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1、2022年江苏GRE考试考前冲刺卷（本卷共分为2 大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总 分 100分，60分及格。）单 位：姓 名：考 号：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、单项选择题（共2 5题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）1.（BUSet B The Sc i en ce o f An t hr o po Io gy /B Thr o u gh v ar io u s met ho ds o f r es ear ch,an t hr o po lo gis t s t r y t o fitt o get her t he pieces o f t he
2、hu man pu z z le-t o dis co v er ho w hu man it y w asfir s t achiev ed,w hat made it br an ch o u t in differ en t dir ect io n s,an d w hys epar at e s o ciet ies behav e s imi lar ly in s o me w ay s,bu t q u it e differ en t lyin o t her w ay s,An t hr o po lo gy,w hich emer ged as an in depen d
3、en t s cien ce int he lat e e i ght een t h cen t u r y,has t w o main div is io n s:Phy s i caIAn t hr o po lo gy an d Cu lt u r al An t hr o po lo gy.Phy s icaI An t hr o po lo gy fo cu s eso n hu man ev o I u t i o n an d v ar i at i o n an d u s es met ho ds o f phy s i o I o gy,gen et i csfan d
4、 eco Io gy.Cu lt u r al an t hr o po lo gy fo cu s es o n cu lt u r e an d in cIu desAr chaeo Io gy,s o c i a I an t hr o po lo gy,an d Iin gu is t ies.Phy s icaI an t hr o po lo gis t s ar e mo s t co n cer n ed w it h hu man bio Io gy.Phy s icaI an t hr o po lo gis t s ar e det ect iv es w ho s e
5、mis s io n is t o s o lv e t hemy s t er y o f ho w hu man s came t o be hu man.They as k q u es t i o n s abo u t t he ev en t st hat led a t r ee-dw el I in g po pu I at i o n o f an imals t o ev o I v e in t o t w o-1 eggedbein gs w it h po w er t o lear n-a po w er t hat w e ca11 in t e11 igen c
6、e.Phy s icaIan t hr o po lo gis t s s t u dy t he fo s s iIs an d o r gan ic r emain s o f o n ce-liv in gpr imat es.They als o s t u dy t he co n n ect io n s bet w een hu man s an d o t herprimates that are s t ill Iiving.Monkeys,apes,and humans have more incommon with one another physica11y than
7、they do with other kinds ofanimals,In the lab anthropologists use the methods,of physioIogy andgenetics to investigate the composition of blood chemistry for clues tothe relationship of humans to various primates.Some study the animalsin the wiId to find out what behaviors they share with humans.Oth
8、ersspecu I ate about how the behavior of nonhuman primates might have shapedhuman bodiIy needs and habits.A we 11-known fam iIy of phys i caI anthropologists,the Leakeys,conducted research in East Africa indicating that human evoIutioncentered there rather than Asia.In 1931.Louis Leakey and his wife
9、 MaryLeakey began excavating at 01duvai Gorge in Tanzania,where over the nextforty years they discovered stone tools and hominid evidence that pushedback the dates for early humans to over 375 mi 11 ion years ago.Their son,Richard Leakey,discovered yet other types of hominid skulIs in Kenya,which he
10、 wrote about in Origins(1979)and Origins Reconsidered(1992),Like physicaI anthropologists,cultural anthropologists study cluesabout human I ife in the distant past;however,cultural anthropologistsalso look at the sim ilarities and differences among human communitiestoday.Some cultural anthropologist
11、s work in the field,living andworking among peopIe in societies that differ from their own.Anthropo I og i sts do i ng f i e I dwork often produce a 11 ethnography,a wr i ttendescr i pt i on of the daily act i v it ies of men,women,and ch i Idren that te llsthe story of the society1 s commun i ty Ii
