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1、第五讲英国文学简史I.Renaissance n n1.Renaissancemeansrebirthorrevival.n n2.Itisamovementthatmarksthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.III.Renaissance in Englandn n1.HistoricalBackground Politics:(1)TheWarsofRoses(1)TheWarsofRoses(2)HenryVIIestablisedthe(2)HenryVIIestablisedthecentralizedmonarchy:Thec
2、entralizedmonarchy:TheTudorDynastyTudorDynasty Religon:Religon:(1)the conflicts between Roman Catholic and the absolute (1)the conflicts between Roman Catholic and the absolute monarchymonarchy (2)Henry VIII:delare the break with Rome;supress the (2)Henry VIII:delare the break with Rome;supress the
3、monasteries;confiscated the property of church;establish monasteries;confiscated the property of church;establish ProtestantismProtestantism (3)counter-reformation:Queen Marry (3)counter-reformation:Queen Marry (4)The reformation:Queen Elizabeth (4)The reformation:Queen Elizabeth (5)English Bible:Au
4、thorized Version (5)English Bible:Authorized VersionKing James Bible.King James Bible.HenryVIIIandhiswivesQueenMaryQueenElizabethIEconomy:n nEnclosureMovement:EnclosureMovement:WooltradeWooltradeProgressofbourgeoieconomyProgressofbourgeoieconomymanufactoriesmanufactoriesEnclosureMovement,“sheepdevou
5、rmen”.EnclosureMovement,“sheepdevourmen”.n nThecommercialexpansionThecommercialexpansionencorageexplorationencorageexplorationcultimatefortuneandestablishthefirstcultimatefortuneandestablishthefirstEnglishcoliniesEnglishcoliniesThewarwithSpainThewarwithSpain1588,theSpanishfleet“Armada”1588,theSpanis
6、hfleet“Armada”n nThevictoryofEnglandoverSpainandavictoryofthe rising bourgeoisie over the old feudalism(1588).Armada in Scottish WatersCulture:n nFlourishingoftheRenaissance,pursuinghumanism.FlourishingoftheRenaissance,pursuinghumanism.n nPrintingpress(WilliamCaxton)readershipPrintingpress(WilliamCa
7、xton)readershipn nstudyoftheliteratureofclassicalantiquity(Oxfordstudyoftheliteratureofclassicalantiquity(OxfordReformer)Reformer)n nRenaissanceinEnglandRenaissanceinEngland-originallyindicatedarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)-originallyindicatedarevivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciences.art
8、sandsciences.-modeledontheancients,whileexpressinghumanism,-modeledontheancients,whileexpressinghumanism,emancipatingmenfromthetyrannyandchurch.emancipatingmenfromthetyrannyandchurch.-stressedonthevalueofindividual,hiscreativity,wisdomanda-stressedonthevalueofindividual,hiscreativity,wisdomandaposit
9、iveattitudetowardslife.positiveattitudetowardslife.-everybodywasentitledtopursuetheearthlyhappiness-everybodywasentitledtopursuetheearthlyhappinessAllinall,thetwofeaturesoftheRenaissanceare:thethirstingAllinall,thetwofeaturesoftheRenaissanceare:thethirstingcuriosityfotheclassicalliterature;thekeenin
10、terestinthecuriosityfotheclassicalliterature;thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.activitiesofhumanity.16th Century The 16th century was an exciting time for literature.Even in its early years there was a development of new and often complex literary forms and styles.Chapter 2Thomas More(1478-15
11、35)LifeandCareern nBorninamiddle-classfamilyn nSpokesmanofLondonmerchantsn nLordChancellorofEnglandunderHenryVIII,atthe same time a middle-class man and ahumanistn nHadfrequentdisagreementwiththeKing.n nWhenHenryVIIIdivorcedhiswife,andmarriedAnneBoleyn,MorerefusedtoattendthecoronationofBoleyn.n nAnu
12、mberoffalsechargesweresoonbroughtAnumberoffalsechargesweresoonbroughtagainstMore,andhewasconvictedandexecutedagainstMore,andhewasconvictedandexecutedin1535.in1535.n nWhatismeantwithalltheabove?Whatismeantwithalltheabove?n nFrequentFrequentfrustrationsfrustrationswouldwouldleadleadtotoescapismescapis
