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1、第 八 讲：代词一、【考点解读】代词是用来代替名词或名词作用的短语，大多数不定代词具有名词和形容词的功能。代词 按 意 义、特 征 及 语 法 功 能 可 分 为 八 类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代 词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词。代词在小升初考试中占有举足轻重的地位，但学生往往比较难以掌握，下面将各个知识点分类解析。二、【知识讲解】The Sawyer FamilyThe Sawyers live at 87 King Street.In the morning,Mr.Sawyer goes to work and the children go to school.T
2、heir father takesthem to school every day.Mrs.Sawyer stays at home every day.She does the housework.Shealways eats her lunch at noon.In the afternoon,she usually sees her friends.They often drink tea together.In the evening,the children come home from school.They arrive home early.Mr.Sawyercomes hom
3、e from work.He arrives home late.At night,the children always do their homework.Then they go to bed.Mr.Sawyer usuallyreads his newspaper,but sometimes he and his wife watch television.【单词注释】liveV.住;生活stay v.呆在houseworkn.家务arrive v.到达usuallyadv.通常newspaper n.报纸sometimesadv.有时television n.电视in the mor
4、ning在早上go to work去工作lake sb.to school送某人去上学at home在家at noon在中午see her friends会见她的朋友们arrive home回到家go to bed上床睡觉watch television看电视知识点11.人称代词格称单数复数二三二主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem说 明：主格人称代词在句中可用作主语，几个人称代词并列作主语时，它们的顺序是单数 形 式(2,3,1)you,he and I 复 数 形 式(1,2,3)we,you and they宾格人称代词在句子中做动
5、词或介词的宾语以及表语。Who is it?-Ifs me./If I were him,I would not do that thin2.物主代词类、人、别称单数复数二二形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourhishersitsoursyourstheirs说 明：1、形容词性物主代词在句中作定语修饰名词，不能单独使用。2、名词性物主代词常用来避免和前面提及的名词重复。相当于“形容词性物主代词+名 词 它 在 句 子 中 可 做 主 语，宾语和表语。3、名词性物主代词可用在o f后面作定语，相当于“of+名词所有格”，表示带有部分概念或有一定的
6、感情色彩。如：He is a friend of m ine.他是我的朋友。3.反身代词英语中共有八个反身代词，在使用时应注意和它所指的相应的对象在人称、性别、数上保持一致。其基本形式如下表所示：第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimself herself itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves数人称代词物主代词人称主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词单数第一人称我Imemyminemyself第二人称你youyouyouryoursyourself第三人称他hehimhishishimself她sheherherhers
7、herself它itititsitsitself复数第一人称我们weusouroursourselves第二人称你们youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称他们、她们、它们theythemtheirtheirsthemselves知识点24）相互代词：表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有 each other和 one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。如：They love each o th e r.他们彼此相爱。5)指示代词:this,these,that,those以及it,such,same等词叫做指示代词。指示代词在句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语指示代
8、词的用法：th is和 these表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物。This is a book.这是一本书。th at和 those表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。That is not a room.那不是一间房间。Those are trees.那些是树。th at和 those还可以指前文中的事物，th is和 these指下文中将要讲到的事物。他们起一种承上或启下的作用。I got up late,thats why I missed the bus.我起床迟了，这就是为什么我没赶上汽车。指示代词与定弼和人称代词一样，都具有指定的含义。指示代词分单数(this/th a t)和 复
9、 数(these/those)两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词，例如:单 数 复 数限定词：This girl is Mary.Those men are my teachers.代 词：This is Mary.Those are my teachers.知识点3-6)疑问代词:表示“谁(who),谁(whom),谁 的(w hose),什 么(what),哪个或哪些(w hich)”等词叫疑问代词。疑问代词的用法：A 疑问代词为首的特殊疑问句=疑问代词+一般疑问句？疑问代词句法作用例Who主语(三单)Who has a sharp knife?宾语Who do you often help
10、 in your class?表语Who is it?Whom宾语Whom do you like best in your family?Whose定语Whose name is Lucy?What主 语（三单）what has happened?宾语What does she do in the morning?表语what is this?Which定语What place do you want to travel to?B 疑问代词都可用作连接代词，以 what为例，引导名词性从句-主语、宾语和表语三大从句,表现形式为疑问代词+主语+谓语.名称例备注主语从句What my paren
11、ts said sounds very reasonable.主语从句看做it宾语从句I know what happened last night.宾语从句位于Vt/prep后。表语从句My dream is what I told you last night.主语+系动词+表语从句C疑问代词用作关系代词，引导定语从句。具体用法如下表：先行词关系代词从句中充当成分例事物Which（that）主语the book（先行词）which（主语）covers a lot of topics宾语（可略）the book（先行词）which（宾语）I am interesting in人物who主语t
12、he boy（先行词）who（主语）is enjoying the holidayswho/whom宾语（可略）iheboy（先行词）who/whom（宾语）everyone hates人/事whose定语the boy（先行词）whose mother lives in Americathe house（先行词）whose windows were broken知识点4-7）不定代词：A:没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词的词叫做不定代词，常用不定代词如下：不定代词oneonesbotheitherall中文含义一个数个两或 者（二者）全部不定代词（a）few（a）littlemanymu
13、chsome含义几个占 占/*多多一些不定代词anynononeneitherevery含义一些没有没有一个两者都没每不定代词otheranotherEach含义其他另一个每不定代词somebodyanybodyeverybodynobody含义某人任何人每个人没人不定代词somethinganythingeverythingnothing含义某事物任何事全部事物没有事物含有body/thing的代词做主语，相当于三单形式.含有body/lhing的代词+adjB：不定代词的用法：不定代词代替名词或形容词.在句中可用作主语，宾语，表语和定语。1)some 和 any句法功能some代词some
14、 of+the+ns/(u)nSome of the students always work hard.形容词some+ns/(u)nI want some juice to drink now.any代词any of+the+ns/(u)nAre any of the paintings fbr sale?形容词any+ns/(u)nDo you need any further information?som e也可用于表示委婉请求希望得到肯定答复的疑问句2)both,either,neither,all,none,any,each 的用法(ns为名词复数)代词功能做主语时谓语形式形容词
15、功能做主语时谓语形式both两者都both of the+nsV原形both nsV原形neither两者都不neither of the+nsvsneither+nvseither两者任一either of the+nsvseither+n.vsall三者都all(of)the+nsV原形all+nsV原形none三者都不none of the+nsVs/v原形any三者任一any of the+nsvsany+ns/nvseach每一个each of the+nsvseach+nvs在并列句中组成并列连词:both.and.,either.or,neither.nor（具体用法详见“第H
16、一讲连词”）3）it,one that代词用法例句it指文中提到的对象是_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _The book is mine.Its very interesting.这本书是我的，它很有趣。one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个，同类而不同一个一Who has a pencil?谁有一支铅笔？一I have one.我有一本。that常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复。The weather in Beijing is colder than that inShenzhen.北京的天气比深圳寒冷。4)other 和 another 用法i)other+
17、可数n.复数/单数，表示两者或两部分中的“另外”。固定搭配:one.the other.On the other side of the street.There is a tall tree.I have two pens.One is blue.The other(pen)is black.John did better than any other player in the game.ii)others=other+可数名词复数，表示两部分中的“其他的”固定搭配：some+n.复数 olher+n 复 数.some.othersSome students like English an
18、d other students(others)like physics.=Some students like English and others like physics.iii)the other 和 the othersthe other指两个中的“另一个(不 定数目中的“另一个，是“another”)the other=the other+n.复数，是“其余的 意思，表示在一个范围内的其他全部。固定搭 配：one.the other(两者)one/其他具体数字 the other+n.复数.one/其他具体数字.the othersI have two pens.One is bl
19、ue.The other is black.This dictionary is better than the others.iv）another+可数n.单数 可以表示三者或三者以上中任意的“另一个”another表示“再，又”含义时可以这么表达：another+可数 n.单数 This shirt is too small for me.Please show me another shirt.another+基数词+可数 n.复数 1 want another two days to finish my task.Everybody should be here in time tom
20、orrow.明天大家都要按时到。三、【典例探究】【例题】1 .They will see off.A.I,you and Tom B.you,Tom and IC.Tom,you and me D.you,Tom and me解题思路：1）单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称T第三人称一第一人称youhe/shc;it【You,he and I should return on time.2）复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称T第二人称一第三人称weyouThey注 意：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。a.在承认错误、承担责任时。b.在长辈对晚辈、长官对下属说话时，长官为第一c.
21、当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。答 案：D易错警示：掌握第一、二、三人称代词的排序。【例题】:2.Please come in and make at home,boys!A.you B.yourself C.yourselves D.yours解 题 思 路：make yourself at hom e是招呼客人时的礼貌用语。答 案：C易 错 警 示：有些动词可以用反身代词作宾语，如：absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behaveoWe enjoyed ourselves very much last night
22、.我们昨晚玩得很开心。Please help yourselftO some fish.请随便吃点鱼。（二）习惯用法错误3.Who is knocking at the door?A.Me B.IC.Myself D.My解 题 思 路：宾格代替主格，在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not后，多用宾语。如：I like English.我喜欢英语。一 I like English.-我也喜欢。-Have more wine?再来点酒喝吗?Not me.我可不要了。在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I
23、/me.He is taller than I am.答 案：A易 错 警 示：回答的完整形式是It is me.可以把回答看作是省略了 it i s,即(It is)Me.4.These are notbelongings,but some books ofare here.A.my；yourB.mine；yourC.my；yoursD.mine；yours解 题 思 路：形容词性物主代词具有形容词性质和作用，用于修饰名词；名词性物主代词具有名词性质和作用，本身就可以作主语、表语或宾语，换句话说，形容词性物主代词后面必须加名词，而名词性物主代词后面不得加名词。答 案：C易错警示:物主代词不可
24、与 a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，必须用双重所有格公式为：a,all,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。如:a friend Of mine,each brother Ofl lis5.The old woman patted the little boy on shoulder.A.the B.his C.him D.he解题思路：介词+the+身体部位，这里的定冠词不能替换成形容词性物主代词。答 案：A易错警示：这类题考生很容易
25、就会错选B,走进出题人设的误区6.drove the car.A.Me B.Myself C.I myself D.Mine解题思路：句意是“我自己开车”，缺少主语，反身代词本身不能单独作主语。但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself作主语，如：Charles and myself saw it.答 案：c7.1 was a little surprised why she told me.A.all the storyB.the whole storyC.the all storyD.the through story解题思路：all通常不与可数名
26、词单数连用，如：不说al 1 the b o o k,而说file whole booko但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如all day,all night,all the year；但习惯上不说all hour,all centuryo答 案：B易错警示：all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如：all China,all the city,all my life,allthe wayo（三）短语搭配错误8.Although hes poor,he spends on clothes.A.not a little B.only a little C.a little D,a few解
27、题思路：spend所指的是钱，不可数，不能用few、a fe w,本句为although引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为肯定含义，因此选A。only a few=few.not a few=many,quite a few=many only a little=little,not a little=much答 案：A易错警示：many a 与 many的意思相近，表示许多，但它接的是单数名词，谓语也要用单数形式。Many books were sold=Many a book was sold.卖出了许多书。9.She said she would live in London for f
28、our or five years.A.other B.anotherC.the other D.the others解题思路：表示“再（呆）4 或 5 年二 还可表达为four Or five more years/another four or liveyears o答 案：B易错警示：the others指其他的（人或事）。（四）同类词语用法不清lO.The air in the country is fresher than in the city.A.this B.that C.these D.it解题思路：“乡村的空气比城市的空气新鲜工和可用来代替重复的名词（this和 these
29、没有这个用法）。如：Few pleasures can equal that of a cool drink on a hot day.没有什么能比在炎热的日子里喝一杯冷饮更令人痛快的了。答 案：B易错警示：it是指与上文所指的同一事物。11.who break the law will be punished.A.These B.Anyone C.Those D.That解题思路：th at和 those可作定语从句的先行词，但 this和 these不能。答 案：C易错警示：在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：（错）He admired that who danced well.（
30、that 作宾语时不能指人）（对）He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those 指人）12.A：He was nearly drowned once.B:When was?A:was 1998 when he was in middle school.A.that；It B.this；ThisC.this；It D.that；This解题思路：指代前文内容用that；第二空用”则是指时间。答 案：A易错警示：this用以指代下文内容，如：What I want to tell you is this?The meeting is put of
31、f until Friday.13.一Are there any students in the classroom?A.None B.No one C.Nobody D.Nothing解题思路：none与 no one的用法有区别。1）比 较：一Did anyone call me up just now?一刚才有人打电话给我吗?一 No one.一没有。none用来回答以how many或 bow much开头的疑问句，no one（nobody）用来回答who开头的疑问句。如:How many girls aoothere in the dining-room?None.Who is i
32、n the reading-room?No one（或 nobody）.注 意:如果回答what开头的疑问句,要用nothing0如:Whafs on the bridse?Nothing.2）none 可以和 Of 短语连用，m one（nobody）则不可（不可说 None of them.,Nobody of them.,而要说none of.）。但要注意，none of后跟的谓语动词可以用单数或复数，若变为反意疑问句时，前后的谓语要一致，而 no one谓语部分一般用单数形式。若变为反意疑问句，附加疑问部分的主语一般要用th e y,也有用h e的现象，如：None of these
33、boys wants to go to that island,does he?（None of the boys want to go to that island,do they?）No one likes being laughed at,do they?答 案：A易错警示：区分none和 no one014.To some life is pleasure,but to it is suffering.A.the others B.others C.other ones D.those解题思路：表示泛指，故用otherso答 案：B易错警示；这里的80ine是指some peoples
34、,并不是some作形容词修饰life。15.一 How about the price of these refrigerators?-Theyre equal in price to,if not cheaper than,at the other stores.A.others B.it C.that D.the ones解题思路：the ones指代前文的refrigerators,是特指答 案：D易错警示：if not cheaper than是插入语。16.一writer is hatter known in China,Charles Dickens or Mark Twain?A
35、.Which B.What C.Either D.Whether解题思路：表示在一定范围之内的“哪一个 用whicho答 案：A易错警示：which和 what所指的范围不同。W hat所指的范围是无限的，而 which则指在一定的范围内，例 如：Which girls do you like best?你喜欢哪几个姑娘？What girls do you like best?你喜欢什么样的姑娘？17.The Indians used to live in is now part Ofthe USA.A.where B.which C.what D.that解题思路：what=the plac
36、e that/which；what作此用法时，既可指人也可指物。如:He is notwhat he used to be.（他不再是以前的他了。）Much of what you say I agree with,but I cannot go all the way with you.你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。答 案：C易错警示：what的这种用法是常考的。18.All I have is yours.You may take you like.A.whichB.whichever C.whatever D.no matter that解题思路：whatever=anything
37、 th at,弓 I导名词性从句。答 案：C易错警示：no matter what无 论 什 么（东西或事）19.1 prefer a street in a small town to in such a large city Shanghai.A.that;as B.one;as C.one;like D.that;like解题思路：用来代替上文出现的单数可数名词a street;sucha s 为固定搭配。答 案：B易错警示：prefer.to.与后者相比较，更喜欢前者；两个省略处都要用名词。（五）句子结构错误20.l t was who wanted to do it.A.he B.h
38、im C.her D.us解题思路：在强调句型中，如果强调主语用主格。答 案：A易错警示:在强调句型中，强调宾语用宾格，如：It was her that we met in the street yesterday.21.Nicks father kept telling him that he should study harder,but didnt help for him.A.these B.as C.which D.it解题思路：i l 指前面整个句子的情况，比 较：Nicks father kept telling him that he should studyharder,w
39、hich didnt help for him.答 案：D易错警示：考生容易失误在C。22.The course normally attracts 20 students per ye a r,up to half will be from overseas.A.in which B.fbr whom C.with which D.of whom解题思路：本题属于非限定性定语从句。句意指人，可先排除A、C 两项。把该句分解成两个独立的句子:The course normally attract 20 students per year；up to half of them will be f
40、romoverseas.可以看出，half后应接of ihem。答 案：D易错警示：不能把ofwhom换成who。23.All is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.A.what is needed B.for our needs C.the thing needed D.that is needed解题思路：全句的意思是：”(全部)所需要的只是持续不断地供应基本的生活必需品。”All在句中作主语，常常后接that引出定语从句，表示“(全部)只是”所以答案是D。在不定代词 all,much,only,anything,e
41、verything,nothing,something 之后。答 案：D易错警示：很多考生一看到whal就选，这是一种错误的惯性，因此在选题时要审清题意。24.As announced in today 5s papers,the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also openon Sundays.A.being B.is C.to be D.Been解题思路：全句的意思是：“据今天的报纸宣布，上海出口商品博览会星期日也照常开放Jas可以引出一个从句，承接前面主句的内容或引出后续主句的内容。在本句中，as起主语作用。因此，答案是B,is和 annou
42、nced 一起构成从句的谓语。答 案：B易错警示：而 being announced,been announced或 to be announced不能在句中起谓语作用。(六)语境理解错误25.一 One weeks time has beens wasted.一I cant believe we did all that work for.A.something B.nothing C.everything D.Anything解题思路：根据上下文语境，意思是做了那么多的工作却毫无收获，因此选nothing构成do.for nothingo答 案：B易错警示：注意区别几个不定代词的意义。四、
43、【课堂运用】【基础】【练 习 1I.Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms.1.Mr.White teaches English.(we)2.Whafs wrong with?(you)3.He a teacher ten years ago.(be)4.your brother very tall?(be)5.I am sorry.I am late.It matter,(do not)【答案】1.us;2.you;3.was;4.Is;5.doesntII.Error correction.1.1
44、bought he a big cake for his birthday.2.1 dont like to talk with they.3.He dont want to buy this book.4.Her is reading a book in the library.5.You,I and he are playing basketball.【答案】LI bought him a big cake for his birthday.2.1 dont like to talk with them.3.He doesnt want to buy this book.4.She is
45、reading a book in the libraiy.5.You,he and_I are playing basketball.【练 习2III.Choose the best answers.()1.I found impossible for to work out the math problem.A)it;him B)it;heC)that;himD)that;he()2.We should be thankful to our parents for looking after_A)we B)usC)ourD)ours()3.Let_go shopping,will you?
46、A)we B)ourC”sD)us()4.Look at the baby._is lovely.A)He B)SheC)ItD)I()5.The book on the table belongs to.A)himself B)him C)his D)he【答案】1.A2.B3.D4.C5.BIV.Translation.1.我在大街上看到了你。2.他比她老。3.A:盘子在哪里？B:他们在碗橱里。4.不要紧张。5.现在是三点半。6.我喜欢游泳。它能使我保持健康。7.让我们一起走吧，好 吗？8.对我来说学好英语是重要的。9.我，你，他都十二岁。10.A:今天星期几？B：星期三。【答案】1.1
47、saw you in the street.2.He is older than her.3.A:Where are the plates?B:They are in the cupboard.4.Take it easy.5.It is half past three now.6.1 like swimming.It keeps me healthy.7.Lets go,shall we?8.It is important for me to study English well.9.You,he and I are twelve years old.10.A:What day is it
48、today?B:It is Wednesday.【巩固】【练 习 1L Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms.1.Please pass the ball.(I)2.1 told not to play computer games.(he)3.Let have a try.(I)4.My parents showed some old pictures,(we)5.1 turned to for help,(she)【答案】1.me2.him 3.me4.us 5.herI I.Choose the
49、 best a n sw er.(选择最恰当的答案)()1.We are classmates.She sits b e t we e n.A)Jack and I B)I and Jack C)Jack and me()2.is very kind of to help me with my English.A)It;your B)It;you C)This;your()3.took three hours to finish their homework.A)It;they B)This;them C)This;they()4.1 think necessary for to learn
50、English well.A)I;me B)it;me C)that;I()5.is necessary fbr to protect the environment.A)That;we B)This;us C)It;we【答案】l.C 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.D【拔高】D)me and JackD)This;youD)It;themD)that;meD)It;us【练 习1Choose the best answer(选择最恰当的答案)1.Mary is a close friend of_.A.mine B.meC.myD.I)2.She didnt mind_arriving lat