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1、初三英语复习句子成分及其句子种类人教版朗文【同步教育信息】一. 本周教学内容： 复习句子成分及其句子种类一. 组成句子的各部分叫做句子成分。句子的成分有：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。二. 句子最基本的结构是：主语谓语 主语：在句子中的位置是放在句首：可以作主语的词类有名词、代词、数词、不定式以及词组、从句等等。 e.g. The boys are playing football now. 名词作主语 Two and two are four. 数词作主语 To learn a foreign language is very useful. 动词不定式作主语 This i
2、s a key. 代词作主语。 谓语：谓语放在主语之后，动词作谓语，包括及物动词，不及物动词，系动词。 e.g. The students are reading books. 动词作谓语 表语：放在谓语之后，结构是：主语谓语（系动词）表语 用作表语的词有名词，代词，数词，形容词，副词，不定式，词组，从句等等。 e.g. We are students. 名词作表语 This desk is hers. 代词作表语 Lee is fifteen. 数词作表语 Sarahs car looks nice. 形容词作表语 Our plan is to plant trees. 动词不定式作表语 I
3、s your father in? 表示地点的副词作表语 宾语：宾语放在谓语之后，结构是：主语谓语（及物动词）宾语，宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语，直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。 e.g. Please pass me the salt. 间接宾语 直接宾语 用作宾语的词有：名词，代词，数词，不定式短语，名词性的形容词或从句。 e.g. Do you need any help? 名词作宾语 Would you like to help me? 代词作宾语 He bought ten oranges. 数词作宾语 The teacher wants to take these chairs out
4、of the room. 动词不定式作宾语 宾语补足语：在句子中放在宾语之后，结构是：主语谓语（及物动词）宾语宾语补足语 可以用作宾语补足语的词有：名词，形容词，不定式和分词。名词或者代词形容词/名词/不定式/分词 e.g. Did you hear her sing just now? 动词不定式作宾补 I saw him cleaning the window yesterday. 分词作宾补 Let us have a rest. 不定式短语作宾补 状语：一般放在句尾，有时放句首或句中。作状语的词有：副词，介词短语、词组，不定式短语，分词短语以及从句。 e.g. Immediately
5、he started to sing. 副词放句首，作状语 Im never late. 副词放句中作状语 He drives fast. 副词放句尾作状语。 Please park the car in front of the building. 介词短词作状语放句尾 They went to Shanghai to have a meeting. 动词不定式作状语 Jack watched TV day and night. 词组作状语 定语：请记住有名词或代词的地方都可以有定语。一般情况下单个的名词，代词，形容词放在所修饰的名词之前，而词组、短语、从句要放在所修饰的名词之后。 可以用作
6、定语的词有：形容词，代词，数词，名词或名词所有格、介词短语，不定式短语，词组，分词短语和从句。 e.g. 代词用作定语放在所修饰的名词前 数词用作定语放在所修饰的名词之前。 The worker put the flowers in a paper bag. 名词用作定语放在所修饰的名词之前。 Whos the man over there? 介词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词之后。 动词不定式作定语，放在不定代词之后。 从句用作定语放在所修饰的名词之后。三. 句子的结构：简单句，并列句和复合句 首先看简单句的五种基本句型 （1）主语谓语（不及物动词） e.g. Summer is coming.
