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1、如何做好阅读理解题如何做好阅读理解题2寻找主题句寻找主题句n一篇文章通常围绕一个中心思想展开。各段之间存在着内在的逻辑联系，构成一个有机的整体。每段都有一个句子表达这个段落的中心思想，这个句子叫主题句（Topic Sentence），其他句子则围绕主题句进行说明或阐述；整篇文章就是通过这些主题句表现出来的。大多数大多数主题句出现在段落的第一句，有一小部分出现主题句出现在段落的第一句，有一小部分出现在尾句，但也有在段落中间的。在尾句，但也有在段落中间的。nHow many languages are there in the world?There are about 15 hundred,bu
2、t many of them are not very important.English is one of the most important because so many people use it,not only in England and the U.S.A.,but in other parts of the world.About 200,000,000 speak it as their own language,and another 200,000,000 use it as a second language.It is difficult to say how
3、many people are learning it.Many millions of schoolboys and schoolgirls are trying to do so.n本段第一句以设问的方式引出第一段要论述的主题，而主题则由随之引出的句子来表述。English is one of the most important because so many people use it,not only in England and the U.S.A.,but in other parts of the world.是本段主题句。然后最后三句对主题句作了进一步的解释。理解细节理解细节
4、 n一篇或一段文章有了主题句，确定了主题思想之后，作者还必须发展主题思想，提供与主题句相联系的具体细节，如事实、数字、例子等。一般说来，英语的段落类型有分析型、描写型、对比型和定义型等。作者通过分析事物作者通过分析事物发展的步骤、过程，分析原因、结果；通过描发展的步骤、过程，分析原因、结果；通过描述细节；通过比较两种或多种事物的相同之处，述细节；通过比较两种或多种事物的相同之处，对比同类事物的不同之处和通过解释概念、论对比同类事物的不同之处和通过解释概念、论述意义等方法阐述文章或段落的主题思想。述意义等方法阐述文章或段落的主题思想。nDays and nights on the moon ar
5、e very long.One day on the moon is as long as two weeks on the earth.One night is also as long as two weeks on the earth.In the daytime,the moon is very hot:120.The nights are very cold:-150.A man on the moon would quickly freeze to death in the night time if he did not wear special clothes.In the d
6、ay time it would be hot to live without special clothes.The moon is much hotter and much colder than the earth.n在本段中，作者通过对照月球和地球上的某些自然现象，阐述主题思想，通过比较月球和地球推导出结论，即Days and nights on the moon are very long(首句).The moon is much hotter and much colder than the earth.(尾句).nThe search for ways of preserving
7、 foods is not new.Primitive men learned that he could make foods by drying them.The Indians,for example,hung deer meant in the sun.The greatest single advance began in 1800 when a Frenchman discovered that he preserved certain foods by sealing them in jars and keeping the air from them.This was the
8、start of the can industry which bring us many foods in all seasons.n在本段中，主题句为第一话：The search for ways of preserving foods is not new.作者通过列举“原始人和印地安人如何保存食物”的细节，通过分析“法国人因为用坛子密封食物而引发了罐头工业的发展”的方法，发展了主题思想。nThe name“television”comes from the Greek word“tele”,meaning“far”,and the Latin word”videre”,meaning“
9、to see”.Thus,“television”means“seeing far.”n在本段中，作者通过television”一词的来源的解释，引出主题思想：“Television”means“seeing far”.(尾句)。猜测词义猜测词义n要求考生根据上下文的内容对某个生词或短语等进行词语释义，利用猜字技巧选出正确答案。n因此学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，是十分重要的。n这里介绍几种猜测生词词义的方法：n）根据上下文的提示猜测生词词义;根据定义或解释猜测生词词义 n例如：A bookmark is something put between the pages of a book
10、to mark the place.n假定bookmark 是生词，根据下文提供的解释，可猜出它的词义是“书签”。n）根据同位语、同义词、反义词等猜测词义 n例如：The new edifice,a twenty-four-storey building,was completed last month.nEdifice 是生词，但它同位语a twenty-four-storey building 告诉我们edifice的词义是“建筑物”。n）根据语义情景性或逻辑性的线索猜测词义n例如：He is a learned professor and can speak any languages
11、from Japanese to Swahili.n教授很博学，能讲许多语言，有日语等还有Swahili。显然，Swahili 是一种语言（斯瓦西里语）。n）根据构词猜测生词词义n例如：As the disease developed to its advanced stage,the cancer is inoperable.nInoperable 一词可分成in-oper-(ate)-able 三个词。其中前缀表示“否定”，词干为“手术”，后缀表示“能够的”，这样我们可猜出inoperable的意思是“不动手术的”。假定本句中advanced 一词是生词，我们可以结合语义情景和逻辑线索猜测
12、：晚期癌症不可动手术。那么，advanced stage 的意思是“晚期”。n5）利用因果关系nThe lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.n从后面的结果永远不能再运动中，可以推测 permanent.综合概括综合概括n不是所有的文章或段落都有主题句。有时文章的主题思想是通过对细节的陈述或概括各段的主题思想，含蓄地表达出来。因此，我们阅读我们阅读这样的文章时，应当首先记住作
13、者所提供的事这样的文章时，应当首先记住作者所提供的事实、观点和事件，实、观点和事件，在大脑中形成初步印象，然在大脑中形成初步印象，然后根据作者提供的事实、观点和事件，综合归后根据作者提供的事实、观点和事件，综合归纳成一般性的概念。纳成一般性的概念。n不论是“记忆”还是“归纳”，都要求同学们在阅读过程中分析事实、细节，注意细节的安排的方式，如：按重要的程度安排细节，按时间顺序按重要的程度安排细节，按时间顺序安排细节，按空间顺序安排细节，安排细节，按空间顺序安排细节，还是一个一还是一个一个地列举事实和细节；注意细节与细节间的内个地列举事实和细节；注意细节与细节间的内在联系，在联系，最后做出简明的概
14、括最后做出简明的概括。n请看下面的例子：nMrs Turners telephone number was 3463;the number of the cinema in her town was 3464,people often made a mistake and telephoned her when they actually wanted the cinema.nOne evening the telephone bell rang and Mrs Turner answered it.A tired mans voice came over the telephone:”At
15、what time does your last film begin?”Im sorry”,said Mrs Turner,“but you have the wrong number.This is not the cinema.”n“Oh,It began twenty minutes ago,”said the man.“Im sorry about that.Well,goodbye.”nMrs Turner was very surprised,so she told her husband.He laughed and said,“No,that wasnt a mistake.
