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1、大学英语四级考试大学英语四级考试作文辅导作文辅导洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部 黄保超第一讲第一讲 主题句扩展句和结尾句主题句扩展句和结尾句 n主题句、扩展句、结尾句的写作特点与技巧主题句、扩展句、结尾句的写作特点与技巧 一、主题句：一、主题句：要想写好段落，首先要写好主题句。要想写好段落，首先要写好主题句。n1.1.主题句的构成主题句的构成n2.2.写好主题句的方法写好主题句的方法n 完整的句子，而不是短语。完整的句子，而不是短语。n 紧扣文章的主题。紧扣文章的主题。n 内容具体内容具体 n 注意选定几个关键词注意选定几个关键词 n3.3.主题句的写作技巧主题句的写作技巧n4.4.主题句的位置主
2、题句的位置1.1.主题句的构成主题句的构成n由主主题题和作者的作者的观观点点两部分构成。n作者的观点就是我们通常所说的关键词关键词 n（1）做合格大学生的必要性n（2）做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体等方面谈）n（3）我打算这样做 n It is very necessary to be a good university student.(议论体主题句)n There are several respects of necessities to be a good university student.（说明体的主题句）n What I will do in the future is t
3、he following.（描述题的主题句）2.2.写好主题句的方法写好主题句的方法 完整的句子，而不是短语：完整的句子，而不是短语：那些不能表达一个完整思想的词组那些不能表达一个完整思想的词组或短语，不能作为段落的主题句。如：或短语，不能作为段落的主题句。如：nA)Worries about population pressure.(残缺句)nB)Worries about population pressure are far from new.（完整句）nA)How to drive a car.(X)nB)Anyone can learn how to drive a car.()nA
4、)Five easy steps in changing a tire.(X)nB)There are five easy steps in changing a tire.()n上面三组中的句都不是完整的句子，因此都不能用作主题句。主题句必须紧扣文章的主题主题句必须紧扣文章的主题:文章各段的主题句应该紧紧围绕文章的中心思想，从不同的方面对文章的主题进行论述。例如下面这篇文章：nPOLLUTIONn 1.Pollution is becoming more serious all over the world.Part of this problem is the worlds explodi
5、ng population.A growing population undoubtedly means more factories polluting the air.Besides,land and water pollution has also increased.Pollution is,in fact,threatening our health,our happiness,and our very civilization.2.People are now showing a real concern over this problem.Scientists are urgin
6、g that drastic solution be worked out before it is too late,and the public are demanding that government take firm action against polluters.The earth is our home and we must take care of it-for ourselves and for the next generation.3.Fortunately,measures have been taken to cope with the situation.Fi
7、rst,many countries are making efforts to bring down the birth rate.Also,new laws have been passed to exercise strict controls over industrial pollutants.In addition,more sewage treatment plants are being built,and new pollution-control devices developed.Doing all this will enable us to have a cleane
8、r world.主题句要内容具体主题句要内容具体n1.Taken in moderation,alcohol is rather harmless and is even nbeneficial in relieving feelings of stress.n2.The emphasis has not always been the same.n3.The emphasis on producing wealth and maintaining a high nstandard of living has not always been the same.n()(X)()注意选定几个关键词
9、注意选定几个关键词n例如例如:a paragraph about the use of helicopters in controlling trafficnHelicopters can control traffic.nOr Helicopters are used to control traffic.3.3.主题句的写作技巧主题句的写作技巧n1.表示人的名词或代词主语的句子表示人的名词或代词主语的句子nCollege students should take part in social practice and get to know the nworld.nPeople take
10、part in recreational activities because of several reasons.nWe benefit a lot from doing part time jobs.nYoung people today are badly influenced by TV.n2.表示物的名词做主语的句子表示物的名词做主语的句子nInformation plays an indispensable role in modern life.nDiligence is a key factor to success.nSports benefit people in man
11、y ways.nRecreational activities fall into two major types.n3.用动名词短语来表达主题，做主语。用动名词短语来表达主题，做主语。nOwning a private car is very convenient.nKeeping pets can lead to some problems.nStudying abroad benefits students in many aspects.n4.用用“There+be+名词名词”句型来写主题句。句型来写主题句。nThere are several reasons why we shoul
12、d develop the industry of nprivate cars.nThere are innumerable advantages of keeping pets.nThere are diverse solutions to the housing problem in big cities.nThere are effective measures that we can adopt to deal with the nissue of rising crime rate.n5.用用It is+Adj.+for sb.to do sth.句型句型nIt is benefic
