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1、-高考英语科普类说明文阅读理解一有解析文档信息主 题：属 性：适 用：关于中学教育中高考的参考范文。DOC-962RB9,doc格 式,正文104194字。质优实惠,欢迎下载!作为内容写作的参考文案，解决如何写作、正确编写文案格式、内容摘取等相关工作。目录目录.1正文.42015-2017年高考英语科普类说明文.42017北京卷.4【名师点睛】.82017江苏卷.9【名师点睛】.12一、题型特点与命题方式：.12【命题趋势】.132017江苏卷.13【名师点睛】.201、根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测.202、根据同位关系进行猜测.203、根据构词法（前缀、后缀、复合、派生等）进行猜测.214、
2、根据因果关系进行猜测.225、根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测.226、根据同义关系进行猜测.237、根据转折或对比关系进行猜测.232017全国卷 I .24【名师点睛】.272017全国卷 H.282017全国卷 m.312017浙江卷6 月考.35【名师点睛】.372016高考题.38L【2016全国就果标II】C.38【答案】9.B 10.A 11.C 12.D.41【名师点睛】.412.【2016北京】C.4266.The passage shows that o.45【答案】.4563.D64.B65.D66.C.45【名师点睛】.463.【2016天津】C.4746.【答案】A.50
3、47.【答案】D.50【解析】.5048.【答案】C.51【解析】.5149.【答案】C.5150.【答案】B.51【解析】.514.【2016浙江】C.5250.【答案】D.5651.【答案】D.56【解析】.5652.【答案】C.57【解析】.5753.【答案】B.5754.【答案】D.57【解析】.57【名师点睛】.575.【2016江苏】B.58【答案】.616.【2016江苏】C.63【答案】.66【名师点睛】.672015年高考试题.671.【2015湖北卷】D.68【考点定位】说明文阅读.712.【2015北京卷】C.72【解析】.75【考点定位】科技类说明文.763.【2015
4、江苏】B.76【考点定位】科普说明文阅读.8()【解析】.84【考点定位】议论文阅读.845.【2015广东】C.8539.Andeon believed that _.87【考点定位】教育类短文阅读。.896.【2015陕西】C.89【考点定位】环保类阅读理解.927.【2015四川】D.92【考点定位】考查说明文阅读.968.【2015四川】E.96【解析】.10()【考点定位】考查说明文阅读.1009.【2015天津】B.10143.What can Oshbot work as?.103【考点定位】科技类短文阅读.10410.【2015浙江】C.104【考点定位】这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章
5、.10911.【2015安徽】C.110【答案】.112【考点定位】心理类短文阅读.1131 2.【2015湖南】B.113【答案】.117【解析】.H7【考点定位】科普类短文阅读。.1181 3.【2015新课标全国II】B.118【答案】.121【考点定位】科普类短文阅读.1221 4.【2015新课标全国I】D.122【答案】.125【考点定位】社会类短文阅读.126正文-高考英语科普类说明文阅读理解一有解析2 0 1 5-2 0 1 7年高考英语科普类说明文 2 0 1 7北京卷Hollywoods theory that machines with evil（邪恶的）minds wi
6、lldrive armies of killer robots is just silly.The real problem relates tothe possibility that artificial intelligence（AI）may become extremelygood at achieving something other than what we really want.In 1960a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener,who founded thefield of cybernetics（控制论）,put it thi
7、s way:If we use,to achieveour purposes,a mechanical agency with whose operation wecannot effectively interfere（干预），we had better be quite sure thatthe purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we reallydesire.A machine with a specific purpose has another quality,one thatwe usually associate
8、with living things:a wish to preserve its ownexistence.For the machine,this quality is not in-born,nor is itsomething introduced by huma;it is a logical coequence of thesimple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if itis dead.So if we send out a robot with the single itruction o
9、f fetchingcoffee,it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling itsown off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with itstask.If we are not careful,then,we could face a kind of globalchess match agait very determined,super intelligent machineswhose objectives conflict with o
10、ur own,with the real world as thechessboardoThe possibility of entering into and losing such a match shouldconcentrate the minds of computer scientists.Some researche arguethat we can seal the machines iide a kind of firewall,using them toawer difficult questio but never allowing them to affect the
11、realworld.Unfortunately,that plan seems unlikely to work:we have yetto invent a firewall that is secure agait ordinary huma,let alonesuper intelligent machines0Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AIseems to be possible but not easy.There are probably decades inwhich to plan for
12、 the arrival of super intelligent machines.But theproblem should not be dismissed out of hand,as it has been bysome AI researche.Some argue that huma and machines can coexistas long as they work in teams-yet that is not possible unlessmachines share the goals of huma.Othe say we can just switchthem
13、off as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think ofthat possibility.Still othe think that super intelligent AI will neverhappen.On September 11,1933,famous physicist ErnestRutherford stated,with confidence,Anyone who expects asource of power in the traformation of these atoms is talkingm
14、oohine.However,on September 12,1933,physicist LeoSzilard invented the neutron-induced（中子诱导）nuclear chainreactiono67.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may _A.run out of human controlB.satisfy humans real desiresC.command armies of killer robotsD.work faster than a mathematician
15、68.Machines with specific purposes are associated with livingthings partly because they might be able toA.prevent themselves from being destroyedB.achieve their original goals independentlyC.do anything successfully with given ordeD.beat huma in international chess matches69.According to some resear
16、che,we can use firewalls to _A.help super intelligent machines work betterB.be secure agait evil human beingsC.keep machines from being harmedD.avoid robots affecting the world70.What does the author think of the safety problem of superintelligent machines?A.It will disappear with the development of