12、fe as a who Ie.Some culturalanthropologists do not work in the field but rather at researchuniversities and Museums doing the comparative and interpretive part ofthe job.These anthropologists,called ethnologists,s ift through theethnographies written by field anthropologists and try to discovercross
13、culmtural patterns in marriage,child rearing,re Iigious be Ii efsan d pr act ices,w ar far e-an y s u bject t hat co n s t i t u t es t he hu manex per ien ce.They o ft en u s e t heir fin din gs t o ar gu e fo r o r again s tpar t icu lar hy po t hes es abo u t peo pIe w o r ldw ide.A cu lt u r al
14、an t hr o po lo gis t w ho achiev ed w o r ldw ide fame w as Mar gar etMead.In 1923,Mead w en t t o Samo a t o pu r s u e her fir s t fieldw o r kas s ign men t-a s t u dy t hat r es u lt ed in her w idely r ead bo o k Co min g o f Agesin Samo a(1928).Mead pu b I is hed t en majo r w o r ks du r in
15、g her lo n g car eer,mo v in g fr o m s t u dies o f child r ear in g in t he Pacific t o t he cu lt u r al an dbio lo gical bas es o f gen der,t he n at u r e o f cu lt u r al chan ge,t he s t r u ct u r ean d f u n ct i o n i n g o f co mp I ex s o ciet ies,an d r ace r elat io n s.Mead r emain ed
16、a pio n eer in her w illin gn es s t o t ack Ie s u bject s o f majo r i n t e11ect u aIco n s eq u en ce,t o dev eI o p n ew t echn o Io g i es fo r r es ear ch,an d t o t hin k o fn ew w ay s t hat an t hr o po lo gy co u ld s er v e s o ciet y.Glo s s ar y:pr imat es:t he o r der o f mamma Is t h
17、at i n cIu des apes an d hu man sho min id:t he family o f pr imat es o f w hich hu man s ar e t he o n ly liv in gs peciesThe phr as e br an ch,o u t in par agr aph 1 is clo s es t in mean in g t oA.separate.B.hurry.C.look.D.originate.2.BllSet 3/B B Or gan ic Ar chit ect u r e /B On e o f t he mo s
18、 t s t r ikin g per s o n al it ies in t he dev eIo pmen t o fear ly-t w en t iet h cen t u r y ar chit ect u r e w as Fr an k Llo y d Wr ight (1867-1959)Wr ight at t en ded t he Un iv er s it y o f Wis co n s in in Madis o n befo r e mo v in g t oChicago,w her e he ev en t u a11y jo in ed t he fir
19、m headed by Lo u is Su l Iiv an.Wright set out to create architecture of democracyM.Early infIuenceswere the volumetric shapes in a set of educationaI bIocks the Germaneducator Friedrich Froebel designed,the organic unity of a Japanesebuilding W r i ght saw at the Co I umb i an Expos i t i on in Ch
20、i cago in 1893,anda Jeffersonian belief in i nd i v i duaIi sm and popuIi sm.Always a be Iieverin architecture as natural1 1 and organic”,Wright saw it as serving freeindividuals who have the right to move within a free space,envisionedas a nonsymmetrical des i gn interacting spat i a 11y with its n
21、aturalsurroundings.He sought to deveI op an organic unity of pIann i ngfstructure,materials,and site.Wright identified the principle ofcont i nu i ty as fundamenta I to understanding his view of organic unity:Classic architecture was al I fixations.Now why not let wa I Is,ceilings,floors become seen
22、 as component parts of each other This i dea I f profoundin its architectural impIications I called continuity.nWright manifested his vigorous originality early,and by 1900 he hadarrived at a style and entirely started his own.In his work during thef i rst decade of the twent i eth century,h i s cro
23、ss-axial plan and h i s fabricof cont i nuous roof planes and screens defined a new domest i c architecture.Wright fu lly expressed these eIements and concepts in Robie House,built between 1907 and 1909.Like other buiIdings in the Chicago areahe des i gned at about the same time,this was cal led a p