13、m-Utopia.Utopia.MoresFamilyUtopia(1516)n nDefinitionofUtopiaDefinitionofUtopiaTheThedefinitiondefinitionofofUtopiaUtopiaisisnonoplace.place.AAUtopiaUtopiaisisananidealideal societysociety inin whichwhich thethe social,social,political,political,andandeconomiceconomic evilsevils afflictingafflicting
14、humanhuman kindkind havehave beenbeenwipedout.wipedout.Structuren nUtopiaUtopia isisananargumentargumentbetweenbetweena acharactercharacternamednamedMoreMoreandanda a returnedreturned travelertraveler namednamed RaphaelRaphael Hythloday.Hythloday.UtopiaUtopia isisdividedintotwobooks.dividedintotwobo
15、oks.n nTheThetwotwobooksbooksininUtopiaUtopiacontrastcontrasteacheachother.other.TheThefirstfirstbookbookdescribesdescribesthetheunacceptableunacceptablesocialsocialconditionsconditionsofofEnglishEnglishandandEuropeanEuropeansocietysocietyininthethe1616thth C.C.ItItpaintspaintsa avividvividpicturepi
16、ctureofofthemiserablelifeoftheEnglishpeople.themiserablelifeoftheEnglishpeople.n nInInthethesecondsecondbook,book,ananidealidealsocietysocietyisispresentedpresentedininthetheformformofofUtopia,Utopia,ininwhichwhichMoreMorepointspointsout:out:thetheexistenceexistenceofofprivateprivatepropertyisthesou
17、rceofallsocialevils.propertyisthesourceofallsocialevils.nMoresethisperfectsocietyonanislandsothatitcouldbeaself-Moresethisperfectsocietyonanislandsothatitcouldbeaself-containedsetofcommunitieswithasharedcultureandwayoflife.containedsetofcommunitieswithasharedcultureandwayoflife.MajorThemesn nUtopia
18、reveals the ideal conditions of asocietyandhissolutiontothemanysocialillnessthatwerepervasiveinthe16thC.Europe.n nUtopia dealsprimarilywiththequestionoftherelationoftheStateandtheindividual.Utopia,BookOnen nAvividpictureofcontemporarysociey:(1)lifeconditionsofthepoor:povertyofthelaboringclass,theexp
19、ulsionofthepoor(TheEnclosureMovementP34)(2)thecrueltyoftherichandtheevilreality(P34)n nUtopiaUtopia isisananenlightenedenlightenedpaganpagancommunitycommunityininwhichwhichallalllandlandandandgoodsgoodsareareownedownedinincommoncommonandandareareavailableavailabletoallasneeded(P35para.2,P36para.4)to
20、allasneeded(P35para.2,P36para.4)n n InInUtopia,Utopia,therethereisisnonoprivateprivatepropertypropertyofofanyanykind.kind.AllAllthethecitizens,citizens,menmenandandwomen,women,areareononananequalequalfootingfootingandandhavehave thethe samesame rights;rights;theirtheir interestsinterests areare subo
21、rdinatesubordinate totothoseofsocietyatlargethoseofsocietyatlargen nInInUtopia,Utopia,everyeveryoneonemustmustengageengageininphysicalphysicallabor.labor.(P36,(P36,para.2/7)para.2/7)Utipia,BookTwon nGeographyn nUtopiaisanislandn nLargebaythatprotects it from theoceanandwindn nThe bay allows foreasyi
22、nternalshippingandtravel,butmakesany sort of externalattackunlikelyn nCitiesCitiesn nAllAll citiescities havehave thethesamebasicstructuresamebasicstructuren nAmaurotAmaurotisisthethepoliticalpolitical centrecentre ofoftheislandtheislandn nThereThere isis nono privateprivatespacespacen nGoodinfrastr
23、uctureGoodinfrastructuren nTheThe separationseparation ofoftowntown andand countrycountry isissolvedsolvedininUtopiaUtopia(P36,para6)(P36,para6)n nAgriculturen nThecitizenstaketurnsindoingagriculturalworkn nAgriculturedoesnotoperateonanymarketsystemn nCities do not attempt to expand theirfrontiers;t
24、hey think of the surroundingareasaslandtobeworkedn nPoliticsn nStrangemixtureoffreedomandrepression(oneoftheweakpointsofMore)n nDemocraticgovernmentn nDiscussion of politics outside of thepolitical area is punished with Death(norevolutionary,anotherweakpoint)n nThereisnodiscriminationn nWorkn nEvery
25、manandwomanhasajobn nTheyonlyworkforsixhoursadayn nUtopiansocietyisfarmoreproductivethanEuropeansocietyn nTheyareverymodestintermsofluxuryn nThe most common trades are spinning,masonry,blacksmithingandcarpentryn nNobodyisallowedtolunchwhileonthejobn nSocietyn nUtopiaisidealbecauseitslawsmakeitsothat
