《教学课件:第一章-行为矫正概述.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《教学课件:第一章-行为矫正概述.ppt(71页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、行为矫正行为矫正Behavior Modification 主讲教师:兰继军主讲教师:兰继军教材教材吕静主编儿童行为矫正手册,浙江教育出版社吕静主编儿童行为矫正手册,浙江教育出版社19921992年年 美美,胡佩诚等译行为矫正的原理和方法,中国轻,胡佩诚等译行为矫正的原理和方法,中国轻工业出版社工业出版社20002000年年郑静,曹家正,邵慧玲幼儿问题行为及其矫正,华郑静,曹家正,邵慧玲幼儿问题行为及其矫正,华东师范大学出版社东师范大学出版社19961996年年林正文著儿童行为的塑造与矫正,北京师范大学出林正文著儿童行为的塑造与矫正,北京师范大学出版社版社19991999年年郑晓边编译儿童行为
2、障碍与矫正,广西科学技术出郑晓边编译儿童行为障碍与矫正,广西科学技术出版社版社19901990年年杨晓玲主编儿童精神障碍及行为问题的矫正,华夏杨晓玲主编儿童精神障碍及行为问题的矫正,华夏出版社出版社19951995年年是什么谁何时为什么怎么样入门指南第一章第一章 绪论绪论Chapter 1 Introduction 行为行为矫正行为矫正的历史行为矫正的意义行为矫正与心理咨询第一节第一节 行为及其特点行为及其特点 行为的特征行为的特征行为是具体的(说或做的)行为是具体的(说或做的)行为是可测量出来的行为是可测量出来的行为是可以观察到的行为是可以观察到的行为对外界环境有一定影响行为对外界环境有一定
3、影响行为受客观规律制约行为受客观规律制约行为可以是公开或隐蔽的行为可以是公开或隐蔽的(一)(一)行为的涵义行为的涵义狭义的行为狭义的行为:是个体在主客观因素的影响下产:是个体在主客观因素的影响下产生的外部活动,既包括有意识的活动,也包括生的外部活动,既包括有意识的活动,也包括无意识的活动,即机体任何外显的、可观察的无意识的活动,即机体任何外显的、可观察的动作、运动、反应或行动。动作、运动、反应或行动。广义的行为广义的行为:指机体任何外显的、可观察的动作、:指机体任何外显的、可观察的动作、运动、反应或行动以及人的头脑里所进行的各运动、反应或行动以及人的头脑里所进行的各种内在的心理活动(内隐行为)
4、。又称种内在的心理活动(内隐行为)。又称“心理心理行为行为”。行为矫正要研究的是指个体的外显行为和部分内隐行为。(二)行为的分类(二)行为的分类 正常行为 异常行为 a.行为不足 b.行为过度 c.不适当行为异常行为:指那些和普通人的行为相比,所表现出的过度、不足或不适当的行为。多动、吮吸指甲、食异物。行为行为问题的表现问题的表现行为过度行为过度 behavioral excessesbehavioral excesses行为不足行为不足 behavioral deficitsbehavioral deficits不适当行为不适当行为 non-appropriate non-appropria
5、te behaviorbehavior行为过度。行为过度是指某一类行为发生太多。幼儿上课时经常思想不集中。做小动作,走来走去;一天要洗许多次手或经常咬指甲都是行为过度的表现。有些正常行为如果发生次数太多也会成为问题行为。不适当行为。不适当行为是指期望的行为在不适宜的情景中产生,但在适宜的条件下却不发生。如打人,咬人,乱丢东西,说脏话,骂人,撕书,破坏玩具,破坏他人作品;或在悲伤时大笑,在欢乐时却大哭等。行为不足。行为不足指人们所期望的行为很少发生或从不发生。如幼儿很少讲话或不愿和同伴接触、交往,智力迟滞,不会自己穿衣服和吃饭等,都是行为不足的表现。(三)(三)行为的特点行为的特点人类的行为不论
6、是正常还是不正常,都具有下列特点。1、行为具有可塑性(1)行为不是天生的,是人们后天通过学习获得的。(2)行为是后天塑造而成的,是可以改变的。2、行为(狭义)具有外显性(1)行为是可以观察的。(2)行为是可以记录、测量的。3、行为具有相对稳定性第二节第二节 行行 为为 矫矫 正正 概概 述述 一、有关学术概念一、有关学术概念人们常常把心理治疗与行为治疗、行为矫正几个概念混为一谈,虽然在具体的实施过程中有相一致的地方,但这几者之间还是有区别的。什么是心理治疗?是根据心理学原理,应用心理学的方法,来改变患者的行为问题或心理障碍,使之获得康复的一类治疗方法的总称。它包括精神分析疗法、患者中心疗法、心
7、理疏导法和行为疗法等多种方法。什么是行为治疗?是一个较为狭义的诊疗性术语,指应用行为原理去处理儿童或成人的各种心理障碍或失常行为等。是行为矫正的一部分。什么是行为矫正?行为矫正是应用行为科学的一个分支,是一种客观而系统的处理行为的有效方法。此种方法主要应用来自实验心理学的行为原理,并注重处理效果的验证程序,以便解决个人与社会问题,增进人类的社会适应功能。行为治疗与行为矫正行为治疗主要为巴甫洛夫、赫尔和沃尔普学派所采用,重视反映性行为。主要由从事传统诊疗所工作的精神科医生和行为心理学者所采用。指在治疗室内治疗者和患者之间借语言沟通来进行的行为处理。奠基在精神病院内的实验基础上。在欧洲国家较喜欢用
8、“行为治疗”行为矫正主要为斯金纳派学者所采用,重视操作性条件反射行为。主要由从学校、家庭和其他非精神诊所工作的行为心理学家使用。指在自然的生活环境或训练情境下进行的行为处理。奠基在人和动物的操作制约实验基础上。在美国多用“行为矫正”。二二 什么是行为矫正?什么是行为矫正?behavior modificationbehavior modification行为矫正就是依据学习原理对儿童的行为矫正就是依据学习原理对儿童的行为进行改变的系统方法行为进行改变的系统方法.排除疾病、药物和手术及偶尔因素导排除疾病、药物和手术及偶尔因素导致的行为改变。致的行为改变。港台地区称为行为改变技术。港台地区称为行为
9、改变技术。行行为为主主义义者者认认为为:行行为为是是通通过过后后天天的的学学习习获获得得的的,不不好好的的(指指不不符符合合社社会会要要求求的的)、不不正正常常的的行行为为是是在在不不利利的的环环境境条条什什(包包括括周周围围的的人们人们)影响下某种不适当学习的结果。影响下某种不适当学习的结果。通通过过发发现现和和改改变变不不利利的的环环境境条条件件,采采取取一一定定的的教教育育,强强化化和和训训练练等等治治疗疗措措施施,即即后后天天的的有有系系统统的的学学习习过过程程就就可可以以改改变变、矫矫正正或或治治疗疗人人的的不不良良或或不不正正常常行行为为,达达到到适适应应环环境境的的目目的。的。行
10、为矫正的特点行为矫正的特点1、行为矫正的研究领域集中于人的行为。2、行为矫正的程序和方法以行为学原理为基础。3、行为矫正强调当前环境事件的重要性。4、行为矫正对行为矫正程序进行精确的描述。5、行为矫正通常由日常生活中的人们实施。6、行为矫正强调对行为改变的测量。7、行为矫正的实施过程包括三个阶段,即矫正前的基线阶段(评估行为的水平或严重程度),矫正中的处理阶段(实施治疗或训练策略),矫正后的跟踪阶段。第三节第三节 行为矫正的简要历史行为矫正的简要历史 国外行为矫正发展历史的回顾国外行为矫正发展历史的回顾 新生期(20世纪20 50年代)(1)萌芽阶段(20年代)20世纪20年代,在人类行为研究
11、方面,做出重大贡献的是华生和他的学生雷诺与琼生。华生在他的一些著作中主张人们采用“观察法”来研究人类的行为,并放弃“内省法”。他的这一观点主张得到很多心理学家的赞同。(2)30年代行为矫正的发展 30年代末期斯金纳研究获得结论,提出强化与消退观念,并有个案研究证明,正强化和消退可以使行为朝满意方向改变。(3)40年代行为矫正的发展40年代,赫尔出版行为原理(Principles of Behowior),道拉德(Dollard)和米勒(1950年)出版人格与心理治疗法(Rersonality)专著,被认为是行为治疗发展史上的一个重要里程碑。(4)50年代行为矫正的发展50年代后扩展为国际研究美
12、国、南非。到了50年代,行为改变技术的重要历史性发展,同时在2个国家出现:在南非沃尔普进行系统脱敏法的开始工作:在美国斯金纳和他的同事从事操作性制约研究:在美国艾森克推动行为矫正技术研究。2、迅速发展期(6070年代)(5)60年代的发展在英国艾森克推动行为矫正技术研究。(6)70年代的发展到了70年代,操作性制约取向的行为改变技术更加迅速发展,这种方法很快被称为ABA应用行为分析。3、完善期(80年代以后)(7)80年代,行为矫正的发展更加完善和成熟 我国行为矫正的发展研究我国行为矫正的发展研究1、空白阶段(1978年以前)2 2、准备阶段(、准备阶段(1978 19851978 1985年
13、)年)3、开展阶段(1985年以后)(1)公开发表的论文日益增多。(2)行为矫正被列为专业课。(3)1992年吕静主编第一本儿童行为矫正手册。(4)被用于处理儿童各种心理、行为问题。(5)被应用于教学。第四节第四节 行为矫正的应用领域行为矫正的应用领域课堂教学家庭教育特殊儿童教育精神疾病社区管理企业管理自我修养体育竞赛生活习惯1、发育障碍2、精神疾病3、教育和特殊教育4、康复治疗5、社区心理学6、临床心理学7、商业、工业和人类服务8、自我管理9、儿童管理10、预防11、运动心理学12、与健康相关的行为13、老年医学第五节第五节 行为矫正研究的方法行为矫正研究的方法研究方法研究方法观察法观察法实
14、验法实验法资料检索资料检索个案分析个案分析其他?其他?存在问题存在问题伦理问题伦理问题方法失效方法失效个体差异个体差异忽视人的主观忽视人的主观其他?其他?作业:作业:1 1 举举出出日日常常生生活活中中行行为为矫矫正正的的实实例例?2 2 列列举举滥滥用用行行为为矫矫正正可可能能带带来来的的问问题?题?1.Examplesofbehaviourproblems:1.1Wirhdraw Children.Aclassofstudentsisintheplayground.Butaboysitsquietly.Ateacherencouragethechildtoplaywithothers.Bu
15、ttheboymaintainshissocialisolationfromtheotherchildren.1.2Tardiness.Aseven-year-oldgirl,althoughsheisabletotakeoffhercoatandputisinproperplace,shetakesagreatdealmoretimethanisnecessarytoperformthissimplefunctions.Theteachershavetohelpher.Theyfearthatitisinterferingwithherdevelopmentofself-relicance.
16、1.3Littering.Twostudentshavearrivestheplacewheretheyintendtosetupcampandarelookingindisgustandamazementatthelitterleftbypreviouscampers.1.4Ineffective studying.Withtwotermpapersduenextweekandamidtermexamatthesametime,Samiswonderinghowheisevergoingtomakeitthroughhisfirstyearofuniversity.1.5Speeding.A
17、ccidentsfrequentlyoccuronthehighwayapproachintoacity.Therearemanychildrenliveinthecity.Itisdangerousthatsomechildrenmaybehurtorkilled.1.6 Phobia.Ayoungmanisterrifiedofairplanes.Themerethoughtofgettingintoaplaneisenoughtomakehimpanic.1.7Staff management.Somecompanyneedbettertrainingprogramorstaffmoti
18、vationprogram.what is behaviorwhat is behaviorBehavior:activity,action,Behavior:activity,action,performance,responding,response,performance,responding,response,reaction.reaction.Behavior is anything that a person says Behavior is anything that a person says or does.or does.Decisions are based on obs
19、ervable Decisions are based on observable behavior,not on invisible mental behavior,not on invisible mental abnormalities.abnormalities.Characteristicsofbehaviormodification1)itsstrongemphasisondefiningproblemsintermsofbehaviorthatcanbemeasuredinsomeway,andusingchangesinthebehaviouralmeasuresofthepr
20、oblemasthebestindicatoroftheextenttowhichtheproblemsisbeingheloed.2)itstreatmentproceduresandtechniquesarewaysofrearranginganindividualsenivormenttohelptheindividualfunctionmorefullyinthesociety.Thetermenvironmentreferstothespecificphysicalvariablesinonesimmediatesurroundings.Behavirormodificationpr