16、The mans wife wanted to go to the cinema,but he was feeling tired,so he telephoned the cinema.His wife heard him,but she didnt hear you.Now they will stay at home this evening,and the husband will be happy.”Q:Why was Mrs Turner surprised?Because the tired man _.A.wanted the cinema but called a wrong
17、 number.B.Asked her a silly question which she refused to answer C.Said something that had nothing to do with her answer.D.Was angry with himself for having made a mistake.n本题答案是C。n从文章中可看出：打电话的人第二次讲的话与Turner夫人的回答毫无联系，因此可确定C 是正确的答案。答案A 是错误的，因为那个错误的电话并未使 Turn 夫人吃惊；答案B 和D 在文中没有明确的记述，所以，不是正确答案。做出判断做出判断n
18、在阅读过程中，“判断”是进一步理解文章内容与深层含义的关键环节，是一种主要的阅读理解技巧。n“判断”是以文章所提供事实为依据，经过分析思考，作出唯一的，合理的决定。n下面举一例来说明：nIn many factories,working conditions are poor.Workers have to spend eight to nine hours a day doing tiresome jobs in dirty surroundings.Cleaner working areas and better pay will improve the workers situation
19、.But more thought and planning are needed to create better conditions under which workers can take real pride in their work and get satisfaction from their jobs.nAccording to the passage,what must bosses of factories think of?A.Better pay B.Cleaner working conditions C.Better pay and cleaner working
20、 conditions D.The workers total needs.n答案A和B 都仅仅是工厂老板应该想到的部分内容。如果综合文章涉及的全部事实，答案C 才是最佳选择，即：工厂老板要考虑到工人的全部需求。答案C 是被全部事实支撑着的合理的判断。n在作出判断时，应注意以下三点；n正确地获取证据，尽量考虑文章中的全部信息和事实，真正理解其含义。n对这些事实和信息，认真分析考虑，作出正确的评价。n在理解和评价的基础上，作出决定。在作出决定时，切不可自行其事，偏离作者提供的事实和信息。n在阅读过程中，还必须在理解作者所叙述的内容的基础上，根据作者的意图和文中所提供的事实作出正确的结论。通常作者
21、不总是直接告通常作者不总是直接告诉读者他们想知道的某种结果。诉读者他们想知道的某种结果。n结论是根据证据所作出的唯一的决定。获得结论是一个逻辑推理的过程。n请看下面的例子：nJack was worried.He hated to leave Sue,but he couldnt do anything if he stayed.Only water,rest and food would help now.He turned away and stared on the climb.Behind him the empty water bag lay forgotten on the gro
22、und.nFrom this passage we can conclude that _.nJack didnt bring back any water nJack got some water for Sue nJack hated Sue and left her alone.nJack came back with an empty water bagn答案A 是 正确的。文章描述了Jack“turned away and stared on the climb.Behind him the empty water bag lay forgotten on the ground.”,
23、既然Jack 忘了带水袋，当然他没有带回水来（didnt bring back any water）。进行推论，体会言外之意进行推论，体会言外之意n在我们阅读的文章中，作者往往让读者领会文章中不明确表达出来、暗含在文章中的意思。这就要求读者在阅读过程中读者在阅读过程中，在全面掌握文，在全面掌握文章所给出的信息的基础上，运用自己的知识，章所给出的信息的基础上，运用自己的知识，认真思考，领会作者的言外之意。这种从认真思考，领会作者的言外之意。这种从“已已知知”推出推出“未知未知”的过程，就是推论。的过程，就是推论。这是我们阅读过程中，必须掌握的一种技巧。nWhen the phone finally rang,Joe jumped up from the edge of his chair and seized it quickly.n句中finally 一词暗示Joe 可能为这个电话等了好久，终于等到了。Jumped 和 seized 两个词暗示Joe 激动和焦急的心情。当他听到电话铃响时，甚至“跳”起来“抓住”电话。Joe坐在椅子边上（edge），这一细节又暗示了他不安和期待的心情。从分析以上几个关键词可以推断出：那个电话对 Joe来说是十分重要的。