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1、高中英语必修三语法汇总Unit 1 动词ing形式作表语和定语一、动词-ing形式作表语动词-ing形式作表语,通常位于系动词后面,用以说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。作表语的动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。1现在分词作表语,往往具有形容词的性质,说明主语的性质、特征等。作表语的现在分词,许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有:moving,interesting,encouraging,exciting,inspiring,boring,surprising,puzzling,amusing,astonishing等,这类分词有“令人的”之意,常修饰物。Your
2、speechis very interesting and encouraging.你的演讲很有趣而且很鼓舞人。注意:不定式和动词-ed形式也可作表语,但不定式通常强调一次性的、具体的、将要发生的动作。动词-ed形式作表语表示外因使之具备的性质和特征,意为“感到的”。My wish is to find apart-time job this summer.我的愿望就是今年夏天能找到一份兼职工作。I was disappointed atthis decision.我对这个决定感到失望。2动名词作表语多表示抽象性的或习惯性的动作,一般说明主语的内容。即主语等同于表语,两者可互换。Her job
3、 is keeping the lecture hall as clean aspossible.Keeping the lecture hallas clean as possible is her job.她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。名师点津(1)作表语时,系动词除be外还有appear,sound,look,become,come,get,go,grow,keep,remain,seem等。(2)动词-ing形式作表语时,相当于形容词,表示性质或状态;而进行时态中的动词-ing形式是谓语动词的组成部分,表示具体的动作,两者不可混淆。The present situation is e
4、ncouraging.(表语)目前的形势是令人鼓舞的。The present situation isencouraging us to stride forward in production.(现在进行时)目前的形势正在鼓舞我们在生产上迈步前进。二、动词-ing形式作定语动词-ing形式作定语,有以下几种情况:(一)动词-ing形式作定语的位置1单个动词-ing形式作定语,常置于被修饰的名词之前。有些-ing形式已转化为形容词,表示“令人的”。He broughtus surprising news.他给我们带来了惊人的消息。2动词-ing形式短语作定语,常置于被修饰的名词之后。The s
5、tudentsrunning along the street are fromNo.3 Middle School.沿街跑步的学生来自第三中学。(二)动词-ing形式作定语的用法动名词和现在分词都可以作定语,但有所区别。1动名词作定语表示被修饰词的某种性能或用途,相当于for引导的介词短语。No one isallowed to speak aloud in the readingroom.不允许任何人在阅览室里大声说话。2现在分词作定语时,它和被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主动关系,表示所修饰词进行的动作,相当于一个定语从句。The boy playing football on the play
6、ground ismy younger brother.The boy that/who is playing football on theplayground is my younger brother.在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我的弟弟。3动词-ing形式作定语,也有被动形式。The topic being discussed at the moment is aboutmusic.现在正在讨论的话题是关于音乐的。注意:现在分词、过去分词和不定式作定语的一般区别:现在分词表示正在进行或习惯性的动作;过去分词表示被动或完成意义;不定式表示动作尚未发生。You should adapt to
7、 the changingsituation.你应该适应不断变化的形势。The ground is covered with fallenleaves.地上满是落叶。Im looking for a room to live in.我正在找房子住。Unit2 动词-ing形式作状语和宾语补足语一、动词-ing形式作状语动词-ing形式可以作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首;作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。*Swallowing LittleRed Hat, the wolf went to be
8、d and slept.大灰狼吞下了小红帽,然后上床睡觉了。(时间状语)*I feel proudknowing your interest in Chinese history.得知你对中国历史感兴趣我很高兴。(原因状语)1.动词-ing形式表示原因。*Not knowing hisaddress, I cant send this book to him.(= As I dont knowhis address.)因为不知道他的地址,我不能把这本书寄给他。2.动词-ing形式表示时间。*Hearing thesestories, Im skeptical about the place.(
9、= When I heardthese stories.)当我听到这些故事的时候,我对这个地方有点怀疑。3.动词-ing形式表示条件。*Going straightdown the road, you will find thedepartment store.(= If you go straight down the road.)顺着这条路一直走,你就会发现那家百货商店。4.动词-ing形式表示结果。*His father died,leaving him a lot of money.(=.and lefthim a lot of money)他父亲死了,留给他许多钱。5.动词-ing形
