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1、第1页/共91页第2页/共91页第3页/共91页一 “感知感知”和和“反应反应”生物生存和发展的基础生物生存和发展的基础 第4页/共91页第5页/共91页第6页/共91页敏感植物敏感植物第7页/共91页第8页/共91页第9页/共91页第10页/共91页 一般植物一般植物第11页/共91页第12页/共91页第13页/共91页Rain,Wind,and Touch-Induced Expression of Calmodulin and Calmodulin-Related Genes in ArabidopsisCell 60,357-364,1990第14页/共91页第15页/共91页二二“刺
2、激刺激/逆境逆境”“反应反应/应答应答”第16页/共91页1.1.形态、解剖形态、解剖第17页/共91页Cluster Roots第18页/共91页2.2.整体生理整体生理第19页/共91页第20页/共91页生命周期生命周期短命菊短命菊第21页/共91页3.3.细胞生理及生化细胞生理及生化(1)解毒机制(2)自由基清除(3)区隔化机制(4)代谢调控(5)渗透调节(6)保水机制(7)结构避损机制(8)修复机制第22页/共91页渗透调节渗透调节脯氨酸甜菜碱山梨醇海藻糖第23页/共91页保护酶系统与自由基清楚剂游离的带有不成对电子的分子、原子或离子第24页/共91页第25页/共91页第26页/共91
3、页区隔化机制区隔化机制第27页/共91页结构避损机制结构避损机制第28页/共91页功能蛋白 代谢调控蛋白（渗透调控系统，保护酶）Lea 蛋白（Late-Embryogenesis-Abundant Protein）通道蛋白：离子通道，水通道热击蛋白：亲水，保护酶活损伤修复蛋白调节蛋白信号蛋白转录因子第29页/共91页第30页/共91页基因功能蛋白基因调节蛋白基因第31页/共91页第32页/共91页应答反应与伤害反应应答反应与伤害反应第33页/共91页三三 信号系统与信号组分第34页/共91页 Cellular Singling System?第35页/共91页第36页/共91页细胞信号系统细胞
4、信号系统第37页/共91页1 Receptor/Sensor2.Second Messenger3.Protein Kinase 4.Protein Phosphatase5.G-protein6.Transcription Factor 7.Ubiquitination 8.Methylation Signal Components第38页/共91页(1)Receptor/Sensor?第39页/共91页第40页/共91页第41页/共91页第42页/共91页Receptor tyrosine kinase第43页/共91页 细胞内受体第44页/共91页Examples of Phytohor
5、mone Recepor and Signal Transduction第45页/共91页第46页/共91页ABA Receptor 第47页/共91页第48页/共91页B R I 1 i s a m e m b r a n e-a s s o c i a t e d r e c e p t o r t h a t c y c l e s b e t w e e n t h e p l a s m a m e m b r a n e a n d e n d o s o m a l c o m p a r t m e n t s.T h e e x t r a c e l l u l a r l
6、 e u c i n e-r i c h r e p e a t d o m a i n b i n d s b r a s s i n o s t e r o i d s a n d t r a n s d u c e s t h e s i g n a l t h r o u g h a n i n t r a c e l l u l a r k i n a s e d o m a i n.GTG 1 a n d GTG 2 a r e G P C R-t y p e G p r o t e i n s t h a t b i n d a b s c i s i c a c i d.T h
7、 e y h a v e i n h e r e n t GT Pa s e a c t i v i t y b u t a l s o i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e o n l y c a n o n i c a l G s u b u n i t i n A r a b i d o p s i s.P Y R 1/RC A R 1 i s a s o l u b l e A B A r e c e p t o r t h a t r e p r e s s e s P P 2 C p h o s p h a t a s e s i n t h e p r e
8、s e n c e of A B A.T h e c y t o k i n i n r e c e p t o r s C R E 1,A H K 2 a n d A H K 3 a r e p l a s m a-m e m b r a n e-a s s o c i a t e d a n d p e r c e i v e c y t o k i n i n t h r o u g h t h e i r e x t r a c e l l u l a r d o m a i n s.C y t o k i n i n b i n d i n g t r i g g e r s a p
9、 h o s p h o r y l a t i o n c a s c a d e t h a t i s u l t i m a t e l y t r a n s m i t t e d t o r e s p o n s e r e g u l a t o r s i n t h e n u c l e u s.L i ke t h e c y t o k i n i n r e c e p t o r s,t h e k n o w n e t h y l e n e r e c e p t o r s a r e t w o-c o m p o n e n t r e g u l
10、a t o r s.A l l f i v e r e c e p t o r s a r e a c t i v e i n t h e e n d o p l a s m i c r e t i c u l u m a n d t r a n s m i t t h e i r s i g n a l t h r o u g h a c o m m o n d o w n s t r e a m c o m p o n e n t c a l l e d C T R 1.T I R 1 a n d C O I 1 a r e F-b o x p r o t e i n s t h a t
11、a r e i n t e g r a l c o m p o n e n t s of S C F-t y p e E 3 l i g a s e s a n d r e c o g n i z e t h e p l a n t h o r m o n e s a u x i n a n d j a s m o n i c a c i d r e s p e c t i v e l y.G I D 1 i s a n u c l e a r-l o c a l i z e d r e c e p t o r f o r g i b b e r e l l i n s.G i b b e r
12、 e l l i n b i n d i n g t o G I D 1 r e s u l t s i n t h e e n h a n c e d d e g r a d a t i o n D E L L A p r o t e i n s 第49页/共91页第50页/共91页自由基信号转导自由基信号转导第51页/共91页第52页/共91页(3)Reversible Protein Phosphorylaton 第53页/共91页第54页/共91页第55页/共91页第56页/共91页(4)Transcription Factors第57页/共91页 泛素泛素(ubiquitin)(ub
13、iquitin)是一种存在于大多数真核细胞中的小蛋白。它的主要功能是标记需要分解掉的蛋白质，使其被水解。当附有泛素的蛋白质移动到桶状的蛋白酶的时候，蛋白酶就会将该蛋白质水解。也可能被转移到细胞或细胞外的特定部位，也有可能导致靶蛋白的功能发生变化。泛素76个氨基酸组成，分子量大约8.5 KDUbiquitination 第58页/共91页第59页/共91页第60页/共91页四四细胞逆境信息传递细胞逆境信息传递 举例介绍举例介绍第61页/共91页盐胁迫和营养胁迫离子通道的调节离子通道的调节第62页/共91页第63页/共91页第64页/共91页Figure 12.Freezing and Droug
14、ht Tolerance of the 35S:DREB1Ab and 35S:DREB1Ac Transgenic Plants.Control,3-week-old plants growing under normal conditions;freezing stress,plants exposed to a temperature of-6C for 2 days and returned to 22C for 5 days;drought stress,water withheld from plants for 2 weeks.Percentages of surviving p
15、lants and numbers of surviving plants per total number of tested plants are indicated under the photographs.wt,wild type.第65页/共91页 History of Abscisic Acid (ABA)In 1963,abscisic acid was first identified and characterized by Frederick Addicott and his associates.They were studying compounds responsi
16、ble for the abscission of fruits(cotton).Two compounds were isolated and called abscisin I and abscisin II.Abscisin II is presently called abscisic acid(ABA)(Addicot,1963).Two other groups at about the same time discovered the same compound.One group headed by Philip Wareing was studying bud dormanc
17、y in woody plants.The other group led by Van Steveninck was studying abscission of flowers and fruits from lupine.Plant physiologists agreed to call the compound abscisic acid(Salisbury and Ross,1992).第66页/共91页第67页/共91页Signaling From Water Stress Sensing to ABA Accumulation 第68页/共91页五五 系统逆境信息传递系统逆境信
18、息传递Systematic Signaling in Plantsor long-distance signaling,or intercellular signaling第69页/共91页第70页/共91页第71页/共91页Root To Shoot Signaling Under Water Deficit Condition 第72页/共91页第73页/共91页第74页/共91页第75页/共91页第76页/共91页pH Signaling第77页/共91页第78页/共91页Image Image 2.2.Psedu Psedu Color Color Ratio-images Ratio
19、-images of of pH indicator BCECF in sunflower sunflower stem and leaf vascular systemstem and leaf vascular system pH indicator BCECF was loaded into the vascular system of an individual sunflower plant and images were acquired as described in Material and Method.A,vascular system at stem base;B,vas
20、cular system at midrib of leaf blade.Image Image 3.3.Psedu Psedu Color Color Ratio-Ratio-images images Showing Showing the the Effect Effect of of transpiration transpiration rate rate on on leaf leaf apoplastic apoplastic pH of Commelina communis L.pH of Commelina communis L.pH indicator NERF was f
21、irst loaded into intact plant through root system,then the plants were allowed to transpire for 1 h under either 35%or 85%humidity,following which fluorescence images were acquired as described in Material and Method.A and B,transpiration at 35%humidity;C and D,transpiration at 85%humidity.第79页/共91页
22、Image Image 3.3.Psedu Psedu Color Color Ratio-images Ratio-images Showing Showing the the Effect Effect of of transpiration transpiration rate rate on on leaf leaf apoplastic apoplastic pH pH of of Commelina Commelina communis communis L.L.pH indicator NERF was first loaded into intact plant through
23、 root system,then the plants were allowed to transpire for 1 h under either 35%or 85%humidity,following which fluorescence images were acquired as described in Material and Method.A and B,transpiration at 35%humidity;C and D,transpiration at 85%humidity.第80页/共91页干旱条件下ABA可以作为长距离传递信号使植物产生系统抗逆性第81页/共91
24、页第82页/共91页Systematic Signaling of Large Molecular Signals第83页/共91页第84页/共91页Fig.3.New model for the photoperiod response in plants.(A)The picture on the left represents the currently accepted model forArabidopsis,in which light-activated CO overcomes the temperature-dependent inhibition from FLC and
25、induces the expression of FT in the phloem companion cells.FT is moved to the phloem and channelled to the apical meristem where it binds to FD and the complex is recruited into the nucleus.FTFD binds to the promoter of SOC1 and other meristematic floral integrators,changing the vegetative developme
26、ntal programme to the ABC programme,eventually producing flowers.(B)The model proposed here includes that depicted in A,but also recruits similar photoperiodic mechanisms to regulate other developmental programmes and basic physiological processes.Yellow arrows represent external signals:day/night t
27、ransition;circadian clock;light quality;and a metabolic signal represented by a fertilizer bottle.Black arrows indicate some of the outputs of the photoperiodic response.第85页/共91页一些值得深入思考的问题一些值得深入思考的问题“逆境应答反应”=“抗逆反应”吗?“逆境应答基因”=“抗逆基因”吗?“应答基因”中真的存在关键的基因吗?“关键的抗逆基因”一定是”逆境应答基因”吗?“逆境应答反应”的本质是什么?是为抗逆而独立存在的吗?第86页/共91页第87页/共91页第88页/共91页第89页/共91页功能解析功能解析3 3第90页/共91页感谢您的观看！第91页/共91页