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1、2.Sentence_Structure1.2.2.Transformation and expansion1.2.2.Transformation and expansion 2.Two ways of sentence analysis2.Two ways of sentence analysis 1.Subject and predicate1.Subject and predicate1.2.1.Five basic clause types1.2.1.Five basic clause typesContents1.2 Clause Types and transformation
2、1.1 Clause Element2Lecture 2 Sentence StructureAll the men have done their best this year.NPSubjectVPPredicate verbNPObjectNPAdverbialClause SentenceThese four elements together with the subject make the five clause elements of traditional grammar.vOne way is to divide the predicate into predicate v
3、erb,object,complement and adverbial6Lecture 2 Sentence StructurevAnother way is to divide the predicate into two parts:the operator and the predication.All the men have done their best this year.PredicationNPAuxMain VNPNPOperatorPredicateSubjectClauseSentencelThe operator is usually the auxiliary or
4、 the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase.lThe predication comprises the main verb with its complementation(object,complement or adverbial.7Lecture 2 Sentence Structure1.Joshua quickly finished his homework and went out to play.A.Object:B.Adverbial:2.What is the most expensive meal listed on the
5、 menu?A.Subject:B.Complement:(the most expensive meal listed on the menu)(What )Exercise 1A:(Page 18)(his homework)his homework(to play )to playWhatthe most expensive meal listed onthe menu8Lecture 2 Sentence Structure1.2 Basic Clause types and transformation vEnglish clauses can be classified into
6、five or seven basic types.vVerbs are of crucial importance to the construction of the sentence.vInnumerable sentences are structured on the basis of these clause types,determined by the main verbs used in the sentences.vMain verbs refer to the following three types of verbs.1)Linking verbs2)Intransi
7、tive verbs3)Transitive verbs9Lecture 2 Sentence Structure11.2.1 Five basic clause typesA linking verb(copula)is a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate(a subject complement),which shows:linking verbsSVC a)a remaining state:b)a changing state:c)a feeling or sensing:be,remain,ke
8、ep,appear,stayfall,get,turn,grow,prove,come,gofeel,smell,taste,sound,look,seem1.She is in good health.2.All of us must remain modest and prudent.3.Peter became a judge but John remained a fisherman.4.Bob seems(to be)quite happy.5.Your proposal sounds quite feasible.(More examples on p20.)(Subject+Li
9、nking Verb+Complement)10Lecture 2 Sentence Structure2 SV(A)intransitive verb:An intransitive verb does not take an object,but an adverbial is sometimes required for the completion of a sentence.1.The guests have arrived.2.I live in Beijing.(adverbial not to be ignored.)3.They stayed in a hotel.(not
10、ignored.)4.The train leaves at six.(not ignored.)5.He will be flying to Shanghai.(not ignored.)6.Horses run(on the ground)and birds fly(in the sky).The construction of “There be+NP+Adverbial”is considered to be the“SV(A)type(Subject+Intransitive Verb)11Lecture 2 Sentence Structure3In syntax,a transi
11、tive verb is a verb that requires both a subject and one or more objects.Verbs that require a single object are called monotransitive verbs,e.g.;SVO(A)transitive verb:I want a return ticket.The train is building up the speed.I put the material evidence in front of him.(The adverbial is necessary in
12、this clause.)Read more examples on Page 21.(Subject+Transitive Verb+Object 12Lecture 2 Sentence Structuresomething.somebody.Those transitive verbs that are able to take both a direct object and an indirect object are called ditransitive verbs.4SVOOtransitive verb:askbringbuygivelendmakesing sendshow
13、tell write Examples:She told me a lie.(She told a lie to me.)I sent him a telegram last week.Mary lent me her car the other day.David showed me the way to the college.Someone left you this note.I made myself a cup of tea.(Subject+Vt+indirect object+direct object 13Lecture 2 Sentence Structure SVOCtr
14、ansitive verb:Verbs that must be followed by an“object+complement”are called complex transitive verbs.appointcallelectmakenamepronouncepaintThey made him monitor last year.They elected him president.He pronounced himself in favor of the plan.They painted the wall creamy white.The director appointed
15、him sale manager.The mother calls the boy“Dabao”.Examples:5(Subject+Vt+Object+Complement)Exercise 1A on page 18Exercise 1A on page 1814Lecture 2 Sentence Structure1.2.2 Transformation and expansion of basic clause types1.Transformation:vThe basic clause types are all affirmative statements with verb
16、s in the active voice.So transformation can be made:1 By means of different structures:2 By means of equivalent words or phrases:15Lecture 2 Sentence Structuren affirmative statement negativen declarative statement interrogativen active voice passive voicen simple sentence compound sentencen simple
17、sentence complex sentence1 By means of different structures:vBasic clauses can be made into different types by means of different structures as below:16Lecture 2 Sentence Structure2 By means of equivalent words or phrases:1.He knows English very well.He has a good command(knowledge)of English.He doe
18、s well in English.2.He is very interested in collecting stamps.He takes(shows)a great interest in collecting stamps.3.Mrs.Brown lives in a small flat with three girl students.Mrs.Brown shares a small flat with three girl students.vIn order to express the similar idea of a statement,we can use equiva
19、lent words or phrases,e.g.;17Lecture 2 Sentence StructurevSimple clauses can be expanded into large grammatical units to express rather complicated ideas.2.Expansion:a)By means of adding“modifiers”and dependent clauses(1)The African people have()been our()friends().(2)The janitor staggered down the
20、stairways,stunned by the bizarre noise(he had just heard upstairs)and gasping for air(as he hesitantly held on to the banister).long close in fighting against hegemonismand power politics18Lecture 2 Sentence Structure1.Jim stood in front of the mirror.2.He looked at his image.3.He wondered at the bi
21、g change.4.It had come over him in recent years.Tryb)By means of combining groups of clauses into a single sentence:l Through coordination into a compound sentence l Through subordination into a complex sentencel Through both into a compound complex sentenceJim stood in front of the mirror and looke
22、d at his image,wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years.Or:Standing in front of the mirror,Jim looked at his image,wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years.For example:Combine this group of sentences into a single one.19Lecture 2 Sentence Structure
23、Assignment for todayvExercise 1B on Page 19vExercise 1C on Page 19Indicate the basic clause types contained in the following two paragraphsCombine each groups of sentences into a single sentence,using coordination,subordination or both.20Lecture 2 Sentence Structure此此课件下件下载可自行可自行编辑修改，修改，仅供参考！供参考！感感谢您的支持，我您的支持，我们努力做得更好！努力做得更好！谢谢!