10、式表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明。*He lay on thegrass, staring at the sky for a longtime.(=.and staredat the sky for a long time)他躺在草地上,长时间地望着天空。6.动词-ing形式表示让步。Being tired, theywent on working.(Although theywere tired.)尽管很累了,可他们继续工作。【名师点津】非谓语动词作状语时,如所提供的动词不能和句子中的主语保持一致,动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语,通常由名词或代词来担任,这就是独立主格结构。*The
11、last bushaving gone, we had to walk home.末班车已经开走了,我们不得不走回家。(having gone的逻辑主语是thelast bus, 而不是we)*Weatherpermitting, the football match will be played on Friday.天气允许的话,足球赛将在周五举行。(permitting的逻辑主语是time,而不是thefootball match)二、动词ing形式作宾语补足语动词-ing形式置于某些及物动词和宾语之后,补充说明宾语的动作或状态。在这种情况下,及物动词通常是表示感觉和心理状态的动词或使役动
12、词。*A Mexican farmerwas surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.一位墨西哥农民惊讶地发现从他的一小块地里冒出了烟。*I felt my heartbeating violently when I was seeing the 70th anniversary of foundation ofChina.我看中国建国70周年庆典的时候,感到心潮澎湃。1.动词-ing形式在使役动词宾补结构中的使用使役动词接现在分词作宾语补足语,表示“让一直做某事”*Its cold.Weshould have t
13、he fire burning all the time.天气冷。我们应该让火一直燃烧着。*I wont have yourunning about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。【名师点津】(1)have/get+宾语+done,done是过去分词作宾语补足语。包括两层意思:让别人去做某事。*He will have/getthe computer repaired tomorrow.他明天让人给他修电脑。 (主语)遭受到(意外的损失或不幸)。*He had/got hiscomputer stolen the other day.前几天他的电脑被偷了。(2)have
14、+宾语+dosth.意思是“让某人去干某事”。*Mother has me goto the shop to buy some fruit.妈妈让我去商店买一些水果。【名师点津】leave(使处于某种状态),keep(使保持某种状态)后一般跟分词作补足语,而不跟动词不定式。*Many teacherskeep parents informed of childrens performance in the kindergarten by sharingvideos on WeChat.许多老师通过在微信上分享视频让家长知晓孩子们在幼儿园的表现。2.动词-ing形式在感官动词后作宾语补足语在se
15、e, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后,用动词的-ing形式构成复合宾语,表示一个正在进行的主动的动作,强调一个过程或一种状态。*In the crowdedcafe, I heard a friendly voice saying,“You can share my table.”在一个拥挤的咖啡馆,我听到一个友好的声音在说:“你可以和我坐在一桌。”*He saw a girlwandering on the street this time yesterday.他昨天这个时候看到一个女孩正在街上闲逛。【名师点津】在see, hear, feel, watch,
16、 notice等感官动词后,既可用动词的-ing形式构成复合宾语,也可用省略to的不定式构成复合宾语,两者之间有一定的区别。用动词的-ing形式时,表示动作正在进行;用省略to的不定式时,表示动作发生了,即动作的全过程结束了。*Today on my wayhome, I saw a man running along thestreet hurriedly.今天在我回家的路上, 我看到一个男人正匆忙从街上跑过。*I saw him enterthe room and take something away.我看到他进入房间,并拿着东西离开了。3.现在分词在with复合结构中的使用在with复
17、合结构中,现在分词充当宾语补足语,表动作的“正在进行”.*Singing “Youdont know love, Fa Hai”, she threw the tortoise into the river, with tears filling her eyes.她唱着法海你不懂爱,把那只乌龟扔进了河里,眼里满是泪水。*Does Kilimanjarodeserve its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining theatmosphere of peace?乞力马扎罗山是一座拥挤的山,挤满了成群的游客,
18、破坏了它宁静的气氛,它应得这样的声誉吗?【名师点津】在with的复合结构中,也可以使用不定式和过去分词作宾语补足语。*All the afternoonhe worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。*I cant go outwith all these clothes to wash.要洗这些衣服, 我无法出去了。Unit 3 省略结构精讲为了使语言简洁或避免重复,省略句子中的一个或几个句子成分,这种语法现象称为省略。按照省略的部分可分为句子成分的省略和词的省略。1.动词不定式中的省略动词不定式中的省略现象可分为两种情况:一是动词不定式符号to后
19、的动词部分的省略;二是动词不定式符号to的省略。(1)省略动词不定式符号to的情况两个或两个以上的动词不定式由连词and,or, than, but连接时,从第二个不定式起,往往省略不定式符号to。但如果强调对比之意时不能省略。*Shed like totake off her coat and have a break.她想脱下外套休息一会儿。*Its moredifficult to do than to say.做比说难(强调语意前后对比)。在why或whynot引起的表示建议或责问的省略问句中。*Why get soexcited? 为什么变得那么激动?动词不定式作感官动词feel,s
