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1、GIS在房产和土地信息管理中的应用GIS在房产和土地信息管理中的应用 摘要：利用GIS技术对校园房产与土地信息进行可视化管理，可高效、准确地掌握房产和土地资源及其空间分布情况，为学校资产管理部门提供快速有效的决策和管理的现代化工具。在对系统总体结构、功能、数据库进行设计的基础上，采用GIS组件技术，将MapX组件嵌入到Visual Basic 6.0可视化开发环境中，以Access为后台数据库，开发了集数据录入、查询、修改、统计及报表等功能为一体的高校房产管理信息系统，该系统在实际应用中收到良好的效果。关键词：计算机应用 房产和土地信息管理 GIS MapX随着GIS技术的迅速发展，我国各行各
2、业的“数字化”建设取得巨大进步，“数字中国”、“数字城市”网络化管理的愿望正在变为现实。由于高等教育的迅速发展和办学规模的不断扩大，学校土地、房产迅速增加和变更。图形和属性信息不一致，高校资产管理部门过去的管理方式、管理手段及管理软件已不能满足新形势管理需要1。为了适应信息时代发展的需要，建立高校房产和宗地管理信息系统势在必行。以“兰州交通大学房产和宗地管理信息系统”软件开发为例，探讨了采用Visual Basic 6.0语言，基于MapX组件和数据库软件Access，实现校园房产和土地信息数据入库、更新、修改、查询、统计和报表等功能，为提高学校相关部门的管理效率和信息化管理水平发挥巨大作用、
3、产生深远影响。该系统已在学校智能部门中应用，为校园信息化管理提供可视化的平台。1 基于VB的MapX组件实现公房管理1.1组件式GIS开发平台通常可设计为三级结构：（1） 基础组件面向空间数据管理，提供基础的交互过程，并能以灵活的方式与数据库系统连接。（2） 高级通用组件由基础组件结构而成，面向通用功能，简化用户开发过程，如显示工具组件、选择工具组件、编辑工具组件、属性浏览器组件等，它们之间的协同控制消息都被封装起来。这级组件经过封装后，面向通用功能，使二次开发更为简单2。（3） 行业性组件抽象出行业应用的特定算法，固化到组件中，进一步加速开发过程。以GPS监控为例，对于GPS应用，除了需要地
4、图显示、信息查询等一般的GPS功能外，还需要特定的应用功能，如动态目标显示、目标锁定、轨迹显示灯。这些GPS行业性应用功能组件被封装起来后，开发工作就可简化为设置显示目标的图例、轨迹显示的颜色、锁定的目标以及调用、接受数据的方法等。1.2MapX开发方式（1） 图层化MapX是按图层组织地图，将一副计算机地图划分成多个透明层叠的图层，每个图层包括了整个地图的一种信息。为了便于对图层进行编辑和管理，可以通过控制图层集合对象来协调处理各图层的关系。地图中的所有图层组成图层集合，要在MapX中进行增加、删除或改变图层等操作，必须通过图层集合。每个地图对象都包括了一个图层集合，图层集合又是由图层对象组
5、成，因此通过图层集合访问地图中各个图层。MapX是通过图层集合来控制地图。 校园电子地图中设置的图层包括：行政楼、教学楼、实验楼、图书馆、公寓和家属楼、绿地、校园景点、运动场、道路节点、道路线及界线等图层。（2） 数据绑定每个地图都有一个数据集合，通过数据集合可以将属性数据与地图空间数据连接起来。数据绑定是将外部数据引入MapX的过程，外部数据可以是多种类型的数据库，数据绑定后可以在地图上以图元浏览数据或基于这些数据创建专题渲染地图。（3） 特征集合和特征查找在MapX中,地图由图层组成,图层又是由地图特征组成。通常每个图层中只包含一种类型的特征。在MapX中,一个图层中的所有特征构成了一个特
6、征集合。其中每个图元就是一个特征对象,可以通过图层的属性查找定位地理特征，如线、符号或区域特征。为了能够使用该方法,必须使查找图层的Mapinfo表中存在一个索引字段。在各图层中实现找寻地物的方法： For Each lyR In Map1.Layers If lyR.Name = 行政教学楼 Then Set ds = Formmain.Map1.DataSets.Add(miDataSetLayer, lyR) Set ftrs = lyR.Search(NAME like % & buildname & %) （4） MapX的模型结构 MapX组件的基本组成单元是单个对象(Object
7、)和集合(Collection)，其中集合包括对象,是多个对象的组合，每种对象和集合负责处理地图某一方面功能3。 MapX定义了一个类体系，可以有效地组织图形元素、图层及属性数据等对象，主要有以下功能： 显示MapInfo格式的地图。MapX支持与MapInfo一致的数据格式，可直接打开.tab、.gst等文件。 生成和编辑地图对象。MapX中封装了大量的绘图工具，可生成点、线、面和注记等要素，它内部的FeatureFactory对象为要素符号化提供了方法，并允许用户自定义符号。 供对地图进行放大、缩小、漫游和要素选取等操作。在MapX中，应用Tool Used事件并设定相关参数，便可实现对地
8、图的上述操作。 图层控制。MapX允许用户将要素分层管理，真正创建要素的物理层。图层控制、加载图层、加载图层集的方法如下： . Map1.Layers.LayersDlg Map1.Refresh DialogTitle = 加载图层 .Filter = MapInfo Tables (*.tab)|*.tab .DialogTitle = 加载图层集 .Filter = MapX GeoSet (*.gst)|*.gst 建立属性表。MapX提供了实现数据库中的数据与MapInfo地图关联的方法，对几何数据赋予相应的属性，以满足信息查询的需要。用户可通过图上选取或SQL语句对要素的属性进行访
