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1、Language and societySociolinguistics 社会语言学to study the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live第1页/共22页Two approachesMacro sociolinguistics 宏观社会语言学(a birds-eye view)To consider how language functions in the socie
2、ty and how it reflects the social differentiations.Micro sociolinguistics 微观社会语言学(a worms-eye view)From the point of view of an individual member within itHow language functions in the communication between members of the society第2页/共22页 Two main subjects Speech community 言语社区the social group that i
3、s singled out for any special sociolinguistic study Speech variety 言语变体any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.3 main types：regional dialects,sociolects-usersregisters-use第3页/共22页Major concernsVarieties of language Standard dialect Pidgin and CreoleBilingualism an
4、d Diglossia第4页/共22页Varieties of language Dialectal varieties 方言变体Register 语域Degree of formality 正式度第5页/共22页Dialectal varietiesRegional dialect 地域方言Sociolect 社会方言Language and gender 语言与性别Language and age 语言与年龄Idiolect 个人语言Ethnic dialect 种族方言第6页/共22页Regional dialect 地域方言The linguistic variety used by
5、people living in the same geographical region Causes:geographical barriersloyalty to ones native speechphysical&psychological resistanceAt present:decreasing of geographical variation in languageDialectal varieties第7页/共22页Sociolect 社会方言 the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social cl
6、asssame geographical regionsame regional dialect Features:phonetic features:-n-inggrammatical level:I cant eat nothing.accent:Received Pronunciation(RP)标准发音 (upper class speech,high-status marker)Dialectal varietiesspeak differently第8页/共22页Language and gender 语言与性别 Intonation 语调Female:a wider range;
7、low-rise intonationLexicon 词汇Female:more adjectives of evaluation:nice,lovely,cute,fantastic more intensifiers:awfully,really,On the wholeFemale:more correct,less assertive,more politeDialectal varieties第9页/共22页Language and age 语言与年龄Lexical difference:e.g.,icebox-fridge火星文：符号、繁体字、日文、韩文、冷僻字或汉字拆分后的部分等
8、非正规化文字符号组合而成（似乱码或错字，不规范，字面无法了解）偶口以跟你作朋友吗？3Q 你是我的好麻吉！私今天没事做。海皮，粉，河蟹，小盆友，Dialectal varieties第10页/共22页Idiolect 个人语言A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional,social,gender,and age variationsE.g.,Hemingway,LuxunIn a narrow sensevoice quality,pitch,speech tempo,
9、rhythm,Dialectal varieties第11页/共22页Ethnic dialect 种族语言 mainly spoken by a less privileged population E.g.,Black EnglishSimplification of consonant clusters:mend,desk,told,Deletion of“be”:You crazy.They mine.Double negation:He dont know nothing.I aint afraid of no ghosts.Dialectal varieties第12页/共22页R
10、egister“Language varies as its function varies;it differs in different situations.”(Halliday)Register:the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situationthree social variables that determine the registerfield of discourse tenor of discoursemode of discourse 第13页/共22页Three
11、social variables Field of discourse 语场:words,grammarthe purpose(why)subject matter(about what)Tenor of discourse语 旨:sentence structure,tonethe participates(who)(what relationship)Mode of discourse 语式:cohesion,style the means(how)E.g.,technical or non-technicalE.g.,customer-shop assistant,teacher-stu
12、dentE.g.,oral,written,Register第14页/共22页Field?Tenor?Mode?Register第15页/共22页Degree of formality Five stages of formality(Martin Joos)Intimate:Up you go,chaps!Casual:Time you all went upstairs now.Consultative:Would you mind going upstairs right away,please?Formal:Visitors should go up the stairs at onc
13、e.Frozen:Visitors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase.Note:differences in syntactic,lexical and phonological level第16页/共22页Standard dialect standard variety:a superimposed,socially prestigious dialect of a languagethe government and the judiciary systemthe mass me
14、diaeducational institutionsFeatures:Based on a selected variety of the languageNot a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectE.g.,Chinese:Putonghua第17页/共22页Pidgin&Creole Pidgin 洋泾浜英语:(“business”)a special language variety that mixes or blends languages used by people who speak di
15、fferent languages for restricted purposes such as trading第18页/共22页洋泾浜英语歌谣集来叫克姆（COME）去叫谷（GO），是叫也司（YES）勿讲拿（NO），一元洋钿温得拉（ONE DOLLAR），廿四铜钿吞的福（TWENTY-FOUR），翘梯翘梯喝杯茶（HAVE TEA），雪堂雪堂请侬坐（SIT DOWN），红头阿三开泼度（KEEP DOOR），自家兄弟勃拉茶（BROTHER），爷叫泼茶娘卖茶（FATHER/MOTHER），丈人阿爸发音落（FATHER IN LAW）。第19页/共22页Pidgin&Creole Creole 克里
16、奥尔语a pidgin which has become the primary language of a speech communityacquired by the children of that speech community as their native languageE.g.,English-based creole of Jamaica French-based creole of Haiti第20页/共22页Bilingualism&Diglossia 双语Bilingualismtwo languages are used side by side in some
17、speech communities,with each having a different role to play E.g.,Paraguay:Spanish&Guarani Pakistan:English&UrduDiglossiatwo varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community,with each having a definite role to playprestigious,formal,high common,colloquial,low E.g.,Haiti:French&Creole第21页/共22页感谢您的观看！第22页/共22页