20、ee, notice, watch, find, hear, listen to, observe和使役动词have,make, let等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to省略。如果这些动词用于被动语态,其后的动词不定式符号to不能省略(但let除外)。*We often hear himsing the song at home.He is often heardto sing the song at home.我们经常听到他在家唱这首歌。【名师点津】but, except作介词,后接动词不定式。如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么这些介词后的不定式不带to,反之则要带to。*Sh
21、e could donothing but cry.她除了哭什么也做不了。*He has no choicebut to leave.他别无选择只有离开。(2)省略动词不定式符号to后的动词部分的情况一些表示心理活动,情感态度的动词或短语,如expect,want, hope, wish, love, hate, decide, plan, mean, try, would like, be ready, beafraid, be glad等后, 动词不定式省略to后面的动词部分,但保留to。*Will you go withme? Well, Id like to (go with you)
22、.你愿意和我一起去吗?嗯,我愿意(和你一起去)。不定式作宾语补足语时,省略to后的动词部分,即用to代替整个不定式。*Youd betterfinish the job on time if he ordered you to( finish the job on time ).如果他命令你,你最好按时完成工作。【名师点津】如果该不定式后的动词是be或完成时态,则需在to后加上be或have。*Are you alawyer?No, but I hope tobe (a lawyer).你是律师吗?*Have you been tothe West Lake?I hope to have(be
23、en to the West Lake).你去过西湖吗?我希望去过(西湖)。不是,但是我希望是。2.简单句及并列句中的省略省略成分情况说明主语在祈使句中和不容易引起歧义的情况下可省略谓语或谓语的一部分为了避免与前面已出现过的动词重复常省略表语答语或下文中与上文结构相似的表语可省略宾语省略并列谓语最后一个动词的宾语以外的所有宾语双宾语动词的直接宾语或间接宾语都可以省略掉一个主语和谓语,或主语和谓语的一部分在不引起歧义的情况下为使语言更加简洁、明了可省略*(I)Beg your pardon.请您原谅。/请再说一遍。*Some of us studyJapanese; others(study)E
24、nglish.我们中有些人学习日语,有些人学习英语。*Do you know MrLi?I dontknow(him).你认识李先生吗?不认识。*She washed( theshirt), ironed( the shirt), and folded the shirt.她洗了衬衫,并且把它熨好、折叠好。*Sorry, (youvedialed the )wrong number.对不起,你拨错号了。3.复合句中的省略(1)宾语从句中的省略在宾语从句中常省略连词that,但当及物动词之后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,只有第一个连词that可以省略。*I know(that)sheis a t
25、eacher and that she is an excellent writer.我知道她是一个老师,也是一个优秀的作家。(2)主句中的省略常见于句首或回答问题时,只用从句。*Why didnt youcome to class yesterday?( I didnt cometo class yesterday )Because I was ill.你昨天为什么没来上课?因为我病了。(3)定语从句中的省略一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which, who, whom可以省略; 而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不可以省略。*The man (whom)you
26、saw yesterday fell ill.你昨天见到的那个人生病了。*The man, whom yousaw yesterday, fell ill.那个人生病了,你昨天见到他了。当先行词是way,且引导词在定语从句中作方式状语时,引导词可用inwhich或that,也可以省略。*The way( inwhich/that )these comrades treat problems is wrong.这些同志看待问题的方式是错误的。(4)状语从句中的省略当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致或从句主语是it,并且从句谓语中有be动词时,常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。此类状语从句中的省略
27、有如下情况:在as,before, till, until, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。*While(Iwas)walking along the street, I heard my name called.当我正沿街而行时,我听到有人叫我的名字。在though,although等引导的让步状语从句中。*Though(theywere)tired, they went on working.虽然累了,但他们继续工作。在if,unless等引导的条件状语从句中。*You shouldntcome to his party unless(you are)invited.除非你
28、被邀请,否则你不应该来参加他的晚会。在as,as if, as though等引导的方式状语从句中。*He did as(hewas)told.他按要求去做了。【名师点津】在虚拟语气中,常省掉if,从句使用倒装句式。*Were I you(=If Iwere you), I should give that guy a good lesson.如果我是你的话,我会好好地教训那个家伙一顿。Unit 4 动词不定式作状语和定语精讲一、动词不定式在句中作状语,主要用来修饰动词和形容词,也可用来修饰副词。在句中,不定式可作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语等,可表示目的、原因及结果等。1.目的状语
