Clarissa-represented in novel form by Laurence Sterne-represented in poetry by“The Graveyard School”:Thomas Gray,Edward Young Sentimentality literature伤感文-emphasizing the
20、 emotion/heart instead of ration-gradually merged into Romanticism Biography James Boswells Life of Samuel Johnson-emphasizing the emoti3.Drama theatres moved from outskirts into the cities;tragedies replaced by comedies as source materials and audience changed;to satirize the upper middle class peo
21、ple;the best playwrights Sheridan(The School for Scandal,The Rivals)and Goldsmith(She Stoops to Conquer)委曲求全.3.DramaIII.Text StudyJonathan Swift(1667-1745)1.A master of prose:“proper words in proper places”simple,direct,precise prose style:-clear,simple and concrete diction 用词明了、简单、具体-uncomplicated
22、sentence structure 简单句子结构-economy and conciseness of language 语言简约III.Text StudyJonathan Swift 2.A master satirist:usually masked by an outward gravity（庄重）andan apparent earnestness which render his satire more powerful2.A master satirist:3.“A Modest Proposal”:a model satire the most devastating protest against the inhuman exploitation and oppression of the Irish people by the English ruling class the apparent eagerness,sincerity and detachment of the author adds to the bitter irony and biting sarcasm（讽刺）3.“A Modest Proposal”: