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1、中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题 目： 浅谈身势语 姓 名 ： 000000000 班级、学号 ： 000000000 系 (部) ： 经济管理系 专 业 ： 商务英语 指导教师 ： 0000000 开题时间： 2009-4-10 完成时间： 2009-11-8 2009 年 11 月 8 日20目 录毕业设计任务书1毕业设计成绩评定表2答辩申请书3-5正文6-22答辩委员会表决意见23答辩过程记录表24课 题 浅谈身势语 一、 课题(论文)提纲引言1.非语言交际的定义和作用1.1非语言交际的定义 1.2非语言交际的作用2.身势语的分类3.身势语的文化差异3.1目光语3.2手势语3.3身
2、体姿态3.4接触语3.5面部表情4.身势语的相似性及起因 4.1身势语的相似性 4.2导致身势语相似的原因结束语二、内容摘要身势语是非语言交际的重要组成部分并和文化紧密联系在一起。为了在跨文化交际中能够成功地进行交流，我们应该了解不同文化的身势语，必须承认世界各国的身势语与语言和文化一样，也有相似之处。然而，由于地域，种族，文化习俗的差异，不同文化的身势语有许多差异。它们由文化制约并拥有独特的文化内涵。也就是说，同样的身势语在不同文化背景下有不同的含义，行使着不同的社会功能。本文致力于从目光语，手势语，身体姿态，面部表情，体触语方面对不同文化的身势语进行对比。目的在于通过列举身势语的文化差异与
3、共性，并提出交际中遵循的原则，从而促进有效交流，避免误解。三、 参考文献1徐小丹.跨文化交际中的非言语交际.黑龙江社会科学，2004（2）2管延祥.非语言交际与大学英语教学.经济师，2004（2）3李树刚.非语言交际在英语课堂教学中的运用及其文化差异.琼州大学学报，2004（3）4张建青.浅谈身势语.山东师范大学外国语学院学报（基础英语教育），2004， 6（2）5喻硕丰.浅谈身势语在跨文化交际中的作用.沈阳教育学院学报，2005，7（1）6黄红霞.身势语中的文化差异.武汉交通科技大学学报，2000，13（2）7范杏丽.不同文化背景下的非语言交际对比.华中理工大学学报，2000，14（2）A
4、Brief Discussion on Body Language0000000Abstract： Body language is an important part of nonverbal communication and it is connected with culture. In order to make successful exchange in cross-cultural communication, we should know the body language from different cultures. And we should realize that
5、 body language, like verbal communication and culture, also has many similarities all over the world. However, body language from different cultures has many differences because of different regions, races and cultural customs. And it is restricted by its culture and has different cultural connotati
6、ons. That is to say, the same body language has different meanings in different cultures and has different social functions. This article devotes to a comparison and contrast of body language in different cultures in terms of eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions and touch. It aims to
7、 illustrate the differences and similarities of body language and put forward the principles of reducing barriers in communication so as to achieve efficient communication and to avoid misunderstanding.Key Words： Nonverbal Communication; Body Language; Cultural Differences and Similarities; Principl
8、esIntroductionPeople can communicate with each other through not only verbal communication but also nonverbal communication and we learned.Moreover, the latter plays an essential role in human communication. Nonverbal communication is connected with cultures and it is the result of cultures. But man
9、y people pay great attention to the acceptance and correctness of the verbal communication and overlook the influence and cultural difference of nonverbal communication. Then the misunderstanding and cultural crash often occur in the cross-cultural communication. So in the process of communication,
10、it is not a complete communication while ignoring the cultural differences of nonverbal communication. It is clear without body language we cant finish our informational exchange. Body language, like verbal language can express emotions, exchange ideas and deliver information. So we must know the cu
11、ltural differences of body language to achieve efficient communication.1. Definition and Functions of Nonverbal Communication1.1 Definition of Nonverbal Communication“Nonverbal communication is a process in which communicators use the natural features of their bodies to deliver information and expre
12、ss specific meaning instinctively to the other communicator.” The study of nonverbal communication covers three major parts: Proxernics, Kinesics or Body Language, and Paralanguage.Proxernics refers that people keep certain space with each other when they communicate and the meaning it suggests. For
13、 example, Arabians like to keep close while Englishmen like to keep a certain distance. It is funny to see they are in conversation. Arabians will come closer and closer but Englishmen will withdraw further and further. When they finish the conversation, they are far away from the place they stood.