9、问。2系统模型与功能设计2.1系统模型设计在用户需求分析的基础上，系统的总体结构设计包括：地图数据管理、系统组成、系统界面、系统功能、数据存储管理、数据显示以及数据输入输出，该系统结构如图1所示。图1 系统总体结构2.2系统功能设计 该系统为学校只能部门对校园房产和宗地进行管理的工具，拥有管理员和拥护两级使用权限，用户可以对数据进行查询、统计和报表输出等基本操作，管理员能够进行所有操作。 图2 系统功能结构图 2.3 数据库结构和数据词典 （1） 用户管理信息表用户管理表用于存储用户名称，密码和权限（2） 土地管理信息表 土地管理表用于存储管理员录入的校园宗地信息，以便用户由图查询宗地属性时，
10、显示相关信息。土地信息一般包括如表2的字段。 除上字段外还有发证日期、证书号、载明面积、权属性质、取得日期、坐落位置、土地面积（平方米）、土地面积（亩）、金额、使用单位、土地来源、使用状况及备注等。（3） 人事住房信息表人事住房信息表用于存储管理员由excel表导入或由对话框录入的职工住房信息，以便资产部门快速查询，了解职工个人住房和相关信息，避免过去那种低效的翻阅纸质卡片档案的繁琐劳动。人事住房信息内容较多，包括姓名、性别、单位名称、出生年日、最高学历、上大学时间、参加工作时间、离退休时间、职务、职称、配偶姓名、配偶单位、门牌号码、房屋类型、建筑面积、使用面积、售房面积及竣工时间等40多项。
11、（4） 建筑物信息建筑物信息表用于存储管理员由对话框录入的公房信息，资产管理员利用查询功能可快速查询各类公房的相关信息和图片，还有建筑物结构、卡片号、资产分类代码、证书号、产权使用人、发证日期、坐落位置、使用状况、竣工日期、建筑面积（平方米）、金额、备注及图片等。（5） 楼层信息表楼层信息表包括建筑物名称、楼层、楼层总面积、卫生间、过廊、楼梯、水房、配电室、值班室、水箱、备注及CAD图等。供资产管理人员快速查询每栋楼房的各层信息和图片。（6） 房间信息房间信息表包括建筑物名称、楼层、使用单位、房间号、房间名称、使用方向、建筑面积、使用面积、配电室、值班室等信息和图片。供资产管理人员快速查询楼房
12、的各层房间的相关信息。3 系统主要功能实现3.1属性数据的输入和输出 公房管理信息系统主要用于人事住房信息、公房信息、宗地信息等的查询、统计、报表等工作，提高职能部门的工作效率和管理水平，而这些信息数据种类繁多、录入信息量较大，本系统采用了两种录入方法：一种方法是对已有excel表格数据由程序按字段自动导入ACCESS数据库，这样避免了大量的数据录入工作，并消除了录入过程的错误；另一种方法是采用对话框的方式，将各种数据表中的字段显示在对话框中，以编辑框的方式，直观友好的进行数据的录入、添加、修改和删除等操作。 在对属性数据进行统计后，不仅可在对话框中显示数据，而且可形成excel报表，将统计结
13、果输出，呈报有关部门，提高办事效率，快速为职能部门的决策提供依据。3.2查询功能 实现图文互访是系统最大的特点，系统提供了两种方式的查询，一种是从地图到属性的查询、浏览，即从平面图查询指定地物的属性。另一种是从属性到地图的定位查询定位，由地物的属性值如建筑物的名称查询该建筑物在地图中的位置，亮显并放大。3.3统计报表功能 统计汇总功能分为攻防统计和居住房统计两大功能板块，其中居住房统计又分为：人事住房统计、租房统计、售房统计。3.3其他功能本系统还包括宗地信息查询、地图显示、面积和距离测量、地图信息查询、输出、保存以及打印等功能。4结束语采用Visual Basic语言结合MapX的开发环境，
14、从分利用了组件式开发的优点，缩短了系统开发的时间，降低了开发的难度，同时也大大提高了系统的信息管理的能力和效率。系统优点如下：（1）实现了对已有数据导入系统的功能以及地图和属性数据的关联关系。（2）实现了对图道属性和由属性到图的双向查询，弥补了MIS系统缺乏空间数据的缺点。（3）实现了对公房信息、土地信息和人事住房等信息的实时更新、统计和报表功能。这种软件开发技术也可用于地下管网与交通信息系统等方面，对类似的软件开发具有一定的参考价值。后续工作也可从三维可视化技术入手，进行空间信息查询。参 考 文 献1Lin xiao song.the design and development of Ca
15、mpus Real Estate based on GISJ.Chongqing Jiaotong University,20042Zheng wen wu,Liu yong.he design and development of Campus Real Estate based on MapObjects.Hengyangshifang University,20053Wan jian hua,Meng hui.The Application of GIS in Campus Real Estate Management.Peoples Traffic Press,2007The Appl