24、rairie house.W r i ghtconceived the long,sweeping ground-hugging I ines,unconf ined by abruptwalI Iim itsr as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness ofthe place great fla t lands.Starting abandon i ng al I symmetry,thearchitect el iminated a facade,extended the roofs far beyond the wall
25、s,and al I but conceaIed the entrance.Wright fille d the“wandering planof the Robie House with intricately joined spaces(some large and open,others cIosed)v grouped freely around a great central fireplace.(Hebe I i eved strong ly in the hearth5 s age-o Id domest i c s i gn i f i cance.)W r i ghtdes
26、ign ed en cIo s ed pat io sr o v er han gin g r o o fs,an d s t r ip w in do w s t o pr o v ideu n ex pect ed Iight s o u r ces an d glimps es o f t he o u t do o r s as peo pIe mo v et hr o u gh t he in t er io r s pace.Thes e elemen t s,t o get her w it h t he o pen gr o u n dplan,cr eat e a s en
27、s e o f s pace-in mo t io n in s ide an d o u t.He s et mas s es an dv o ids in eq u i I ibr iu m;t he f Io w o f in t er io r s pace det er min ed t he ex t er io rw al I placemen t.The ex t er io r,s s har p an gu lar pl an es meet at appar en t Iyo dd an g I es,mat ch in g t he co mp lex play o f
28、 i n t er io r s o l i ds,w h i ch fu n ct i o nn o t as in er t co n t a i n i n g s u r faces bu t as eIemen t s eq u i v aI en t in r o le t ot he des ign s s paces.The Ro bie Ho u s e is a go o d ex amp Ie o f Wr ight s nn at u r alis m hisadju s t in g o f a bu ildin g t o it s s it e.Ho w ev e
29、r,in t his par t icu lar cas e,t he co n f i n es o f t he cit y lo t co n s t r ain ed t he bu iId i n g-t o-s i t er elat io n s hip mo r e t han did t he s it es o f s o me o f Wr ight s mo r e ex pan s iv es u bu r ban an d co u n t r y ho mes.The Kau fman n Ho u s e,n ickn ameed nFalIin gw at e
30、r an d des ign ed as a w eeken d r et r eat at Bear Ru n n ear Pit t s bu r gh isa s t ar t pr ime ex amp Ie o f t he lat t er.Per ched o n a r o cky hills ide o v era s ma 11 w at er fa I lv t his s t r u ct u r e ex t en ds t he Ro b i e Ho u s e1 s b I o cky mas s esin al I fo u r dir ect io n s.
31、The co n t r as t in t ex t u r es bet w een co n cr et e,pa i n t ed met a I,an d n at u r al s t o n es in it s w alls en Ii v en it s s hapes,asdo es Wr ight1 s u s e o f fu lI-len gt h s t r ip w in do w s t o cr eat e a s t u n n in gin t er w eav in g o f in t er io r an d ex t er io r s pace.
32、The implied mes s age o f Wr ight1 s n ew ar chit ect u r e w as s pace,n o t mas s a s pace des ign ed t o fit t he pat r o n,s Iife an d en cIo s ed an d div idedas r eq u i r ed.Wr i ght t o o k s pec ial pain s t o meet his cl i en t s r eq u i r emen t s,o ft en des ign in g al I t he acces s o
33、 r ies o f a ho u s e.In t he lat e 1930s,heact ed o n a cher is hed dr eam t o pr o v ide go o d ar chit ect u r al des ign fo r les spr o s per o u s peo pIe by adapt in g t he ideas o f his pr air ie ho u s e t o plan sfo r s ma I ler,I es s ex pen s i v e dw e 11 i n gs.The pu b I icat io n o f
34、Wr i ght s p Ian sbr o u ght him a meas u r e o f fame i n Eu r o pe,es pec ial ly i n Ho 11 an d an d Ger man y.The issuance in Ber I in in 1910 of a portfoI io of his work and an exhibitionof his designs the following year st i m u I ated younger architects to adoptA.Fixation.B.Ideal.C.Continuity.
