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1、高中英语:非谓语动词概念及语法时态分析如何理解非谓语动词的语态一、总的使用原则若非谓语动词与其逻辑主语为主动关系,就用主动形式;若非谓语动词与其逻辑主语为被动关系,就用被动形式。如:I like watching others working.我喜欢看别人干活。I dont like being watched.我不喜欢被人盯着。You should send someone to repair it.你应将人去修好它。You should send it to be repaired.你应将它送去修理。Without anyone noticing, he slipped through t
2、he window.无人注意,他从窗户溜了出去。Not being seen by anyone, he slipped through the window.他趁无人看见时从窗户溜了出去。二、值得注意的问题在某些特殊句式中,非谓语动词可以用主动形式表示被动意义。如:那个节目是不值得观看的。误:That program isnt worth being watched.正:That program isnt worth watching.那样的问题有时很难回答。误:Such questions are some times difficult to be answered. 正:Such qu
3、estions are some times difficult to answer.如何理解非谓语动词的时态非谓语动词的时态问题比较复杂,但如果同学们能掌握以下基本的原则,对于做题将会大有帮助:如果非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后,就用不定式的一般式;如果非谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行,则用现在分词的一般式或不定式的进行式;如果非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用现在分词、不定式或动名词的完成式(某些特殊情况下也可用动名词的一般式)。如:She asked us to give her a hand.她请我们帮她一下。The w
4、eather seems to be improving.天气似乎在好转。He discovered her sitting near the fire, reading a book.他发现她坐在炉火边看书。There appears to have been an accident.好像出了事故。Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another.自己当老板当了很久,他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。He was angry with himself for ha
5、ving made such a foolish mistake.他因做出如此愚蠢的事而对自己生气。注:过去分词既没有完成式,也没有进行式。非谓语动词否定式用法说明一、基本构成方法非谓语动词的否定式通常是将否定词not置于正个非谓语动词之前如果非谓语动词为完成式,则应将否定词置于having或to have之前;如果非谓语动词为被动式,则应将否定词置于being或to be之前。如:He pretended not to see me.他假装没看见我。You were lucky not to be killed.你大难不死,真是好运气。Shes angry about not having
6、been invited.她对没有受到邀请感到生气。二、值得注意的问题当非谓语前带有逻辑主语时,否定句词习惯上是放在逻辑主语后,非谓语动词之前。如:Im surprised at your not having noticed.你竟未注意到我感到吃惊。In case of my not being here, ask my brother to help you.如果我不在可让我弟弟帮助你。注意,so as to do sth和in order to do sth这两个结构的否定式,我们总是把否定词置于不定式符号to之前,而不是置于整个结构之前或其他位置。如:Go in quietly so
7、as not to wake the baby.一进去时不要出声,以免把宝宝吵醒。They must have worn gloves in order not to leave any fingerprints.他们一定戴上了手套,以防留下指纹。非谓语动词用作定语用法归纳1.不定式作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词之后,表示一个将来的动作。如:They have three tickets to spare.他们多三张票。She has plenty of clothes to wear.她有足够的衣服穿。2.分词作定语,单个的放在所修饰的名词前(left等除外),短语放在所修饰的名词后。现在分词
8、表示其动作正在发生或与谓语同时发生,过去分词表示其动作已经完成或没有时间性;在逻辑上被修饰的名词与现在分词是主谓关系,与过去分词是被动关系。She is a trained nurse.她是一个受过训练的护士。There are no places left to sit on the train.火车上没有座位可坐了。There is a gentleman asking to see you.有一位先生要求见你。注:现在分词的完成式通常只作状语,而不能作定语。3.动名词作定语,只放在名词前,说明该名词的性能或用途,不表动作,被修饰的名词与-ing形式在逻辑上没有主谓关系。如:The doc
9、tor told me not to take sleeping pills.医生叫我不要服安眠药。4.to be done, being done, done均可用作定语,且都表示被动意义,其区别在于:to be done表示将来,being done表示目前正在发生,done表示过去已经发生。如:The house to be built next year is a cinema.明年建的那座房子是家电影院。The house being built now is a cinema.现在正在建的房子是家电影院。The house built last year is a cinema.去
10、年建的那座房子是家电影院。非谓语动词作状语用法归纳1.表示时间、条件、方式、让步或伴随情况,通常用现在分词或过去分词;若句子主语与非谓语动词是主动关系,用现在分词;若句子主语与非谓语动词是被动关系,用过去分词或现在分词分词的被动式。如:Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off.见到猫,老鼠就跑了。He sat in the chair reading newspapers.他坐在椅子上看报。Given more time, we could have done it better.如果多给点时间,我们可以做得更好。2.表示目的,通常要用不定式;表目的的不定式所表示的动
11、作通常发生在谓语动词之后,且常用于in order to, so as to结构。有时为了强调,可将不定式短语放到句首。如:We used the computer to save time.我们用电脑节约时间。In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work.为了赶火车,她匆匆做完了她的工作。注:不定式作状语只有表示目的时,才可以放到句首。3.表示原因,通常用分词短语,且多放在句首,有时也放在句末,多用逗号隔开。如:Being very weak, she couldnt move.由于身体虚弱,她不能行动。Much disc
12、ouraged, she came back home.她很沮丧,回了家注:在表示情绪或情感反应的形容词(如happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprised, frightened, delighted, disappointed)后,可接不定式短语表示原因。如:Im very pleased to meet you.会见你我很高兴。Im proud to be your friend.当你的朋友我感到骄傲。4.表示结果,用不定式或现在分词均可,但有区别:不定式表结果,其动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的,不定式前常加only,另外还用于tooto, enough to, never to, so / suchas to等固定结构中;现在分词表示结果,是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生),前面可加上thus。如:He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.他是那样傻,竟然没锁车。He hurried to the house only to fond that it was empty.他匆忙赶到那屋子里,发现已经空无一人。He died, leaving his wife with five children.他死了,留下他妻子和五个孩子。学科网(北京)股份有限公司