26、Utopiancitizensmustactperfectlydespitetheirinherentfailingsashumansn nSlavery is not a question of race,ethnicity orbelief.Itisaquestionofmoralbehaviour.Onlycriminalscanbecomeslavesn nWomencannotmarryuntiltheyreachtheageof18;menmustbe22.n nNo premarital sex is allowed.Divorce is onlyallowed in case
27、of adultery or extraordinaryabuse.n nUtopiahasnolawyersn nReligionn nTherearemanyreligionsinUtopian nTheyallbelieveinasinglegodbutthenatureofthisgodisverydifferentn nThey all acknowledge God to be their maker andrulern nAllreligionspracticecompletetoleranceofalltheotherreligionsn nWomencanalsobecome
28、priestsn nWomenmustprostratethemselvestotheirhusbandsandadmittheirfailingsn nTheyallmeetinthesamechurchrunbythesamepriestn nEducation/Science/Philosophyn nOnly certain accomplished people areallowed to give up manual labour forintellectualstudiesn nEvery Utopian child receives a thorougheducationn n
29、IntheirfreetimeUtopianschoosetofollowintellectualpursuitsn nUtopiansbelievethatsoulisimmortalandthatthereexistsanafterlifen nEducation is a programme of moral andculturaldevelopmentn nWarn nUtopianshatewarandtrytoavoiditatallcostsn nThey engage in warfare only to protectthemselvesortofreeoppressedpe
30、oplesn nWhen a declaration of war is made theUtopianstrytofindapeacefulsolutionn nWhile fightingthey try not to destroy theenemyslandorsoiln nWives are allowed to accompany theirhusbandstowarMoresLimitationn nNotrevolutionaryn nTheexistenceofbondsmeninUtopian nNosolutiontosuccessArtictic Features:Di
31、alogue n nPerhaps the most important device used inUtopia is the dialogue favored by ancientwriters such as Plato.Dialogue is effectivebecauseitenhancesthespeakerspointofviewand allows for a debate on topics that arecontroversial.The Flowering of English Literaturen nTranslationTranslationn nAdventu
32、rousbooksAdventurousbooksn nPoetryPoetrySir Thomas Wyatt(15031542Sir Thomas Wyatt(15031542)(1)Englishdiplomatandpoetnotedforintroducing(1)Englishdiplomatandpoetnotedforintroducingthesonnetform,a14-linepoem,intoEnglishthesonnetform,a14-linepoem,intoEnglishliterature.literature.(2)EarlofSurreynotedfor
33、introducingsonnetand(2)EarlofSurreynotedforintroducingsonnetandEnglishblankverse.Englishblankverse.Blank verse(Blank verse(无韵体无韵体无韵体无韵体)-refers to a poem thats written in unrhymed-refers to a poem thats written in unrhymed iambic pentameteriambic pentameter.iambic pentameteriambic pentameter（抑扬格五音步）
34、（抑扬格五音步）（抑扬格五音步）（抑扬格五音步）n nTensyllablesineachlineTensyllablesineachlinen nFivepairsofalternatingunstressedandstressedFivepairsofalternatingunstressedandstressedsyllablessyllablesn nTherhythmineachlinesoundslike:Therhythmineachlinesoundslike:ba-ba-BUMBUM/ba-/ba-BUMBUM/ba-/ba-BUMBUM/ba-/ba-BUMBUM/ba-/
35、ba-BUMBUM n noneunstressedandonestressedsyllableconsistofanoneunstressedandonestressedsyllableconsistofaniambus./ba-iambus./ba-BUM/BUM/.n nIfIfmu-mu-/-sic/-sicbebe/the/thefoodfood/of/oflovelove,/play,/playonon IsIsthisthis/a/adag-dag-/-ger/-gerI I/see/seebe-be-/fore/foreme?me?n nEnglish poetry in Re
36、naissanceEnglish poetry in RenaissancePhilipSidneyPhilipSidney（西德尼）（西德尼）poet,critic,prosewriterpoet,critic,prosewriter(1)Life:(1)Life:a.Englishgentleman;a.Englishgentleman;b.brilliantandfascinatingpersonality;b.brilliantandfascinatingpersonality;c.courtier.c.courtier.（朝臣）（朝臣）(2)works(2)worksa.a.Arca
37、diaArcadia阿卡狄亚阿卡狄亚:pastoralromance:pastoralromance（田园传奇故事）（田园传奇故事）;b.b.Astrophel and StellaAstrophel and Stella阿期菲尔和斯特拉阿期菲尔和斯特拉:anarrativestory;:anarrativestory;theme-loveoriginality-actofwriting.theme-loveoriginality-actofwriting.n nc.c.DefenseDefense of Poesyof Poesy诗辩诗辩:anapologyforimaginativelit
38、erature:anapologyforimaginativeliteraturebeginningofliterarycriticism.beginningofliterarycriticism.n n3.EdmundSpenser3.EdmundSpenser（埃德蒙斯宾塞）（埃德蒙斯宾塞）PoetsPoetspoetpoetn n(1)life:Cambridge-SidneysfriendIreland-(1)life:Cambridge-SidneysfriendIreland-WestminsterAbbey.WestminsterAbbey.n n(2)works(2)works
39、n na.a.The Shepherds CalendarThe Shepherds Calendar牧人日记牧人日记:the:thebuddingofEnglishpoetryinRenaissance.buddingofEnglishpoetryinRenaissance.n nb.b.EpithalamionEpithalamion新婚喜歌新婚喜歌:sonnetsequence:sonnetsequencen nc.c.Faerie QueenFaerie Queen仙后仙后:12booksand12virtues12booksand12virtues（美德）（美德）:Holiness,
40、:Holiness,temperance,justiceandcourtesy.temperance,justiceandcourtesy.Themes:Puritanism,nationalism,humanismandThemes:Puritanism,nationalism,humanismandRenaissanceNeoclassicismaChristianhumanist.RenaissanceNeoclassicismaChristianhumanist.(3)Spenserianstanza(斯宾塞诗节)n nConsistsofeightiambicpentameterli
41、nesfollowedbyaConsistsofeightiambicpentameterlinesfollowedbyaninthlineofsixiambichexameterninthlineofsixiambichexameter（抑扬格六音步）（抑扬格六音步）（i.e.analexandrinei.e.analexandrine，亚历山大格），亚历山大格），withthethymewiththethymeschemeschemeab ab bc bc cab ab bc bc cn nAAGenGentletleKnightKnightwaswaspriprickingckingon
42、onthetheplainplain,YYcladcladininmighmightietiearmesarmesandandsilsilververshieldeshielde,WhereWhereininoldolddintsdintsofofdeepdeepwoundswoundsdiddidreremainmain,TheThecucurellrellmarmarkeskesofofmamanynyaabloubloudydyfieldefielde;YetYetarmsarmstilltillthatthattimetimediddidheheneneververwieldwield
43、:HisHisangangryrysteedesteedediddidchidechidehishisfofomingmingbittbitt,AsAsmuchmuchdisdisdaydayningningtotothethecurbecurbetotoyieldyield:n nFullFulljoljollylyknightknightheheseemdseemd,and,andfairefairediddidsittsitt,AsAsoneoneforforknightknightlylygiustsgiustsandandfiercefierceenencouncounterster
44、sfittfitt.n n2.FrancisBacon2.FrancisBaconwriter,philosopherandstatesmanwriter,philosopherandstatesmann n(1)BaconisthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.(1)BaconisthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.Advancement of LearningAdvancement of Learningpeople:servantsandpeople:servantsandinterpretersofnatureinte
45、rpretersofnaturen nNew Instruments New Instruments scientificmethodscientificmethod，experimentalexperimentalstudy.study.n n(2)BaconisthefirstEnglishessayist.(2)BaconisthefirstEnglishessayist.n na.Hewasamasterofnumerousandvariedstyles.a.Hewasamasterofnumerousandvariedstyles.n nb.Hisessayscoverawideva
46、rietyofsubjects,suchasb.Hisessayscoverawidevarietyofsubjects,suchaslove,truth,friendship,parents,andbeauty,studies,love,truth,friendship,parents,andbeauty,studies,riches,youth,andmanyotherthings.riches,youth,andmanyotherthings.n nJohnLyly(1553-1606)JohnLyly(1553-1606)n n1)1)EuphuesEuphuesn nLylywasb
47、orninascholarsfamily.HewasoneofLylywasborninascholarsfamily.Hewasoneoftheuniversitywits.Hewrotepoetry,courttheuniversitywits.Hewrotepoetry,courtcomediesandproseromances.Asaprosewriter,comediesandproseromances.Asaprosewriter,hewasfamousforhisproseromancehewasfamousforhisproseromanceEuphuesEuphues.n n
48、TheworkTheworkEuphuesEuphuescontainstwoparts.Thefirstiscontainstwoparts.ThefirstisentitledEuphuesortheAnatomyofWit;theentitledEuphuesortheAnatomyofWit;thesecondpartiscalledEuphuesandHisEngland.secondpartiscalledEuphuesandHisEngland.n nWritingStyleofWritingStyleofEuphuesEuphuesn nEuphues Euphues wasw
49、ritteninapeculiarstyleknownaswaswritteninapeculiarstyleknownasEuphuism.ThiskindofstyleconsistsoftwoEuphuism.Thiskindofstyleconsistsoftwodistinctelements.Thefirstisabundantuseofdistinctelements.Thefirstisabundantuseofbalancedsentences,alliterationsandotherbalancedsentences,alliterationsandotherartifi
50、cialprosodicmeans.Thesecondelementisartificialprosodicmeans.ThesecondelementisthatLylydecoratedhisprosewithoddsimilesandthatLylydecoratedhisprosewithoddsimilesandcomparisons,whichwereusuallydrawnfromcomparisons,whichwereusuallydrawnfromnaturalhistory,historyandgeography.naturalhistory,historyandgeog