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1、大学英语写作课件1chapter1What elements do you think are important for writing in a foreign language?Vocabulary?Grammar?Ideas?Attitude?Practice?Form?Warnings Do not be eager for quick success and instant benefit.不要急功近利。Be patient and hard-working.A Basic Course in Writing英语写作基础教程Instructor:Zhang LihongEmail:
2、教材介绍教材介绍英语写作基础教程英语写作基础教程(A Basic Course in Wring)，主编主编(Chief editors)：丁往道、吴冰等，：丁往道、吴冰等，高等教育出高等教育出版社版社(Higher Education Press)1998年版。本书是作年版。本书是作者在总结自已几十年丰富的英语写作教学经验，研究近者在总结自已几十年丰富的英语写作教学经验，研究近年国内外英语写作教学方法的基础上推出的新作。年国内外英语写作教学方法的基础上推出的新作。这本这本书是书是2010年出版的第三版，全年出版的第三版，全书共分书共分8章，分别讲解了章，分别讲解了文稿格式和标点符号，选词，造
3、句，段落，摘要，作文，文稿格式和标点符号，选词，造句，段落，摘要，作文，应用文以及学术论文的写作应用文以及学术论文的写作的用法。的用法。英语写作基础教程英语写作基础教程(第三版第三版)用清晰、浅易用清晰、浅易的英语写成的英语写成,宗旨是帮助学生掌握英语写作的宗旨是帮助学生掌握英语写作的基本基本知识知识(basic knowledge)(basic knowledge)和和基本技巧基本技巧(basic(basic skills)skills),提高英语写作水平。与同类书相比提高英语写作水平。与同类书相比,本书本书突出了突出了实用和多举范例实用和多举范例的特点的特点,所选范文既有英、所选范文既有英
4、、美作家的作品美作家的作品,又有中国学生的习作又有中国学生的习作,易于学习模易于学习模仿。第三版中的练习设计更加仿。第三版中的练习设计更加生动活泼生动活泼,针对性针对性(pertinence)(pertinence)更强。更强。教材介绍教材介绍具体的学习内容具体的学习内容 第一章第一章 文稿格式和标点符号文稿格式和标点符号(Manuscript Form and Punctuation)第二章第二章 用词用词(Using Proper Words)第三章第三章 造句造句(Making Correct and Effective Sentences)第四章第四章段落段落(Developing P
5、aragraphs)第五章第五章 摘要摘要(Summarizing)第六章第六章完整的作文完整的作文(Composing Essays)第七章第七章应用文应用文(Writing for Practical Purposes)第八章第八章 学术论文写作学术论文写作(Preparing Research Papers)OutlineAbout the CourseManuscript FormAbout the Course1.Some Requirements on This Course2.Final Examination3.Guiding Ideas on English writing4
6、.Classroom activities 5.Outside drills and examinations 1.Some Requirements on This Course 1)Attend every writing lesson;2)Devote your efforts to meeting the requirements of this course;3)Be active in class(Volunteers are always welcome&will be given more);4)Finish assignments in time;5)Prepare two
7、exercise books,one for in-class exercises;the other for after-class exercises;2.Your final grade/marks depend on1)Class attendance and classroom performance&your accomplishment of the assignments accounts for 30%;2)Final exam accounts for 70%Guiding Ideas on English writing1)The ideas of your articl
8、es can only come from your daily accumulation of extensive reading and your thinking;2)Good articles come from your arduous practice;3)Your teachers role is to stimulate your interests in writing;4).Your teachers task is to teach you some techniques on writing and design suitable writing tasks for y
9、ou to practice;5)Your teacher will not correct your compositions word by word,but judge them as a whole.6)You can know how to write good articles not through your teachers correcting the grammar mistakes in your exercises,but through your daily practice.7)Writing cannot be simplified to a set of rul
10、es or guideline,and people can never learn to write once and for all,because works change according to the people,purposes,and places involved.Classroom activities Text presentation(writing type,writing background,theme of the text,structure of the text)Text appreciation(wordings,writing techniques,
11、rhetorical rt:rkl devices修辞手法,etc.)Exercises(word study,paraphrasing,passage-writing,etc.)E)Outside drills and examinations 1.Written exercises(printed out,handed in,corrected by tutors)2.Mid-term and final exams(taken in given time and graded by tutorsChapter 1 Manuscript Form and PunctuationManusc
12、ript FormArrangement Word DivisionCapitalization PunctuationCorrection symbolsFocus 1 Manuscript Form(P1)Arrangement1.two centimeters at the top2.two centimeters at the bottom3.one and a half centimeters on the left4.one and a half centimeters on the right Arrangement Arrangement How to Write the Ti
13、tle of a Composition1.General Principles of Writing the Title 1)Write the title in the middle of the first line of a page;2)Capitalize the key words in the title(including words following hyphens in compound words);3)Not capitalize articles(a,an,the),coordinating conjunctions(and,or,but,nor,for,),sh
