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1、2022年陕西考研英语一试题真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishThe idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was _1_ around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be _2_ to intelligence in animals. _3_ plants lack brains, the firin
2、g of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that _4_ consciousness, researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it _5_ so greatly from that of animals that so-calle
3、d _6_ of plants intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have _7_ that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, _8_ “a plant nervous system, _9_ to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They _10_ c
4、laimed that plants have brain-like command centers at their root tips.”This _11_ makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, _12_ it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. _13_, the signaling in a plant is only _14_ similar to
5、the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold _15_ of complexity and capacity is required,” he _16_.” Since plants dont have nervous systems, the _17_ that they have conscio
6、usness are effectively zero.”And whats so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants cant run away from _18_, so investing energy in a body system which _19_ a threat and can feel pain would be a very _20_ evolutionary strategy, according to the article.1. A coined B discovered C collected D issued2.
7、 A attributed B directed C compared D confined3. A Unless B When C Once D Though4. A coped with B consisted of C hinted at D extended to5. A suffers B benefits C develops D differs6. A acceptance B evidence C cultivation D creation7. A doubted B denied C argued D requested8. A adapting B forming C r
8、epairing D testing9. A analogous B essential C suitable D sensitive10. A just B ever C still D even11. A restriction B experiment C perspective D demand12. A attaching B reducing C returning D exposing13. A However B Moreover C Therefore D Otherwise14. A temporarily B literally C superficially D ima
9、ginarily15. A list B level C label D load16. A recalled B agreed C questioned D added17. A chances B risks C excuses D assumptions18. A danger B failure C warning D control19. A represents B includes C reveals D recognizes20. A humble B poor C practical D easy答案解析：1. A coined2. C compared3. D Though
10、4. C hinted at5. D differs6. B evidence7. C argued8. B forming9. A analogous10. D even11. C perspective12. B reducing13. A However14. C superficially15. B level16. D added17. A chances18. A danger19. D recognizes20. B poorSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts
11、. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics ar
12、e everywhere and dont break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plast
13、ic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didnt always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a p
14、olymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “Its like baking a cake: If you dont have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes, its not the artists fault. In the
15、1960s, the Italian artist Piero Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk aroun
16、d on the carpetswhich meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. Its especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardis pumpkins, roses, and other figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the d
17、ark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardis sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several
18、 sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oostens, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics, designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.And
19、more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human historyStone Age, Iron Age, and so onafter examining artifa
20、cts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve will have a strong impact on how in the future well be seen.”21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in _.A maintaining their plastic itemsB obtainin
21、g durable plastic artifactsC handling outdated plastic exhibitsD classifying their plastic collections22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are _.A immune to decayB improperly shapedC inherently flawedD complex in structure23. Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardis artworks to _.
22、A keep them from hurting visitorsB duplicate them for future displayC have their ingredients analyzedD prevent them from further damage24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is _.A costlyB unworthyC unpopularD challenging25. In Ferreira s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts _.A w
23、ill inspire future scientific researchB has profound historical significanceC will help us separate the material agesD has an impact on todays cultural lifeSection II Reading Comprehension答案解析：21. A maintaining their plastic items22. C inherently flawed23. D prevent them from further damage24. D cha
24、llenging25. B has profound historical significanceText 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start t
25、he third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility.
26、Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not
27、 an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages
28、of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In t
29、his age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly u
30、p-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers
31、. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Zs career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: I am a geographer or I am a classist. Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; its as if they a
32、lready know that their degree wont define them in the same way.26. The author suggests that Generation Z should _.A be careful in choosing a collegeB be diligent at each educational stageC reassess the necessity of college educationD postpone their undergraduate application27. The percentage of UK g
33、raduates in non-graduate roles reflect _.A Millennials opinions about workB the shrinking value of a degreeC public discontent with educationD the desired route of social mobility28. The author considers it a good sign that _.A Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degreeB school leavers are wil
34、ling to be skilled workersC employers are taking a realistic attitude to degreesD parents are changing their minds about education29. It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should _.A make an early decision on their careerB attend on the job training programsC team up with high-paid
35、 postgraduatesD further their studies in a specific field30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?A Lifelong learning will define them.B They will make qualified educators.C Degrees will no longer appeal them.D They will have a limited choice of jobs.答案解析：26. C reass
36、ess the necessity of college education27. B the shrinking value of a degree28. C employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees29. D further their studies in a specific field30. A Lifelong learning will define them.Text 3Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words
37、 that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they w
38、ould consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging result is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” One res
39、pondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldis The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each
40、 seasonprovided by Monash Universitys Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of Novembers United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artists than scientists responded to the
41、 Nature poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able
42、to jointly design it and can critique each others work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in cu
43、lture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around lighthence the “visual studies” in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-
44、disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.Natures poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise a
45、nd challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups need to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.31. According to Paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have _.A caught the attention of criticsB received favorable responsesC pr