13、ial for college students to take part in various nsocial activities.nIt is necessary for us to get to know about the society.nIt is desirable/advisable for young people to go abroad to nstudy.4.4.主题句的位置主题句的位置n主主题题句在段落中可以放在段首，也可以放在段中，或在段句在段落中可以放在段首，也可以放在段中，或在段n尾。尾。作文是主作文是主观题观题，而且，而且阅阅卷教卷教师师的的时间时间很短，（
14、一般很短，（一般1-3n分分钟钟），建），建议议把主把主题题句放在作文中的段首。句放在作文中的段首。n例 Drug use is so widespread in American society that it is part of the daily life of almost every person.From birth through lifes ailments to death,drugs ease our pain and suffering.For many,drugs serve such utilitarian purposes as keeping us awake,
15、helping us sleep,or eliminating our stress.Recreational drugs increase our pleasure or sociability at festive or informal gatherings.We take our drugs routinely without thinking of them as drugs,such as when we smoke cigarettes or drink affricated beverages.二、扩展句二、扩展句ne.g.I dont teach because teachi
16、ng is not easy for me.Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living:including mechanic,carpenter,and the writer.For me,teaching is a profession,Red-eye,because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.Sweaty-palm,because Im always ner
17、vous before I enter the classroom,sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am.Sinking-stomach,because I leave the classroom an hour later,convinced that I was even more boring than usual.1.扩展句及其特点扩展句及其特点清晰详实清晰详实条理分明条理分明:在文章写作时，扩展句要长短适中，就学生写作而言，每句话的平均长度应最好控制在10-15个词个词为宜。当然，随着写作水平的提高，句子长度可相应增
18、加。2.写好扩展句的方法写好扩展句的方法:扩展句的写作方法：定定义义法，法，分分类类法，法，例例证证法，法，列列举举法，法，因果关系法，因果关系法，对对照比照比较较法（法（类类比法），比法），综综合法合法等。n1）例证法例证法(exemplification)n n There is nothing hard in the world for people with a strong willThere is nothing hard in the world for people with a strong will.A task,no matter how difficult,can be
19、 accomplished if a person makes up his mind nto do it.Take Rome as an example.It is known that Rome was not built in na day.Before she was built,her founders had suffered a great deal of nsevere hardship,but they never lost their faith and eventually succeeded nin their efforts.Columbus,who discover
20、ed America,is another example of nstrong determination.In spite of defeat and affliction,he went forward nand succeeded because of his singleness of purpose and perseverance.表示例证的方法表示例证的方法:For example,for instance,as an example,for a typical example,Such as,so on.Lets illustrate,show,prove with the
21、following example.Lets take as an exampleAn example,an instance,a(typical)case in point n例如例如:n The development of science and technology has brought about many changes in peoples life.This can be best illustrated by the invention of television,which has opened a new era for mankind.Through the use
22、of TV people can learn the events which happened thousands of miles away and realize the dream of traveling around the world without having to leave their home.n It is often believed that practice makes perfect.As everybody can see,persistent practice will naturally lead to perfect performances and
23、high efficiency.For example,when we learn English,we have to learn such things as grammar,vocabulary,structure and so on.In order to achieve fluency and accuracy as well,we need practice in listening,speaking,reading and writing.Only through constant practice can we have a good command of English.n
24、Another case in point is learning to play the piano.It is through repeated practice that a person learns to play the piano and becomes a skillful pianist.2）列举法列举法(listing)n n Attending schools abroad has many advantagesAttending schools abroad has many advantages.In the first place,nstudents can lea
25、rn advanced knowledge of science and technology from the nadvanced countries.In the second place,schools abroad can provide students with a better circumstance to learn foreign languages and make them grasp them more quickly.Furthermore,while studying abroad,young students can learn to become indepe