21、oceduresdonotinvolvesuchthingsaspsychosurgery,electroconvulsivetherpy,ortheuseofdrugs.3)itsmethodsandrationalescanbedescribedprecisely.4)thetechniquesofbehaviormodificationstemfrombasiclaboratoryresearchinthefieldknownasexperimentalpaychology.5)thepsychologyoflearningingeneralandtheprinciplesofopera
22、ntandPavlovianconditioninginparticularhavethusfarbeenmostusefultothefieldofbehaviormodification.6)behaviormodificationemphasizesscientificdemonstrationthataparticularinterventionwasresponsibleforaparticularbehaviorchange,anditplaceshighvalueonaccountabilityforinvolvedinbehaviormodificationprograms:c
23、lient,staff,administrators,consultants,etc.Exercise:1.considersomeonewhoispersonallyclosetoyou,identifytwobehanioraldeficitstoovercomeinthatperson,twobehaviouralexcessestodecrease.Behavioristsarealsooftenaccusedofdenyingtheimportanceofgeneticsindeterminingbehavior.Thismistakenimpressionmaysteminpart
24、fromthewritingofJohnB.Watson.Hesaid:“Givemeadozenhealthyinfants,well-formed,andmyownspecifiedworldtobringthemupinandIllguaranteetotakeanyoneatrandomandtrainhimtobecomeanytypeofspecialistImightselect-doctor,lawyer,artist,merchant-chief,and,yes,evenbeggarmanandthief,regardlessofhistalents,penchants,te
25、ndencies,abilities,vocations,andraceofhisancestors.”三、儿童常见的行为问题三、儿童常见的行为问题(一一)什什么么样样的的行行为为被被视视为为问问题题行行为为,这这取取决决于于儿儿童童的的行行为为和和他他们们同同等等发发展展或或成成熟熟的的幼幼儿儿所所遵遵守守的的标标准准是是否否冲冲突突。有有行行为为问问题题儿儿童童的的行行为为上上所所表表现现的的偏偏差差,往往显示出他们心理上、情绪上的冲突。往往显示出他们心理上、情绪上的冲突。1 1持久性的困难。持久性的困难。任任何何儿儿童童都都会会有有某某种种特特殊殊的的行行为为,譬譬如如在在某某一一段段时
26、时间间内内,行行为为异异常常,如如攻攻击击性性行行为为,打打人人,咬咬人人,向向别别人人仍仍东东西西,破破坏坏玩玩具具,发发脾脾气气等等。不不久久就就自自然然消消失失了了。这这不不能能算算什什么么行行为为问问题题,可可以以不不必必在在意意。如如某某特特殊殊行行为为长长期期地地保保持持,初初入入幼幼儿儿园园这这样样,几几个个月月后后仍仍然然这这样样,这这类类行行为为就就要要特特别别关关注注了了。2 2不受普通教育方法控制的行为。不受普通教育方法控制的行为。有有经经验验的的教教师师在在集集体体教教育育活活动动中中通通常常都都善善于于组组织织儿儿童童的的活活动动。例例如如:使使幼幼儿儿遵遵守守常常规
27、规;按按规规则则参参加加小小团团体体的的各各类类活活动动,指指导导结结交交友友伴伴;引引导导儿儿童童从从事事有有趣趣的的活活动动,但但有有行行为为问问题题的的儿儿童童的的反反应应,往往往往不不是是一一般般教教育育、正正常常管管理理方方法法可可以以控控制制的的。如如果果有有经经验验的的教教师师在在班班集集体体教教育育中中,面面对对某某一一儿儿童童的的行行为为感感到到难难以以教教育育,那那么么这这就就是一个问题行为。是一个问题行为。3 3不理会现实。不理会现实。忽忽视视四四周周的的环环境境,也也是是问问题题行行为为的的信信号号。例例如如,在在正正常常情情形形下下有有不不适适当当的的愤愤怒怒,无无理
28、理由由地地猜猜疑疑,莫莫名名其其妙妙的的紧紧张张,不不能能和和四四周周人人群群建建立立交交往往关关系系等等。退退缩缩,怯怯懦懦,凡凡此此,都都表表明明个个人人的的行行为为可可能能有有一一定定的的问问题题。4 4客观困难的存在。客观困难的存在。生活环境中有沉重的心理负荷的儿童,生活环境中有沉重的心理负荷的儿童,也需要特别的注意。例如父母经常打骂也需要特别的注意。例如父母经常打骂孩子或无度溺爱孩子的家庭,往往是制孩子或无度溺爱孩子的家庭,往往是制造儿童问题行为的温床;至于体质较差,造儿童问题行为的温床;至于体质较差,智能较低的儿童也易产生适应困难,导智能较低的儿童也易产生适应困难,导致问题行为。致
29、问题行为。A children frequently gets out of bed and A children frequently gets out of bed and throws at bedtime,throws food on the floor throws at bedtime,throws food on the floor at mealtime,and plays with the controls for at mealtime,and plays with the controls for the television.the television.A teena
30、ger frequently interrupts A teenager frequently interrupts conversations between his parents and other conversations between his parents and other adults,spends hours talking on the telephone adults,spends hours talking on the telephone in the evening,and uses abusive language.in the evening,and use
31、s abusive language.An adult watches television continuously,An adult watches television continuously,frequently eats candies and other sweets frequently eats candies and other sweets between meals,smoke one cigarette after between meals,smoke one cigarette after another,and bites his or her fingerna
32、ils.another,and bites his or her fingernails.behavioral excesses and behavioral excesses and non-appropriate behaviornon-appropriate behaviorbehavioral deficitsbehavioral deficitsA child does not pronounce words clearly A child does not pronounce words clearly and does not interact with other and do
33、es not interact with other children.children.A teenager does not complete homework A teenager does not complete homework assignment,help around the house,work assignment,help around the house,work in the yard,or discuss problems and in the yard,or discuss problems and difficulties with her parents.d
34、ifficulties with her parents.An adult does not pay attention to An adult does not pay attention to traffic regulations while driving,traffic regulations while driving,express sincere thanks to others.express sincere thanks to others.characteristicscharacteristicsIts strong emphasis on defining probl
35、ems in terms Its strong emphasis on defining problems in terms of behavior that can be measured in some way,and of behavior that can be measured in some way,and using changes in the behavioral measure of the using changes in the behavioral measure of the problems as the best indicate of the extent t
36、o problems as the best indicate of the extent to which the problem is being helped.which the problem is being helped.Its treatment procedures and techniques are ways Its treatment procedures and techniques are ways of rearranging an individuals enviroment to of rearranging an individuals enviroment
37、to help that individual function more fully in help that individual function more fully in society.society.Its methods and rationales can be described Its methods and rationales can be described precisely.precisely.The techniques of behavior modification stem The techniques of behavior modification
38、stem from basic laboratory research in the field from basic laboratory research in the field known as experimental psychology.known as experimental psychology.The psychology of learning in general and the The psychology of learning in general and the principles of operant and Pavlovian principles of
39、 operant and Pavlovian conditioning in particular have thus far been conditioning in particular have thus far been most useful to the field of behavior most useful to the field of behavior modification.modification.Behavior modification emphasizes scientific Behavior modification emphasizes scientif
40、ic demonstration that a particular intervention demonstration that a particular intervention was responsible for a particular behavior was responsible for a particular behavior change,and it places high value on change,and it places high value on accountability for everyone involved in accountabilit
