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1、What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s.It is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.第1页/共19页Main Points in Cognitive Linguistics Construal and Constr
2、ual OperationsCategorizationImage SchemasMetaphorMetonymyBlending Theory 第2页/共19页Construal and Construal Operations Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity,different mental scanning,directionality,vantage point,figure-ground segregati
3、on,etc.Attention/Salience Judgment/Comparison Perspective/Situatedness 第3页/共19页Construal and Construal Operations:Attention/SalienceThe operation in salience have to do with our direction of attention towards sth.that is salient to us.In cognition,we direct our attention to the activation of concept
4、ual structures.We use certain linguistic expressions to provoke certain patterns of activation.第4页/共19页Construal and Construal Operations:Judgment/ComparisonThe construal operations of judgment/comparison have to do with judging sth.by comparing it to sth.else.The figure-ground alignment apply to sp
5、ace,with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration.Static and dynamic figure/groundTrajector for a moving figureLandmark for the ground of a moving figure第5页/共19页CategorizationCategorization is the process of classifying our experience
6、s into different categories based on commonalities and differences.There are three levels in categories.Basic level Super-ordinate level Subordinate level 第6页/共19页MetaphorMetaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is constructed in terms of another.It is often described in terms of
7、 a target domain and a source domain.Lakoff and John classify conceptual metaphors into three categories 第7页/共19页Three Categories of MetaphorOntological metaphors Structural metaphors Orientational metaphors 第8页/共19页Three Categories of MetaphorOntological metaphors Ontological metaphors means that h
8、uman experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.as entities and substances.第9页/共19页Three Categories of MetaphorStructural metaphors Structural metaphors allow us to go beyond orientation and referring and give us the possibility to st
9、ructure one concept according to another.第10页/共19页Three Categories of MetaphorOrientational metaphors Orientational metaphors give a concept a spatial orientation 第11页/共19页MetonymyMetonymy is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same dom
10、ain Two Conceptual ConfigurationsWhole ICM and its part(s)Parts of an ICM第12页/共19页Metonymy Whole ICM and its part(s)Thing-and-Part ICM Scale ICM Constitution ICM Event ICM Category-and-Member ICM Category-and-Property ICM Reduction ICM 第13页/共19页Metonymy Parts of an ICM Action ICM Perception ICM Caus
11、ation ICM Production ICM Control ICM Possession ICM Containment ICM Location ICM Sign and Reference ICMs Modification ICM 第14页/共19页What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Blending Theory Fauconnier and Turner propose and discuss blending or integration theory,a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or m
12、ore“mental spaces”are integrated via projection into new,blended space which has its unique structure.Conditions are needed when two input spaces I1 and I2 are blended:Cross-Space Mapping Generic Space Blend Emergent Structure 第15页/共19页What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Image SchemasImage schema is a rec
13、urring,dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.第16页/共19页What Is Cognitive Linguistics?Image SchemasA center-periphery schema A containment schema A cycle schema A force schema A link schema A part-whole schema A path schema A scale schema A verticality schema 第17页/共19页类属空间 输入空间1 输入空间2 合成空间施事经历者锋利的刀具工作场所程序（目标、方式）角色:外科医生(外科医生身份)角色:病人(病人身份)手术刀手术室目标:康复方式:手术角色:屠夫角色:商品(动物)屠刀屠宰场目标:切肉方式:屠宰外科医生身份病人身份切肉手术刀手术室目标：康复 方式：屠宰不称职第18页/共19页感谢您的观看！第19页/共19页