29、,置于句首或句末,置于句首时常表示强调。为加强语气,常与inorder或soas 组成短语。*A group of youngpeople got together to discuss this question.一群年轻人聚在一起讨论这个问题。*In order to helphim, we would do everything we can.为了帮助他,我们将尽我们所能。【名师点津】不定式作目的状语(1)置于句首时只用todo / in order to do。如用于表示否定, in order 或so as不能省略,用in order not to do 或 so as not to
30、 do形式。*I walked quietlyso as not to disturb the baby.我安静地走路,以免打扰婴儿。(2)不定式作目的状语时,其动作通常迟于谓语动词的动作。*I said that toencourage him.我这么说是为了鼓励他。(3)不定式作目的状语可转换为so that / in order that 或 so.that .引导的目的状语从句。*He worked veryhard to pass the exam.He worked so hardthat he could pass the exam.He worked hard sothat/i
31、n order that he could pass the exam.他非常努力以便能通过考试。2.结果状语,多见于“too.to”; “enough to.”; only to do(表示意料之外的结果的发生);so/such.as to(意为“如此以至于”)结构句中。* Im too tired todo well.我太累了做不好。*He is old enoughto go to school .他到上学的年龄了。*He rushed back,only to find the book missing.他冲了回来,却发现书不见了。* She is so proudas to look
32、 down upon others.她太骄傲了,看不起别人。3.原因状语,多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”结构句中。*I was very sad tohear the news.听到这个消息我很难过。4.独立动词不定式多用作插入语,表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。*Id like to stayhealthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.我想保持健康,但说实话,我只吃味道好的食物。【名师点津】现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别(1)动词不定式作结果状语强调的是一种意想不到的结果。*Anxiously,
33、 shetook the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didnt fit.(2)现在分词作结果状语强调的是一种顺承的,必然造成的结果。*His father passedaway, leaving him a little money.二、动词不定式用作定语1.名词前有first,last, next, only等词以及最高级修饰时, 其后要用动词不定式。*She was the firstwoman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是第一个在奥运会中
34、赢得金牌的女性。2.动词不定式作定语常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语,表示尚未发生的动作。*Let us give himsomething to eat.让我们给他一些吃的东西。*We have muchhomework to do tonight.今晚我们有很多作业要做。3.当名词与定语之间存在动宾关系时。*I usually have alot of meetings to attend.我通常有很多会议要参加。*She is a niceperson to work with.她是一个很好的合作伙伴。4.抽象名词attempt,ability, chance, desire, det
35、ermination, decision, plan, way或不定代词something,nothing等后面常用不定式作后置定语。*But Janis Adkinshas the ability and desire to do useful work.但是詹尼斯阿德金斯有能力和愿望去做有用的工作。5.当名词与定语有同位关系时。*We got the orderto leave the city.我们接到了离开这个城市的命令。6.当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。*We must find aperson to do the job.我们必须找到一个人来做这项工作。*We need some
36、oneto go and get a doctor.我们需要有人去请医生。【知识延伸】动词不定式作主语,表语和宾语1.不定式作主语,表示具体的某次动作。若不定式结构比较复杂,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语放在句子的后面。*To do morningexercises is useful for our health.做早操对我们的健康有益。*Its importantfor us to learn English well.学好英语对我们来说很重要。2.不定式作表语,表示将来的情况,说明主语的内容。其主语常常是wish,idea, task, purpose, duty, job等表示意向、打
37、算、计划的词。*His dream is tobe a doctor.他的梦想是成为一名医生。*My work is toclean the room every day.我的工作是每天打扫房间。3.不定式作宾语,常跟在某些动词后。不定式作宾语的动词的记忆口诀:决心学会选计划,拒绝答应想假装;主动设法愿希望,同意请求帮一帮;准备威胁易声称,渴望申请败踌躇。其对应的动词分别为:decide/determine,learn, choose, plan,refuse, promise,want/attempt, pretend,offer, manage,expect/wish/hope,agree