16、ication of GIS in Campus Real Estate Management Cheng Yao dong Meng Bin Zhao Tingting Han Jin Wang Ain (School of Mathematics, Physics & Software Engineering, Lanzhou Jiao tong University, Lanzhou Gans 730070, China;) Abstract: House properties, land resources and their spatial distribution can be m
17、anaged effectively and accurately with the help of GIS technology used in visual management of campus estate and land information, which provides a tool for assets management departments to perform fast and effective decision making and managing. With the design of general structure, functions, and
18、database as the basis, the use of GIS components technology to embed Manx into Visual Basic 6.0, and Access as database develop tool, a campus estate management information system is developed, which includes functions like entering, inquiry, modifying, statistics and reporting of data. The system h
19、as worked well practically. Key word: computer application;house and land information management;GIS; MapX With the rapid development of GIS technology，Digitization of all walks of life in China has made great progress, the Network managements desire of Digital City and Digital China is to become a
20、reality.Due to the rapid development of higher education and the constant expansion of the school,And the school land, real estate rapidly increase and change.The inconsistency of Graphic information and attribute information and The management of the university assets management department about ma
21、nagement tools and management software and management style can not adapt the management needs of the new situation.In order to adapt the needs of the development of the information age, the establishment of the University Property and parcel management information system is imperative.With software
22、 development about the real estate and parcel management information systems of Lanzhou Jiao tong University,we research for the Function ,For example the storage of Information data , update, modify, query, statistics and reports about The campus estate and land,Based on vb and MapX component and d
23、atabase software Access,which play a significant role and have a profound impact for the efficiency of school sector management and the level of information management.The system has been used in schools intelligence department and provided a visualization platform for campus information management.
24、1The public estate management besed on MapX and Vb1.1a three-tier structure could being designed usually in the development platform of Component GIS.(1)Basic componentsFor spatial data management, to provide a basis for interaction and connect with the database system by a flexible way.(2)Senior co
25、mmon componentsMade by the underlying component structure, the development process become simple for user About common functions,For example the components of display tool and select Tools and editing tools and attribute browser . Cooperative control messages are encapsulated between them. the Commo
26、n functions make secondary development easier after Components have been packaged2.(3)Industry componentsAbstracted industry application specific algorithms, fixed to the component, accelerate the development process by move forward a single step.For GPS applications,Not only the need of the map dis
27、play and Information inquiry and other the GPS functions, but also requires a specific application functions which based on GPS monitoring,Such as dynamic target display, target lock, track indicator lights.After the GPS industry application functional components which are encapsulated,Legend of the
28、 development work can be reduced to the target set display, the trajectory display of color, target lock and the way of the accepted data.1.2 Development approach based on MapX(1) LayersMapX is layer-organization map which divided a computer map into multiple transparent laminated layers and each la
29、yer including an information of the entire map.we can coordinate the handling of the relationship of the various layers by controling the Layers collection that made edit and manage easyer.collection of map layers was composed by layers,the operations such as adding,deleting,changing must pass a col
30、lection of layers in MapX.The object in each map, including a collection of layers and layers collection based onlayer objects. through the Layers collection access map layers,through the Layers collection access map layers.MapX control the map by controling collection of layers.To set in the campus
31、 electronic map layers,suchas the administration building, classroom building, laboratory building, a library, apartments and family wings, green spaces, campus attractions, playgrounds, roads nodes road lines and boundaries of layers.(2) Data BindingEach map has a data collection, data collection c
32、an attribute data and map spatial data link. Data Binding to introduce the MapX The process of external data, external data can be a variety of types of database, data binding elements on the map browsing data or based on these data to create a thematic map is rendered.(3) Characteristic collections
33、 and the way to findIn MapX, the map is made up of layers and layers made up of map features.Usually each layer has one type of characteristics .In MapX, all the characteristics of a layer constituting a feature set. Each diagram element is a feature of the object, by the properties of the layer to
34、locate geographic features, such as lines, symbols or regional characteristics. Mapinfo table in order to be able to use this method, you must find layers there is an index field. the method of Finding the surface features in each layer: For Each lyR In Map1.Layers If lyR.Name = Chief classroom buil
35、ding Then Set ds = Formmain.Map1.DataSets.Add(miDataSetLayer, lyR) Set ftrs = lyR.Search(NAME like % & buildname & %) (4)The model structure of MapX The basic unit in MapX component is a single object and collection collectionincludes objects, is a combination of multiple objects, each object and co
36、llection handles map a function3.MapX defines a class system, which can effectively organize the graphic elements, layers and attribute data objects, mainly the following functions:1） To display the map of MapInfo format.MapX and MapInfo consistent have the same data format.And Tab,. Gst and other d
37、ocuments can be opened directly.2） To generate and edit map objects.A large number of drawing tools encapsulated in MapX which can generate points, lines, surfaces, and annotation elements on it within FeatureFactory object elements symbolized provides methods and allows the user to custom symbols.3
38、） For the map, zoom in, zoom out, roaming and feature selection operation. In MapX ,Tool Used event and set the relevant parameters, the above operation can be realized on the map.4） Layer control.MapX allows the user to manage the elements of hierarchical and create the elements of the physical lay
39、er really . the following method of Layer controling, loading layers: Map1.Layers.LayersDlg Map1.Refresh DialogTitle = loading layers .Filter = MapInfo Tables (*.tab)|*.tab .DialogTitle = Load a collection of layers .Filter = MapX GeoSet (*.gst)|*.gst 5） Create a property sheet.MapX provides the dat
40、a in the database and MapInfo map associated method, given the corresponding property of the geometric data, in order to meet the information needs of the query. Users can select Figure or SQL statements to access the properties of the elements.2 The system model and function designed2.1 The designe
41、 of System ModelThe overall structure of the system design based on user needs analysis, including map data management system, system interface, system functionality, data storage management, data display and data input and output, the system architecture is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1 System Archite
42、cture2.2The designe of System functionThe system is the tool of functional departments to carry out management for the campus property and land. It has two permissions of administrator and user. Users can query, statistics and report output and other basic operations on data.manager can do all of op
43、erations.Figure 2 The system function structure chart2.3The database structure and data dictionary（1）Management of user information tableUser management table is used to store the user name, password and permissions.（2）Land management information table Land management table is used to store the admi
44、nistrator will input the campus parcel information, so that the user by graph query parcel attributes, display related information. Land information generally includes 2 fields . In addition to field，there is the date of issuance, the certificate number, specify the nature of the area, location, dat
45、e of acquisition, land area ( square meters ), land area ( MU ), amount, use units, land sources, the use and remark.（3） Personal housing information tablePersonal housing information table is used to store the administrator by import excel table or by the employee housing information entry, query t
46、o asset management, and knowledge workers individual housing and related information, to avoid the tedious labor in the past the kind of inefficient reading paper card file. Personal housing information is large, including name, gender, unit name, birth year, the highest degree, the University of ti
47、me, time, time to participate in the work of retired, post, title, name of spouse, the spouse unit, number, type of housing, construction area, use the area, while the area and the completion time of more than 40 kinds.（4） Building informationBuilding information table is used to store the public houses by the information input by the dialog manager.Asset administrators use relevant information and image query function can quickly query all kinds of public houses. there are the structure of buildings, the card number, asset classification