35、D.Classic.3.BNarrator/BListen to a part of a conversation in Iibrary.What is the student,s home teI ephone numberA.9456 1309.B.9835 1309.C.9835 6712.D.9456 6712.4.BRead i ng Sect i on D i rect i ons/BIn this section you wi 11 read five passages and answer readingcomprehension questions about each pa
36、ssage.Most questions are worth onepoint,but the last question in each set is worth more than one point.The directions indicate how many points you may receive.You wi11 have 60 minutes to read al I of the passages and answer thequestions.Some passages incIude a word or phrase that is under Iined inbl
37、ue.Cl ick on the word or phrase to see a def i n i t i on or an exp I anat i on.When you want to move on to the next quest ionr c I i ck on B Next /BYo u can s kip q u es t io n s an d go back t o t hem lat er as lo n g as t her e is t imer emain in g.If y o u w an t t o r et u r n t o pr ev io u s
38、q u es t io n s,click o n B Back /B Yo u can c I i ck o n B Rev i ew /B at an y t ime an d t her ev iew s cr een w i11 s ho w y o u w hich q u es t io n y o u hav e an s w er ed an d w hichy o u hav e n o t.Fr o m t h i s r ev i ew s cr een,y o u may go d i r ect I y t o an y q u es t i o ny o u hav
39、 e alr eady s een in t he r eadin g s ect io n.When y o u ar e r eady t o co n t i n u e,c I i ck o n t he B Co n t in u e /B i co n.BUSet 1 /B B New-Age Tr an s po r t /B It lo o ks as if it came s t r aight fr o m t he s et o f St ar War s.It hasfo u r-w heel dr iv e an d r is es abo v e r o cky s
40、 u r faces.It lo w er s an d r ais esit s n o s e w hen go in g u p an d do w n hills.An d w hen it co mes t o a r iv er,itt u r n s amphibio u s:t w o hy dr o jet s po w er it alo n g by blas t in g w at er u n derit s bo dy.Ther e is r o o m fo r t w o pas s en ger s an d a dr iv er,w ho s it in s
41、 idea glas s bu bbIe o per at in g elect r o n ic,air cr aft-t y pe co n t r o ls.A v ehicIes o dar in g o n lan d an d w at er n eeds w in ds cr een w iper s -bu t it do es n9t hav e an y.Wat er mo I ecu Ies ar e dis in t egr at ed o n t he s cr een,s s u r faceby u lt r as o n ic s en s o r s.Th i
42、s u n u s u a I v eh icle is t he Raco o n.It is an i n v en t i o n n o t o f Ho 11 y w o o dbu t o f Ren au lt,a r at her co n s er v at iv e Fr en ch s t at e-o w n ed car maker,bet t erkn o w n fo r it s fam i I y hat chbacks.Ren au 11 bu ilt t he Raco o n t o ex plo r e n ewfr eedo ms fo r des
43、ign er s an d en gin eer s cr eat ed by adv an ces in mat er ialsan d man u fact u r in g pr o ces s es.Ren au 11 is t h i n k i n g abo u t s t ar t Iin glydiffer en t car s;o t her pr o du cer s hav e r adical n ew ideas fo r t r ain s,bo at san d aer o plan es.The fir s t o f t he n ew fr eedo ms
44、 is in des ign.Po w er fu l co mpu t er-aideddes i gn (CAD)s y s t ems can r ep I ace w it h a click o f a co mpu t er mo u s e ho u r so f labo r io u s w o r k do n e o n t ho u s an ds o f dr aw in g bo ar ds.So n ew pr o du ct s,n o mat t er ho w co mp Iicat ed,can be dev eI o ped mu ch fas t er
45、.Fo r t he fir s tt i me,Boe i ng w i 11 not have to bu i I d a g i ant rep I i ca of its new ai r I i ner,the 777,to make sure al I the bits f it together.Its CAD system wi 11 takecare of that.But Renau 11 is tak i ng CAD further.11 c I a i ms the Racoon is the worlds firs t vehicIe to be designed
46、within the digitised world of virtualreality.Comp I ex programs were used to s i m u I ate the veh i cIe and theterrain that it was expected to cross.This a 11 owed a team led by PatrickLe Quement,Renault1 s industrial-design director,to drive it longbefore a prototype existed.Renau11 is not alone i
47、n thinking that virtual reality wiI I transformautomot i ve des i gn.In Detroit,Ford i s a I so i nvest i gat i ng its potential.Jack TeInact the f i rm,s head of design,wouId I ike designers in differentparts of the world to work more cIoseIy together,I inked by computers.They would do more than st
48、yle cars.Virtual real ity wi 11 allow engineersto peer inside the working part of a vehicle.Designers wi 11 watchbearings move,oi I flow,gears mesh and hydraulics pump.As thesetechniques catch on,even stranger vehicles are likely to come a Iong.Transforming these creations from virtual reality to ac
49、tuaI realitywiI I also become easier,especially with advances in materials.Firmsthat once bashed everything out of steel now find that new a 11oys orcomposite materials(which can be made from mixtures of pIastic,resin,ceramics and metals,reinforced with fibres such as glass or carbon)arechanging the
50、 rules of manufacturing.At the same time,old materials keepgetting better,as their producers try to secure their place in thefactory of the future.This competition is increasing the pace ofdeveIopment of al I materials.One company in this field is Sea I ed Compos i tes.It was started in1982 by Burt