14、ort prepositions(in,on,at,to,for.),nor the to in infinitives;but if one of them is at the beginning or at the end of a title,it should be capitalized;4)No period is used at the end of a title;(Use a question mark if the title is a direct question,but do not use one if it is an indirect question);5)t
15、he title of a book within the topic should be underlined(italicized in printing).6)the title of an article put between quotation marks.Note:You can capitalize each letter of the words in the title(full capitalization),or you can capitalize the initial letter of key words in the title.PracticeThink o
16、ut 3-4 titles of compositionsCan Money Buy Happiness?A Major Advantage of Advertising on TelevisionOn College Students Taking Part-Time JobsMy Idea of Becoming a Teacher in the FutureMy Idea on Private CarsTask 1 P2 1.where i lived,and what i lived for2.are transgenic crops safe?3.well-known dramati
17、sts of the ming dynasty4.a day to remember5.approaches to teaching english as a foreign language6.criticisms on the ending of mark twains adventures of huckleberry finnAnswers to task 1 1.Where I Lived,and What I Lived For 2.Are Transgenic Crops Safe?3.Well-Known Dramatists of the Ming Dynasty4.A Da
18、y to Remember5.Approaches to Teaching English as a Foreign Language6.Criticisms on the Ending of Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry FinnPlease correct the following titles if they are wrong.My First Visit To The Palace MuseumThe People without a Country.Dickens and David Copperfield What Can the
19、Artist Do in the World of TodayWhat Reform Means to China?The Myth of a Negro LiteratureThe English-speaking People in Quebec Please correct the following titles if they are wrong.My First Visit to the Palace MuseumThe People Without a CountryDickens and David Copperfield What Can the Artist Do in t
20、he World of Today?What Reform Means to ChinaThe Myth of a“Negro Literature”The English-Speaking People in Quebec Focus 1 Manuscript Form(P1)Word division1.one syllable 单音节2.two or more syllable 双音节 One-syllable words like thought,park cannot be divided;we can divide two or more syllable words accord
21、ing to the formation of syllables:insist,sandal,translation,repeatedWord Division The general principle of dividing a word according to its syllables.1.A stress closed syllable takes a consonant with it,we should divide the word after the consonant,such as gratify2.Do not write one letter of a word
22、at the end or at the beginning of a line,even if that one letter makes up a syllable,such as a-wake,rain-y;3.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line,like hat-ed,cab-in;4.Avoid separating proper names of people or places,such as Chi-na,Pa-ris;5.Divide hyphenated words only at the
23、hyphen:sister-in-law,second-handed,well-known;6.Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader:re-ally,pea-cock;7.Do not divide the last word on a page;you may write the whole word on the next page;8.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of t
24、he word,such as develop-ment,un-like,careful-ness,ir-regular,9.Divide two-syllables words with double consonants between the two consonants:set-ting,quar-rel,bet-ter.10.The last word of a page should not be divided Division of words is not always easy.When we are not sure,we should consult a diction
25、ary.In some dictionaries syllabication is indicated by a dot;as in the examples given above,in others by a space:to geth er sum merFocus 1 Manuscript Form(P1)Capitalization 1.proper names 2.key words in titles 3.the first words of sentencesCapitalization Capitalize the first words of a sentence Not