38、, ask/beg,help,prepare, threaten,tend, claim,desire/long,apply, fail, hesitate。4.若不定式结构比较复杂,通常用it 作形式宾语,真正的宾语放在句子的后面,该用法常见的动词有think,find, make, believe, consider, suppose, feel等。*He cant affordto buy the expensive car.他买不起那辆昂贵的汽车。*I think it usefulto learn a foreign language.我认为学习一门外语是有用的。*I feel it
39、 my dutyto say that you are wrong.我觉得我有责任说你错了。Unit 5过去将来时和情态动词一、过去将来时1.过去将来时表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用在宾语从句中。一般由“would/should+动词原形”构成。*She hoped thatthey would meet again someday.她希望将来有一天他们能再见面。*I rang up to tellmy father that I should leave for London.我打电话告诉我父亲我要去伦敦。2.was/were goingto+动词原形:表示过去将要发
40、生或很有可能发生的动作,常用于口语中,表示预言、意图或者打算等。*He was going tostart work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。*Alice, whydidnt you come yesterday?爱丽丝,你昨天为什么没来呀?I was going to,but I had an unexpected visitor.我打算去的,但我家来了个不速之客。3.start, go,come, leave, see, meet等动词的过去进行时: 表示就过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作。*She was cominglater.她随后就来。*I had
41、 just put onmy overcoat and was leaving to visit a friend of mine.我刚穿上外套要去看我的一个朋友。4.was/were aboutto do: 常用来表示即将发生的动作,“刚要/正要做”。注意该结构不与任何时间状语连用。*I felt thatsomething terrible was about to happen.我感到某种可怕的事情即将发生。*We were about togo there when it began to rain.我们刚打算去那儿,这时天下起了雨。5.was/were to do:表示“曾计划做某事
42、”,如果表示“本来计划做某事,动作没实现”,则需用“was/were to have done”。*She said she wasto have told me about the accident.她说她本来想告诉我关于事故的事。*He said he was tomeet his friend at the station at 4 p.m.他说他下午四点去车站接他的朋友。【随堂运用】用所给动词的适当形式完成句子(1)She said thebus _(leave)at five the next morning. (2)I wasnt surewhether he _(lend)me
43、his book the next morning. (3)At that time hedid not know that quitting the job _(become) the turning point inhis life. (4)He said he_(visit) China the next week. (5)In hisintroduction, he made it clear that our credits _(be) hard-earned.1.Wasleaving2.wouldlend3.Wasto become4.wasgoing to visit5.Woul
44、dbe二、情态动词(一)may/might1.表示请求或允许,might可以指过去时间,也可指现在时间,语气更委婉。对may的一般疑问句的肯定回答可用may或can,但作否定回答时要用mustnt或cant。*You may come ifyou wish.如果你想来,你就来。*May(Might)I askfor a photo of your baby?我可以要一张你宝宝的照片吗?*May I smokehere?No, youmustnt. Youd better not.我可以在这里吸烟吗?不,不可以。你最好不要吸烟。2.表示可能。可以指过去时间,也可以指现在时间,但语气不肯定。*Th
45、e crowds mightdamage the beauty of the place.人群可能会破坏这个地方的美。*She may not knowabout it.她可能不知道这件事。3.用于表祝愿的句子中。*May both thebride and groom have long and happy lives.祝新娘新郎幸福长寿。【随堂训练】(1)Are you goingto her party?Im notsure. I _stay home and help mybrother with hishomework.(2) _you have ahappy weekend.Mig
46、htmay(二)can/could1.表示能力,can表示现在的能力,could主要指过去的能力。*You can tell thesignificance of climate change to us.你可以告诉我们气候变化的重要意义。*I had hoped tosend Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldnt manage it.我本来希望送给彼得一件礼物祝贺他结婚,但没有做到。【易错精点】can表示能力的时候,还可以用beable to代替,表示后来通过努力终于做成了某事。*He was a goodswimmer so he was able to swim to the riverbank when the boat sank.他是一个很擅长游泳的人,所以当船下沉时,他能够游到河岸上。2.表示请求或许可。当请求允许做某事时,两者均可用,