26、ndent and develop all-round ability in order to adapt to the reality of society.n表示列举的方法表示列举的方法nFirst of all/Above all,secondly,moreovernIn the first place,in the second place,furthermore/whats morenTo begin(start)with,secondly,in additionnFor one thing,for another thing,for still another thing n例如例
27、如n1）Tourism brings China a lot of good.To begin with,it enables the Chinese to know about the outside world and contributes to international friendship and mutual understanding.More importantly,it is financially beneficial to China because tourism greatly encourages foreign investment in China.n2）Co
28、llege students who take part-time jobs can learn a number of things that are not taught in the classroom.First of all,since they have busy schedules,they have to learn how to budget their time more effectively.They gain experiences in organizing their day of activities properly.Secondly,since any jo
29、b involves contacts and cooperation with other people,they learn how to get along well with different kinds of people.Most important of all,part-time jobs give students a chance to learn the value of responsibility.In brief,what they learn from doing part-time jobs enhances their integrity as well a
30、s their practical abilities.n另外，还可以使用设问另外，还可以使用设问解答法解答法n例例 主题句：主题句：Environmental protection is becoming an important scientific field and is drawing a greater deal of attention.n 设问设问:Why is environmental protection becoming an important scientific nfield and is drawing a greater deal of attention?n
31、 解答解答:(1)It involves the work against water population,air pollution,desert nexpansion,and soil erosion,garbage,acid rain and so on.n(2)To solve the above problems,much knowledge and research work is needed.n(3)Scientists as well as people attach primary importance to environmental protection.n Envi
32、ronmental protection is becoming an important scientific field nand is drawing a greater deal of attention.It involves the work against a nvariety of environmental damage,such as,water population,air pollution,ndesert expansion,and soil erosion,garbage,acid rain and so on.To solve nthese problems,mu
33、ch knowledge and research work is needed.Thus,it is nindispensable that scientists as well as people attach primary importance nto environmental protection.n.避免写出与主避免写出与主题题句不相关的句子，以免走句不相关的句子，以免走题题。n.用用举举例或者例例或者例证证的方法来的方法来扩扩展主展主题题句。句。n.段落里的句式段落里的句式应应多多样样化化,避免全用避免全用简单简单句，句，应应交替使用交替使用简单简单句、并列句和复合句，使句子的
34、表达形式多种多句、并列句和复合句，使句子的表达形式多种多样样。n.扩扩展句的排列必展句的排列必须须符合事物符合事物发发生生时间时间的先后的先后顺顺序。序。n.正确使用正确使用过过渡渡词词。n 要写好扩展句，必须注意以下几个方面：要写好扩展句，必须注意以下几个方面：.避免写出与主避免写出与主题题句不相关的句子，以免走句不相关的句子，以免走题题。n例如：例如：Here are the directions to get to my house from yours.You walk two blocks north and then turn right on Adams Street.Walk
35、another two blocks to Third Street.My sister,who got married last year,lives at the corner of Adams and Third.Then,turn left on Third Street and walk until you see a dirt road with a yellow house on the corner.That is my house.nExercise:n 1.One of the most important men in our society is the garbage
36、 man.Each year more and more garbage is produced,and more men are required to dispose of it.These men do this dirty work despite the danger of being disabled or killed by the blades of the disposal trucks.If more people realized how important the garbage mans job is,perhaps his working conditions wo
37、uld improve.My brother used to work on a garbage truck.He quit because the job was too dangerous.n2.Australia is a very large country.But most of the population is in the south-east part.85%of the populations live in cities and towns.They usually dont go to the movies at the weekend.Only 15%live in
38、the countryside.Three out of every five people live in big cities.n3.Today in China,most of the families have only one child.These only children,who seldom worry about eating and clothing,are regarded as little Emperors of the families.My sister has only one child,a daughter.What they want or need w
39、ill be immediately satisfied either by their parents or their grandparents,but my sisters husband is usually very strict with his daughter.They do nothing in the family except study.4.若要写一个以Automobile racing is a dangerous sport为主题句的段落,下列哪些句子可以作为它的扩展句。n1)Many drivers say that they love the danger.n2
40、)I like horse racing better.n3)Each year several drivers are killed in accidents.n4)Soccer is also dangerous.n5)Sometimes mechanics are hurt too-when cars crash during races.n6)Cars are less dependable than horses.n7)Yet spectators,drivers,and mechanics all enjoy the excitement.用举例或者例证的方法来扩展主题句。用举例或
41、者例证的方法来扩展主题句。n例如：例如：若以“My parents look and behave like each other”为主题句，下列哪些句子可以用作例证来说明主题句？n1)They both like nature and the outdoors and are fond of walking,gardening,and swimming.n2)My father is eight years older than my mother and taller and thinner.n3)They never get tired of listening to China ope
42、ra.n4)Both of my parents have dark hair and black eyes and both have low voices and gentle personalities.n5)They both believe in giving their children love and responsibility,and neither one believes in punishing a child physically.n6)My mother is quieter than my father and talks much less than he d
43、oes.n7)They are both interested in reading and music.n8)Most of the time they are in agreement on bringing up their children.n()()()()()()n My parents look and behave like each other.Both of my parents have dark hair and black eyes and both have low voices and gentle personalities.They both like nat
44、ure and the outdoors and are fond of walking,gardening,and swimming.They are both interested in reading and music;they never get tired of listening to China opera.Most of the time they are in agreement on bringing up their children.They both believe in giving their children love and responsibility,a
45、nd neither one believes in punishing a child physically.nExercise:根据所给的主题句，分别通过举例或例证写出扩展句。n1.Smoking in school is not worth the risk of getting caught.n2.Playing the guitar well requires knowledge of several skills.n3.Increasing your vocabulary can help you in a number of ways.n .段落里的句式应多样化段落里的句式应多样
46、化,避免全用简单句，应交替使用避免全用简单句，应交替使用简单句、并列句和复合句，使句子的表达形式多种多样。简单句、并列句和复合句，使句子的表达形式多种多样。n例如：例如：I will never drive a car again.I had an accident today.I was driving up Fourth Avenue.I saw a bright yellow car.It was driven by a little old lady.She obviously did not see the stop sign.I could not stop in time.She
47、 ran right into me.Then she called me a young hoodlum.n简单简单句复合句复合句并列句句复合句复合句并列句简单简单句句简单简单句句 n I will never drive a car again.I had an accident today when I was driving up Fourth Avenue.I saw a bright yellow car which was driven by little old lady.She obviously did not see the stop sign,and I could n
48、ot stop in time.She ran right into me.Then she called me a young hoodlum.Exercise:改变下列各段的单一句式,使句式多样化n1.The house was beautiful.A long sidewalk led up to the door.Rows of flowers stood on each side of the steps.The front of the house was redbrick.The woodwork was painted white.n2.Thursday was a sunny
49、 day.My brother borrowed a car.We went to the beach.The water was warm.We went swimming.n3.I was young.I had a very bad temper.I did something once.I am now very ashamed of that.Tom was my older sisters fianc.Tom was in the army.Every week my sister bought cigarettes for Tom.My sister kept the cigar
50、ettes in a drawer in her bedroom.n4.My parents came home.My sister told them what I had done.My father asked me a question.Is your sister telling the truth?I could not deny the fact.I had cut up the cigarettes.I was severely punished.I did not get any more pocket money.I got pocket money again only