26、only a complete sentence,but a sentence fragment treated as a sentence in order to create a special effect in some novels/prose,should begin with a capital letter.For example:Money.Money.Money.It makes the world go round.Capitalize the title/a work of art(艺术作品）Capitalize proper nouns and their abbre
27、viations Proper nouns are the names of specific people,places,or things,names that set off the individual form the species.The following are all proper nouns:Names and nicknames of people John F.Kennedy,Stonewall Jackson Names of geographical places&political units Asia,the U.S.A.,the Great Lakes（五大
28、湖）Official names of organization and religionsthe U.S.,Department of Defense,Buddhism,ChristianDays of the week,months,special days Monday,July,Christmas Ethnic(种族，人种）种族，人种）groups,nationalities,and their languages English,Americans,Japanese Names of prizes,treaties（条约，协（条约，协定）定）,and famous documents
29、 the Nobel Prizethe Declaration of Independence Names of a piece of an article,a book Pride and Prejudice,Names of streets,buildings,parks,and companies Broadway（百老汇）,Central Park,Sony,the Empire State Building Military and civilian titlesGeneral MacArthurAcademic degreesPh.D.Exercises1.Miss Johnson
30、 said When you write an essay you should pay attention to both content and language2.When you write an essay she said you should pay attention to both content and language”The answer:1.Miss Johnson said,“When you write an essay,you should pay attention to both content and language.”2.“When you write
31、 an essay,”she said,“you should pay attention to both content and language.”3.When you write an essay you should pay attention to both content and language the teacher said.4.Miss Johnson advised us to pay attention to both content and language when we wrote an essay.The answer:3.“When you write an
32、essay,you should pay attention to both content and language,”the teacher said.4.Miss Johnson advised us to“pay attention to both content and language”when we wrote an essay.These examples show:1)The subject and verb of saying before the quotation are often followed by a comma,sometimes by a colon;2)
33、A complete sentence within quotation marks after the verb of saying begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop;3)If the quoted sentence is broken into two parts and put between two pairs of quotation marks,with the subject and verb of saying placed between them,the first part ends with a
34、 comma,the second part does not begin with a capital letter(unless the first words is a proper name),and the whole sentence ends with a full stop;4)If the quoted sentence is put before the subject and verb of saying,it ends with a comma,and the verb of saying is followed by a full stop;5)If the quot
35、ed words are a phrase instead of a complete sentence,the phrase is treated as part of the whole sentence.Handwriting(P4)Write carefully so that your handwriting can be read easily.Be sure to make your capitals a little bigger and higher than your small letters.Focus 2 Punctuation(P4)Why do we punctu
36、ate sentences?下雨天留客天天留我不留 Look at the sentence:下雨下雨,天留客天留客,天天留天天留,我不留（天天下雨，我已经不想留）我不留（天天下雨，我已经不想留）下雨天下雨天,留客天留客天,天留我天留我?不留不留!（下雨与天留人无关）（下雨与天留人无关）下雨天下雨天,留客天留客天,天留天留,我不留我不留!（主人不让留）（主人不让留）下雨天下雨天,留客天留客天,天天!留我不留我不?留留!（自己做不了主，主人和天留（自己做不了主，主人和天留客了）客了）下雨，天留客？天！天留我？不留！下雨，天留客？天！天留我？不留！下雨天留客？天天留？我不！留？（犹豫不决型的客人）
37、下雨天留客？天天留？我不！留？（犹豫不决型的客人）下雨天留客？天！天留我不留！（主人非不让留）下雨天留客？天！天留我不留！（主人非不让留）下雨天，留客天，天留我不？留！（还是天让留啊！）下雨天，留客天，天留我不？留！（还是天让留啊！）Woman without her man is nothingWoman!without her,man is nothing!Woman,without her man,is nothing!Punctuation exists to help us make sense of the words we read or write.Focus 2 Punctu
38、ation(P4)The comma(,)逗号The period(.)句号The semicolon(;)分号The colon(:)冒号The question mark(?)问号The exclamation mark(!)感叹号Quotation mark(“”)双引号Parentheses/brackets()双括号Square brackets(【】)方括号The dash(-)破折号The slash(/)斜杠Underlining and italics 下划线和斜体Attention!1.Never begin with a comma(,),a period(.),a co
39、lon(:),a question mark(?),an exlamation mark(!)2.Never ends with 【“(-汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所没有。没有。顿号（、）：顿号在汉语中起分割句子顿号（、）：顿号在汉语中起分割句子中的并列成分的作用；英语中没有顿号，中的并列成分的作用；英语中没有顿号，分割句中的并列成分多用逗号。如：分割句中的并列成分多用逗号。如：She slowly,carefully,deliberately moved the box.注意：类似的情况下，最后一个逗号后可加and，这个逗号也可省略-She slowly,care
40、fully(,)and deliberately moved the box.汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所没有。没有。书名号（书名号（）：英文没有书名号，书）：英文没有书名号，书名、报刊名用斜体或者下划线表示。如：名、报刊名用斜体或者下划线表示。如：Hamlet/Hamlet 哈姆雷特 Winters Tale/Winters Tale 冬天的童话 The New York Times/The New York Times 纽约时报 另外，英语中文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画等的名称和交通工具、航天器等的专有名词也常用斜体来表示。汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所汉语中的某
41、些标点符号为英语所没有。没有。间隔号（间隔号（）：汉语有间隔号，用在月份）：汉语有间隔号，用在月份和日期、音译的名和姓等需要隔开的词语和日期、音译的名和姓等需要隔开的词语的正中间，的正中间，如一二九、“奥黛丽赫本（人名）“等。英语中没有汉语的间隔号，需要间隔时多用逗号。汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所没有。没有。着重号：有时汉语用在文字下点实心圆着重号：有时汉语用在文字下点实心圆点表示需要强调的词语，这些实心点就是点表示需要强调的词语，这些实心点就是着重号。着重号。而英语中没有这一符号，需强调某些成分时可借助文字斜体、某些强调性词汇、特殊句型、标点停顿等多种方法。英语中
42、的某些标点符号为汉语所英语中的某些标点符号为汉语所没有。没有。撇号-Apostrophe（）pstrfi:：该符号主要表示所有格所有格，如Shakespears plays/the boys book；数字、符号、字母或词形本身的复数数字、符号、字母或词形本身的复数，如The teacher had only four As in his class.;省略了字母、数字或单词省略了字母、数字或单词，如lets（=let us）/Ive（=I have）。连字号连字号-Hyphen（-）：该符号主要用于以）：该符号主要用于以下几种情况。下几种情况。复合词，如world-famous。派生词的词缀
43、与词根或词之间，如co-worker。两个比分、比赛对手、地名、人名、数字之间，可视情况译为“比”“对”“至”等。单词移行，把在一行写不开的单词按音节移到下一行。英语中的某些标点符号为汉语所英语中的某些标点符号为汉语所没有。没有。斜线号斜线号-Slash（/）：）：该符号主要起分割作用该符号主要起分割作用，如It could be for staff and/or students.也常用于标音，如bed/bed/。某些符号在汉英两种语言中的形某些符号在汉英两种语言中的形式不同。式不同。中文的句号是中文的句号是空心圈（。），空心圈（。），英文的句号是英文的句号是实实心点（心点（.）。）。英文的
44、省略号是英文的省略号是三个点（三个点（.），），位置位置在行底在行底；中文的为中文的为六个点（六个点（.），居于行中），居于行中。在美国英语。在美国英语中，如果中，如果省略号恰好在句尾，就用四个点省略号恰好在句尾，就用四个点，如，如Id like to.that is.if you dont mind.英文的破折号是英文的破折号是（-），），中文的是中文的是（-）。Punctuation The general uses of punctuations:1)Put one space after punctuation;2)Put no space before punctuation,but
45、 always put a space between words;Exceptions:a.put 2 spaces after colon(:)and between sentences,b.put no space after periods/stops(.)inside abbreviations,c.put no space before or after an apostrophe(),d.put no space on the“inside”of parentheses().3)Put end-of-sentence punctuation inside quotation ma
46、rks(“”);E.g.:-“Did you go the zoo yesterday?”she asked her son.-“Yes,I did,”he said.“I had a good time there.”4)Put commas(,)and other punctuation outside of parentheses;5)Put a comma&a space before and,but,or,nor when they join 2 dependent clauses within a sentence;6)If you use an adj.-plus-noun/ad
47、v.-adj./phrase to modify another noun,this kind of phrase should be joined with hyphen(-),(e.g.:two-part solution;)7)Names of newspapers,books,movies,ships,magazines,journals,and poems are usually italicized or underlined;8)Ellipsis()is used to show that something has been omitted(three dots only);9
48、)The semicolon(;)is not used widely in English and probably should be avoided by non-native speakers/writersComma(逗号“，”)在英语中，引起直接引语的说明以及一般函件开头的称呼语等一类用语后都用逗号，而不象汉语那样用冒号。（但美国用冒号）。逗号是英文写作中最常用的标点符号。对中国学生而言，也是最容易出错的地方。因为以中国人写作的思维，只要一句话意思没完，便要用逗号，而对于英文写作，只要句子结构完整便要用句号。例如：Punctuation 标点符号 逗号误用：I set out fo
49、r the biggest bookstore in town,at the school gate I saw a girl of my class,she was going there,too,we decided to go together,we walked,the bookstore was not far away.正确的句子：I set out for the biggest bookstore in town.At the school gate I saw a girl of my class.She was going there,too.We decided to g
50、o together.We walked.The bookstore was not far away.(我开始去城里最大的书店。在学校门口我看见了班里的一个女孩,她也要去那儿,我们决定一起去。我们走着,书店就在不远处。)Punctuation 标点符号 The comma(,)1.A comma is used to join clauses.2.It is put before the conjunction(and,3.but,or,for,so,nor,yet)4.2.A comma is used after an adverbial 5.clause or phrase.6.3.C