41、y for everyone involved in behavior modification programs:client,staff,behavior modification programs:client,staff,administrators,consultants,etc.administrators,consultants,etc.Areas of application:an overview1.education:from preschool to universitymany applications in grade school were designed to
42、change student behaviors that were disruptive or incompatible with academic learning.Out-of-seat behavior,tantruming,aggressive behavior,excessive socializing-all have been successfully dealt with in classroom settings.Other applications have been concerned with modification academic behavior direct
43、ly,including oral reading,reading comprehension,spelling,handwriting,mathematics,English composition,creativity,and mastering science concepts.Considerable success has also been achieved in application with individuals with special problems,such as learning disabled and hyperactive children.Physical
44、 education:development of reliable observations for monitoring the behavior of physical education teachers and students so as to provide usable information on“whats happening in the gym?”;increased acceptance of“behavior teaching skills:as important components for teachers preparation programs;and i
45、ncreased acceptance of behavioural strategies to help physical educators manage a variety of behaviors difficulties of students.Personalized system of instruction:(1)identifies the target behaviors or learning requirements for a course in the form of study questions,such as the questions at the end
46、of each chapter in this book.(2)requires students to study only a small amount of materials contained in a chapter or two and that might be studied in a week or two;(3)has frequent tests in which students are required to demonstrate their knowledge of the answers to the study objectives;(4)has maste
47、ry criteria on to the next level;(5)uses lectures primarily for motivation and demonstration,rather than as a major means of presenting new information.(6)uses a number of students assistants to assist in immediately scoring to providing feedback to students concerning test performance;and(7)incorpo
48、rates a“goat-your-own-pace”feature in which students are allowed to proceed through the course material at rates that suit their own particular abilities and time demands.2.Severe problems:Mental retardation,childhood autism,and schizophrenia 2.1 Mental retardation the diagnostic system of Mental re
49、tardation used by the AAMD is based on an individuals performance in a standardized intelligence test,such as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale or the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.While a score on an intelligence test correlate with a general level of functioning,more useful assessme
50、nt devices for training purpose are those that identify specific behavioural excesses and/or deficits,such as the Objective Behavioral Assessment Test.The bebavior modifiers developed a technology that made it possible to demonstrate changes in the behavior of severely and profound retarded persons