14、Kinesics is also called body language, which studies the meanings of the movement of all parts of body and it includes many nonverbal behavior such as eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions, touch and so on. We will discuss it in details later. Paralanguage refers to all kinds of sound
15、 signals made by mouth, which can express certain emotions and ideas. 1.2 Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication, like verbal communication is also a part of culture and the carrier of a certain culture. The function of nonverbal communication in the whole communication cant be
16、overlooked. “In the daily communication, we can see people cant communicate efficiently by verbal language alone. And nonverbal communication will express clear meanings in a certain context. And a certain nonverbal communication should be connected with verbal communication or the other nonverbal c
17、ommunication to provide correct information.” So in communicative activities, nonverbal communication also plays a great role. Of course, we should pay close attention to the functions of nonverbal communication. “In any case, when verbal communication conflicts with nonverbal communication, people
18、are willing to accept the information nonverbal communication delivers. Because nonverbal communication sounds more natural, more instinctive and it is hard to pretend.” Obviously, we should make full use of nonverbal communication to achieve efficient communication. Now, we will discuss the functio
19、ns of nonverbal communication.2. Classification of Body LanguageWe have discussed the importance of nonverbal communication. And we also know body language reflects a certain cultural background. On the one hand, in a certain tradition, body language is determined by its customs and traditions. Viol
20、ating them will cause communicative disconnection and misunderstanding. On the other hand, the meanings of body language in a certain culture are developing and changing. With the development of technology, traffic and contact all over the world, the meanings of body language are renewing every day.
21、 In this essay, we intend to make a comparison and contrast of the similarities and differences on body language in order to avoid misunderstanding and make efficient communication. General sense, the study of body language began in 1950s. And during 1970s, the study of body language entered a fully
22、 developing period. From the late of 1970s to the early period of 1980s, body language contained more contents, and had a great influence on the other fields. And Doctor R. L. Bird Whitell is the representive of study of body language. His research indicated: eyebrows could change for 23 positions a
23、nd people could make 250,000 different facial expressions. “And psychologist David Aberconbie also pointed out: we speak with verbal organs but we talk with our body.” Body language contains eye language, gestures, postures, facial expressions, manners and behaviors and touch and so on. As the most
24、important part of nonverbal communication, body language, like verbal language, has notable cultural features. Some parts of body language are innate, some are acquired and others are conscious. For example，a baby can cry when it is born. It can suck its fingers when it is hungry. When we are excite
25、d, our pupils will enlarge distinctively. Our eyebrows will move rapidly when we greet. And we will frown when we are unsatisfied. We are yawning when we feel sleepy. We can control some body language and we can do some postures consciously. For example, if a public speaker is fiddling with a pencil
26、 or with his glasses all the time while he is talking, he is telling quite clearly that he is nervous. But some experienced speechmaker will pretend well and show confidence. 3. Cultural Differences of Body LanguageDifferent believes are the causes of the differences of body language. According to t
27、he theories proposed by American anthologists Barnettt Pearce, Verrion Cronent, peoples behavior, the way of thinking and so on are affected by their believes. And every culture has its distinctive belief system. A normal action in this culture will be abnormal in another one. A positive behavior in
28、 one culture will be negative in another. People from eastern world advocate modesty, tolerance, mutual-support and responsibility for the group. But western people admire independence, self-respect, free development, and requiring individual space and so on. 3.1 Eye Language Saying goes “The eyes a
29、re the window of the soul”. That is to say, we can read ones mind through his/her eyes. Eye language can express complicated feelings and it is an important way to judge the intimacy of communicators. People from English speaking countries have more eye contact when they are in conversation. In Juli
30、ets Fasters book “Body Language”, there is a paragraph which can explain the problem. “Two strangers sit face to face in the dinning room in a train; they can introduce themselves to each other. When they are eating, they can talk anything else. They also can avoid eye contact and do not show intere