17、 AIOB.It will get woe with human interference,C.It will be solved but with difficulty,D.It will stay for a decade0【文章大意】本文为科普类文章，讲的是随着科技的发展，人工智能(AI)可能会超出人类的控制。67.A段落大意题。第一段第二句说人工智能虽然擅长完成任务，但这有可能不是我们真正想要的。因此选A。【名师点睛】推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的
18、基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。推理判断题的解题方法：推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分-推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分-推理的结论，切忌妄加
19、评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。2017江苏卷Before birth,babies can tell the difference between loud soundsand voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from thatof a female stranger.But when it comes to embryoniclearning（胎教），birds could rule the roost.As recently reportedin The Auk:Ornithological Ad v ances
20、,some mother birds mayteach their young to sing even before they hatch（孵化）.New-bornchicks can then imitate their mums call within a few days of enteringthe worldoThis educational method was fit observed in 2012 by SoniaKleindorfer,a biologist at Flinde Univeity in South Australia,andher colleagues.F
21、emale Australian superb fairy wre were found torepeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched,the baby birds made the similar chirpto their mothe-a sound that served as their regular“feed me!call0To find out if the special quality was more widespread in bir
22、ds,the researche sought the red-backed fairy wren,another species ofAustralian songbird.Fit they collected sound data from 67 nests infour sites in Queeland before and after hatching.Then they identifiedbegging calls by analysing the order and number of notes.Acomputer analysis blindly compared call
23、s produced by mothe andchicks,ranking them by similarityoIt tur out that baby red-backed fairy wre also emerge chirpinglike their mums.And the more frequently mothe had called to theireggs,the more similar were the babies begging calls.In addition,the team set up a separate experiment that suggested
24、 that the babybirds that most closely imitated their mums voice were rewardedwith the most foodThis observation hints that effective embryonic learning couldsignal neurological（神经系统的）strengths of children to parents.Anevolutionary inference can then be drawn.As a parent,do youinvest in quality child
25、ren,or do you invest in children that are inneed?Kleindorfer asks.Our results suggest that they might begoing for quality.58.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 mea A.be the wot B.be the bestC.be just as bad D.be just as good59.What are Kleindorfers findings based on?A.Similarities between the call
26、s of mums and chicks0B.The observation of fairy wre across Australia,C.The data collected from Queelands locals。D.Controlled experiments on wre and other birds060.Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the babybirds which _A.can receive quality signalsB.are in need of trainingC.fit the en
27、vironment betterD.make the loudest call【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章介绍了一项新发现：幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声音了。母亲呼唤它们的鸟蛋越频繁，则它们的孩子越会发出相似的声音；幼鸟的声音越像它们母亲的声音，则它们获得的食物奖励就越多。58.B词义猜测题。第一段将人类婴儿与幼鸟进行了对比，画线词组所在句上文讲出生前人的辨别声音的能力很强，下文讲一些母鸟在幼鸟被孵化之前就教它们学唱歌了。据此可以判断，在胎教方面，鸟儿的表现是最好的，推 测rule the roost意 为be the b e st,故选 B 项。59.A细节理解题。根据第二段第
28、三句When the eggs werehatched,the baby birds made the similar chirp to their motheasound that served as their regular feed me!call.可 知，当这些幼鸟被孵化出来的时候，它们也发出了和它们的妈妈类似的鸣叫。据此可知，Sonia Kleindorfer的发现是以母鸟和幼鸟叫声的相似点为基础的，故选A项。【名师点睛】猜测词义题概况词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词
29、、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。一、题型特点与命题方式：此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上 升，加大了猜测难度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。【命题趋势】1.要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。2.要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果
30、、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。例如第65题。3.代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用 逻辑关系梳理法、递向寻踪法 理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。解题思路做这种类型的题目，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。考 点：考查科普说明文阅读2017江苏卷Old problem,new approachesWhile clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life,globalw
31、arming will continue for some decades after C02 emissio 6非放）peak.So even if emissio were to begin to decrease today,we wouldstill face the challenge of adapting to climate change.Here I willstress some smarter and more creative examples of climateadaptation,When it comes to adaptation,it is importan
32、t to undetand thatclimate change is a process.We are therefore not talking aboutadapting to a new standard,but to a cotantly shifting set of conditio.This is why,in part at least,the US National Climate Assessmentsays that:There is no one-size fits all adaptation.Nevertheless,there are some actio th
33、at offer much and carry littlerisk or costoAround the world,people are adapting in surprising ways,especially in some poor countries.Floods have become moredamaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.Mohammed Rezwan sawopportunity where othe saw only disaster.His not-for-profitorganization ru 100 river