7、 （2）主语谓语（连系动词）表语。 e.g. You are very busy. （3）主语谓语（及物动词）宾语 e.g. Mr Liu teaches English. （4）主语谓语（及物动词）宾语宾语 e.g. Mum gave me a dictionary. = Mum gave a dictionary to me. （5）主语谓语（及物动词）宾语宾语补足语 e.g. Lina asked him to go shopping together. We call him “Uncle Wang” The students watched the teacher doing the
8、 experiment. 并列句： 并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句构成。常用的并列连词有：and, but, or, so, not only but also, both and 等等。 e.g. John got up late, so he had to go to school without breakfast. 约翰起床晚了，所以只好不吃早饭而上学。 Hurry up, or, youll be late. 快点儿，否则要迟到了。 We like not only music but also art. 我们不但喜欢音乐，而且也喜欢艺术。 复合句： 复合句是由一个主句和一个或几个从
9、句构成。根据从句在句中的成分可以称为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，定语从句，状语从句和同位语从句。 e.g. Whether he will come or not is not known. 他是否会来还不知道。（主语从句） It is not known whether he will come or not. That is what I should do. 这是我的本份。（表语从句） He asked me where Mr Pope lived. 他问我Pope先生住在哪里。（宾语从句） The idea that we asked Mike to come yesterday i
10、s quite good. 昨天我们请迈克来，这个主意太好了。（同位语从句） 这就是我去年夏天住过的房间。（定语从句） Hell telephone his mother as soon as he gets there. 他只要一到那儿，就会给母亲打电话。（时间状语从句） Wherever there is smoke, there is fire. 无风不起浪。（地点状语从句） Jean didnt go to work because she was ill. Jean因病没有上班。（原因状语从句） If it doesnt rain tomorrow, well go to the S
11、cience Museum. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去科学博物馆。（条件状语从句） Mr King spoke slowly so that everyone could understand him. 金先生将慢慢讲以使每个人都听懂他的话。（目的状语从句） He is so clever that all the teachers like him. 他是那么聪明，所有的老师都喜欢他。（结果状语从句） Although he was tired, he went on working. 虽然他累了，但他还在继续工作。（让步状语从句） This film is more instructive
12、 than that one. 这部电影比那部有教育意义。（比较状语从句） 细分状语从句也有不少可以引导的关联词，请同学们仔细阅读初三英语书第232页状语从句中的语法内容。四. 句子的种类： 句子可以分为4类：陈述句、疑问句，祈使句和感叹句。 陈述句：说明一个事实或者陈述说话人的看法。陈述句包括肯定句和否定句。 e.g. One day a tiger came out of the forest. He hasnt had lunch yet. 疑问句：提出问题。在英语中疑问句可以分为四种：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句和反意疑问句。 1. 一般疑问句，用yes或者no回答的疑问句，用升
13、调。No, I am not. Did she like swimming when she was young? Yes, she did. No, she didnt. 2. 特殊疑问句：用疑问词引导的疑问句，不能用yes或者no回答，用降调。 疑问代词有：who, whom, whose, what, which 疑问副词有：when, where, why, how 还有：how many, how much, how old, how long, how far, how soon, how often, how tall, how high, what / which / whos
14、e 名词 e.g. Whose computer is it? Its mine. When do you usually get up every morning? 3. 选择疑问句：提出两个答案供选择回答，前一部分和一般疑问句差不多，后一部分用or连接需要提问的并列部分。 前部分用升降，后部分用降调，回答较灵活。 e.g. Which country do you like better, China or India? China. Are you going to work or stay at home? Im going to work. 4. 反意问句：反意问句一般分两部分，前一
15、部分是陈述句，后一部分是与前一部分意思相反的简短问句，用逗号隔开。 前一部分用升调，后一部分如果表示疑问，就用升调。如果只表示强调某种意思则用降调。 前一部分用肯定，后一部分用否定。前一部分用否定，后一部分就用肯定。 回答时yes, no要与事实取得一致。 e.g. David is good at maths, isnt he? Yes, he is. 大卫擅长数学，是吗？是的。 Kim hasnt been to the U.S.A, has she? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt. 不，她去过了。是的，她还没去过。 祈使句：表示命令、请求、号召等的句子。祈使句通
16、常不表示出主语。 肯定句将动词原形放在句首。 否定句以Dont 动词原形 e.g. Open your books, please. Dont talk in class. Listen to me carefully. 感叹句：表示说话时的惊异，喜悦气氛等情绪的句子。感叹句通常有两种，由what或者how修饰。感叹句句尾要用感叹号，用降调。 what修饰名词，how修饰形容词或副词。 结构：What形容词名词主语谓语 e.g. What a nice day it is! What delicious food! How形容词或者副词主语谓语 e.g. How beautiful the f
17、lowers are! How fast Jim runs! 重点注意：一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的语序倒装语序。 一般疑问句将助动词、情态动词、连系动词放在主语之前。 e.g. Is this a book? Are there any books on the table? Do you watch TV at night? Did he finish his homework yesterday? Will they see a film tomorrow? Have these watches been repaired by him? 特殊疑问句将疑问代词或者疑问副词放句首，后面跟着一般
18、疑问句语序。只是在需要提问主语部分时，换成疑问代词，其它部分不变。 e.g. Mei Mei sings well. Who sings well? I am drawing a horse. What are you drawing? He lives in Australia. Where does he live? 切记：在反意疑问句中如果前一部分中含有no, never, hardly, little, few等词时，这一部分就表示否定，后一部分要用肯定。 e.g. You never go to school by bus, do you? Mary has few friends,
19、 has / does she? 反意问句部分的时态，以及主、谓语要与主句一致。 请同学们注意下面的几个要点： A. how far, how soon, how long, how often 在特殊疑问句中的区别。 how far 指距离： How far is it from here to your home? 从这儿到你家有多远？ how long 指时间长短： How long have you studied English? Three years. 你们学英语多长时间了？三年了。 how soon指多久，用于将来时态： How soon will you be ready?
20、Ill be ready in two hours. 你要多久才能准备好？我要2个小时后才能准备好。 how often：问频度，多少时间一次： How often do you go to the zoo? Once a year. 你多久去一次动物园？每年一次。 B. how many名词复数一般疑问句语序 e.g. How many students are there in your school? How many times has he been to the Great Wall? C. 当反意问句前一部分有I dont think / believe 时，反意问句部分的主语、
21、谓语和从句一致。 e.g. I dont think Mr Wang will come, will he? D. 祈使句的反意问句，后面要加一个简短问句，使语气更委婉。 e.g. Lets have a rest, shall we? 让我们休息一会儿，好吗？ Let him go, will you? 让他走，怎么样？ Close the door, will you? 关上门，好吗？ Dont make so much noise, will you? 别吵闹，行不行？【模拟试题】I. 选择填空： 1. There _ a lot of orange juice in the bottl
22、e. Would you like some? A. isB. areC. amD. be 2. Do you often play basketball? Yes, usually _ Saturday afternoon. A. inB. onC. atD. to 3. Mrs Smith teaches _ history, we all like her. A. weB. usC. ourD. ours 4. Do you cook at home? Yes, but not so _ as my sister. A. goodB. betterC. wellD. best 5. Wh
23、ere is Peter, do you know? He _ Aunt Ying look after the baby. A. helpsB. helped C. was helpingD. is helping 6. Who was not here yesterday ? The headmaster. _ she was ill and had to go to hospital. A. BecauseB. IfC. ThoughD. When 7. Shall we begin class now? One moment, please. Ive got _ important t
24、o say before class. A. somethingB. anything C. everythingD. nothing 8. Thank you for _ me the news. Not at all. A. tellB. to tell C. tellingD. you told 9. What _ good weather! Lets have a game in the yard. A. anB. aC. theD. / 10. How old is Sam? He looks _ than Jack, but they are of the same age. A.
25、 youngB. younger C. too youngD. the youngest 11. You wont go to the Summer Palace tomorrow. _ will I. A. AlsoB. TooC. NeitherD. Either 12. Do you enjoy your life here, Mr Durham? Yes, of course, though I _ here for only two weeks. A. stayB. am staying C. had stayedD. have stayed 13. We are in class.
26、 Youd better _. A. not talkB. not to talk C. not talkingD. dont talk 14. Does autumn last long in Beijing? No. It usually _ from September to November. A. lastedB. lasts C. is lastingD. will last 15. How _ is the small town? Only a few kilometers from here. A. longB. oftenC. farD. much 16. Here is a
27、 _ of my school. Oh, its very large. Is this your main building? A. bookB. map C. pictureD. paper 17. Where do you live in Melbourne? Let me _ you on the map. A. giveB. teachC. bringD. show 18. Chris asked me if _ any English before I came to London. A. I learnedB. I will learn C. did I learnD. will
28、 I learn 19. Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the Beijing Zoo? Sorry, I dont know. Ask the policeman. He _ know. A. mustB. shouldC. mayD. can 20. What is paper made from? It _ from wood. A. makesB. is making C. madeD. is madeII. 完形填空： From the other side of the road he saw the only lighted wi
29、ndow on the third floor go black. His eyes came down to the big door, the entrance to the building. The light came warmly through there into the cold of the evening. After a little time a girl passed 1 the door, stopped at the top of the steps and pulled her coat close round her. He 2 her come down
30、the steps, turn to the left and disappear along the road. He crossed the 3 , then went past the main entrance, turned at the corner of the building and went in at a 4 door. There stood the stairs. He climbed up to the third floor. Then he 5 open a small door. He came out into a brightly lit passage.
31、 At the end of the passage there was a door; on a plate on the door he 6 read“Mrs. Walter Countenay. ” He turned the handle and went in. That door was 7 locked because the old lady didnt want to be locked in. If she rang for somebody, she didnt want to come and open the door. The room was dark. He w
32、ent in and shut the door behind him. A 8 said, “Who is that? ”It was the first time he had heard her talking, and it was very much 9 he had expected. He said, “Never mind who I am, and dont be 10 . Im not going to hurt you, ”He went forward and sat down on a chair by the big desk. There was 11 light
33、 in the room from the street outside, and he could see her sitting there on the other side of the desk. She was 12 up her hands a little and he saw that she had been knitting （编织）when he entered the room. “Well, ”she said, “What do you want? ” “They key to your safe（保险柜）”, he answered. 1. A. overB.
34、throughC. aroundD. into 2. A. watchedB. heardC. helpedD. felt 3. A. riverB. buildingC. roadD. square 4. A. frontB. backC. sideD. garden 5. A. keptB. knockedC. brokeD. pushed 6. A. wouldB. shouldC. mightD. could 7. A. neverB. oftenC. usuallyD. always 8. A. soundB. voiceC. shoutD. noise 9. A. asB. tha
35、nC. thatD. what 10. A. sadB. excitedC. afraidD. angry 11. A. a lot ofB. a littleC. someD. no 12. A. puttingB. gettingC. pickingD. holdingIII. 阅读理解： Jim Carrey has become one of the most famous faces in the world. He was born in a working class family in New Market, Ontario, Canada on January 17, 196
36、2. His family was very poor. Life was hard for young Jim Carrey. While in his teens, he had to work because his father lost his job. He didnt have enough time for school. At last he dropped out of school. Yet one good thing came out of it, He developed a very good sense of humor. He didnt have any f
37、riends at that time. He was very busy. Between school and work he didnt have enough time to live like a normal child. He felt lonely, At 15, he had enough time to start performing at York Yuks, a famous Toronto comedy club. Then he moved to Los Angeles and performed there. Jim Carrey became famous f
38、or the first time in 1990. He played a part on a new comedy show called In Living Colour. The other actors were all African Americans. Carrey was the only white man. While there, he learned how to act like many different people. He got into feature film（长片）in one successful year 1994. It was the Yea
39、r of the Funny Face. First there was Det Detective. Next came The Mask. Jim Carrey was in the spotlight （公众注意中心）now. Since that famous year Carrey has slowed down a bit. His films have come out less often but have continued to make waves. There was Betman Forever, next came Liar, Liar. The film was
40、big success. He was on top of the world. Then came The Truman Show. The film showed the world that Jim Carrey was more than just a funny face. Carrey has come a long way from his hard childhood. In fact he seems to be living a second childhood now. Canada has been producing fine comedic actors for y
41、ears, and Jim Carrey is surely the best one. 1. Jim Carrey developed a very good sense of humor because _. A. he didnt have to go to school. B. he started performing in comedies C. the comedy club taught him a lot D. Canada produced a lot of comedic actors 2. When did Jim Carrey form his own way to
42、perform? A. When he was fifteen B. When he played a part in In Living C. After he got into feature films Colour D. After he became successful in The Mask. 3. Which of the following sentences is not true? A. It took Jim Carrey very hard work to become famous. B. 1994 was the most important year on Jim Carreys way to success. C. Now Jim Carreys films are not as successf