31、st in each other. A writer described this situation in an article “They look over the menu again and again, play with knives and look at their nails. It seems that they look at them for the first time. If their eyes meet, they will turn away immediately and look out of the window.” Americans pay gre
32、at attention to the time and the way of eye contact. In common conversation, they will look at each other about one minute and then they will look away. If two Americans gaze at each other, which indicate they are intimate. In North America, the children there have learned to look at the other commu
33、nicator directly. If they dont, they are regarded lack of enthusiasm or confidence. They believe the saying “Never trust a person who cant look you in the eyes.” Another example, Americans have a trip to a village and the local people stare at them. They are annoyed and think the local people are ru
34、de. In fact, it is normal in the village. They are just curious. “American social psychologist Michael Argyle found out: People who like each other have more eye-contact than people who dislike each other.” In communication, looking down frequently can indicate submissiveness or embarrassment. Looki
35、ng away constantly may express dissatisfaction. Females are likely to communicate with more eye contact, especially among females. But too long eye contact will cause embarrassment. Most people feel uneasy and uncomfortable under the strong staring. When people always stare at us, we will feel we ar
36、e threatened or suspect their sincerity. From what is mentioned above we can conclude that different cultural background has a great influence on body language. And eye language also reflects different cultures and believes. So we need to observe and compare and contrast carefully so as to improve c
37、ultural exchange and to blend well.3.2 Gestures Sture means we communicate and express by the movement and manners of our hands and fingers.” “Without gestures, our world will be static and colorless. We may literally roll up our sleeves when talking about cleaning up the room and run to meet the pe
38、rson we are eager to see. It seems natural to clench our fist or perhaps even pound to the lectern to let every one realize the importance of our message when trying to communicate a strong feeling, which emphasize our words.” In our daily life, every one makes gestures, but many gestures have disti
39、nct regional and cultural features. “Dont assume that every one in the world understands one gesture in the same way.” For example，Americans often touch their temples to express somebodys cleverness. But this action means there is something wrong with ones mind or one is stupid to Chinese. Chinese a
40、re often surprised to see Americans lay their hands on their necks when they are full. Because it is an suicide action to Chinese, who used to express fullness by patting their stomachs. And another example, People from English-speaking countries turn around their rings constantly to show nervousnes
41、s or uneasiness. Now people from Taiwan and Hong Kong also have this gesture. But if people in the mainland of China act like this, they will be regarded they are showing off richness. It is clear to see the same gesture with different meanings in different cultures, and people from different cultur
42、es will express same meaning by different gestures. So it is necessary for us to know the cultural difference to avoid misunderstanding. 3.3 Postures “Posture is a matter of how people sit, walk, stand and move.”What kind of posture people use also can reflect the cultural differences between east a
43、nd west. “Hewes pointed out culture mostly determined what kind of postures people use and the meaning and emotion they suggested.” According to Chinese tradition, people who are sitting have right to take charge of others: Monarch sits and officer stands; father sits and son stands; leader sits and
44、 employee stands and so on. So the younger give the old a seat to show respect. But in America and Britain, people who are in charge of others have tendency to stand. They will make use of the height of space to indicate the high status. People who have high status choose to sit when they are conver
45、sing with you, which mean they want to create harmonious and equal atmosphere and lessen space. So adults will bend down when they are talking to children. “Froyd once said “ No one can really keep secret. If he does not talk and keep silent, he will talk with his fingers. In a whole, part of his bo
46、dy will sell him out.” In fact, this statement refers that peoples postures, attitude and other body language can deliver more hidden information. People may control their facial expressions successfully and appear calm. But they do not realize that his nervousness and eagerness have let out from hi
47、s body language. Their feet may be stamping on the floor. Madness is the emotion that may let out from our feet and legs.When we are quarrelling with others, our feet will be nervous and trembling unconsciously. And females will make some teasing postures with their legs. And postures can also reflect peoples attitude towards their communicators. The research indicated: males communicate with the person they dont like, whether they are relaxed or nervous determined by whether their communicators are threatening or not. In this experiment, females will express disl