34、 boats that serve as floating libraries,schools,and health clinics,and are equipped with solar panels andother communicating facilities.Rezwan is creating floatingconnectivity（连接）to replace flooded roads and highways.But he isalso working at a far more fundamental level:his staff show peoplehow to m
35、ake floating garde and fish ponds to prevent starvationduring the wet season.Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actio are being taken.Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India,where heis known as the Ice Man.The loss of glacie（冰川）there due to globalwarming represents an enormous th
36、reat to agriculture.Without theglacie,water will arrive in the rive at times when it can damagecrops.Norphels ipiration came from seeing the waste of water overwinter,when it was not needed.He directed the wasted water intoshallow basi where it froze,and was stored until the spring.Hisfields of ice
37、supply perfectly timed irrigation（灌溉）water.Havingcreated nine such ice reserves,Norphel calculates that he hasstored about 200,000m3 of water.Climate change is a continuingprocess,so Norphels ice reserves will not last forever.Warming willovertake them.But he is providing a few yea during which the
38、farmewill,perhaps,be able to find other mea of adaptingoIncreasing Earths reflectiveness can cool the planet In southernSpain the sudden increase of greenhouses（which reflect light backto space）has changed the warming trend locally,and actuallycooled the region.While Spain as a whole is heating up q
39、uickly,temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased.This exampleshould act as an ipiration for all cities.By painting buildings white,cities may slow down the warming process,In Peru,local farme around a mountain with a glacier that hasalready fallen victim to climate change have begun painting
40、theentire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectivenesswill restore the life-giving ice.The outcome is still far from clear.Butthe World Bank has included the project on its list of“100 ideas tosave the planet.More ordinary forms of adaptation are happeningeverywhere.A friend of mine
41、 ow an area of land in western Victoria.Over five generatio the land has been too wet for cropping.Butduring the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to planthighly profitable crops.Farme in many countries are also adaptinglike this-either by growing new produce,or by growing the samething
42、s differently.This is common see.But some suggestio foradapting are not When the polluting industries argue that weve lostthe battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but toadapt,its a noee designed to make the case for business asusual0Human beings will continue to adapt to the changin
43、g climate inboth ordinary and astonishing ways.But the most seible form ofadaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbonpollution.After all,if we adapt in that way,we may avoid the needto change in so many otheo65.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies _A.adaptation is an e
44、ver-changing processB.the cost of adaptation varies with timeC.global warming affects adaptation formsD.adaptation to climate change is challenging66.What is special with regard to Rezwans project?A.The project receives government supportB.Different organizatio work with each otheroC.His organizatio
45、n makes the best of a bad situation,D.The project connects flooded roads and highways.67.What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of globalwarming?A.Storing ice for future useoB.Protecting the glacie from melting0C.Changing the irrigation time0D.Postponing the melting of the glacieo68.What do we
46、 learn from the Peru example?A.White paint is usually safe for buildings。B.The global warming trend cannot be stopped。C.This country is heating up too quicklyoD.Sunlight reflection may relieve global warmingo69.According to the author,polluting industries should _A.adapt to carbon pollutionB.plant h
47、ighly profitable cropsC.leave carbon emission aloneD.fight agait carbon pollution70.Whats the authors preferred solution to global warming?A.Setting up a new standardoB.Reducing carbon emission,C.Adapting to climate change0D.Monitoring polluting industries0【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界各地适应如今全球变暖的气候的方法。65.A
48、句意理解题。根据第二段第二句We are therefore not talkingabout adapting to a new standard,but to a cotantly shifting set of8nd itio.可 知，我们并不是在讨论适应一个新的标准，而是适应不断变化的条件。据此可以判断，这句话的意思是：适应是一个不断变化的过程。故选A项。66.C细节理解题。根据第三段第三句Mohammed Rezwan sawopportunity where othe saw only disaster.以及该段其他内容可知，Rezwan所在的组织充分利用洪水灾害为人们提供便利，故
49、 选C项。67.A细节理解题。根据第四段The loss of glacie（冰川）there dueto global warming represents an enormous threat toagriculture.Norphels ipiration came from seeing the waste of waterover winter,when it was not needed.He directed the wasted waterinto shallow basi where it froze,and was stored until the spring/1可 知，
50、冰人 适应全球变暖的影响的方法是冬天将水冻成冰储存起来，以备春天用，故选A项。而这种方法并没有防止冰川的融化和改变灌溉的时间，故排除B、C和D项。68.D 细节理解题。根据第五段Increasing Earths reflectivenesscan cool the planet.By painting buildings white,cities may slowdown the warming process/7 以及第六段 H.painting the entiremountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness